{ "model": { "rank": 3443, "code": "thing-q180046", "model_id": "vr.tr.space-exploration", "name": "space exploration", "purpose": "Let an agent explain space exploration, relay history, missions, agencies, science and governance from space agency and scientific sources, describe the named exploration targets, mark planned missions as subject to change, and distinguish space exploration from astronomy from the ground, space tourism, satellite communications and science fiction.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q180046/", "tier": 2, "score": 86, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Mars sample return mission", "exploration of the Moon", "exploration of Phobos", "exploration of Mercury", "exploration of dwarf planets", "exploration of Uranus", "observations and explorations of Venus", "exploration of Saturn", "exploration of Jupiter", "discovery and exploration of the Solar System", "exploration of Titan", "Benefits of space exploration", "surface exploration", "exploration of Mars", "Japanese Lunar Exploration Program", "Unmanned exploration of the Moon", "Mars landing" ], "aliasCount": 17, "merged": 17, "knownIn": 86, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q180046", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180046", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T21:42:11Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q180046", "registryId": "vr.tr.space-exploration", "name": "space exploration", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q180046/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.space-exploration", "name": "space exploration", "purpose": "Let an agent explain space exploration, relay history, missions, agencies, science and governance from space agency and scientific sources, describe the named exploration targets, mark planned missions as subject to change, and distinguish space exploration from astronomy from the ground, space tourism, satellite communications and science fiction.", "definition": "The investigation of outer space and celestial bodies by crewed and robotic spacecraft and telescopes, including exploration of the Moon from Apollo landings between 1969 and 1972 to recent missions such as China s Chang e 6 far side sample return in 2024, Mars exploration including planned Mars sample return efforts whose plans and budgets have been revised, missions to Mercury such as MESSENGER and BepiColombo, planned exploration of Phobos such as Japan s MMX, exploration of dwarf planets by Dawn at Ceres and New Horizons at Pluto in 2015, and the single flyby of Uranus by Voyager 2 in 1986; activities are governed by the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Future mission dates should be checked against current sources.", "what_it_is_for": "Scientific discovery and human presence beyond Earth.", "affordances": [ "explain history and missions", "relay science and agencies", "describe named targets", "mark planned missions as subject to change" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Robotic and crewed", "International and commercial actors", "Long timelines", "Treaty-governed" ], "appearance": "Rockets, spacecraft, rovers and images of planets and moons.", "visual_identification": [ "Exploration of space by spacecraft and telescopes", "Mars sample return, exploration of the Moon, Phobos, Mercury, dwarf planets and Uranus", "Ground astronomy observes from Earth; space tourism is commercial travel; satellite communications serve Earth; science fiction is imagined" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "Sputnik 1", "typical_range": "1957", "unit": "year", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "first crewed Moon landing", "typical_range": "1969", "unit": "year", "note": "Apollo 11" }, { "quantity": "New Horizons Pluto flyby", "typical_range": "2015", "unit": "year", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "Outer Space Treaty", "typical_range": "1967", "unit": "year", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "lunar exploration", "Mars exploration", "inner planet missions", "outer planet and dwarf planet missions", "small body and sample return missions", "human spaceflight" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "space research", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is governed by", "target": "Outer Space Treaty", "why": "" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "exploration of the Moon", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "space tourism", "why": "" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Outer Space Treaty 1967", "COSPAR planetary protection policy", "Artemis Accords for participating states" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Stating planned missions as certain", "Partisan framing of space competition", "Stale mission status" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What space exploration is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is space exploration, and how does it differ from ground astronomy, space tourism, satellite services and science fiction?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about history, a current mission, careers or policy?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "targets", "name": "Targets", "description": "Named targets.", "findings": [ { "id": "targets-finding", "name": "Targets", "description": "Targets.", "questions": [ { "text": "What has been done and planned for the Moon, Mars sample return, Phobos, Mercury, dwarf planets and Uranus?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific target?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "rationale": "Sources.", "layers": [ { "id": "spacerace", "name": "Space race", "description": "Space race.", "findings": [ { "id": "spacerace-finding", "name": "Space race", "description": "Space race.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did the Soviet and US programmes drive early exploration?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "robotic", "name": "Robotic", "description": "Robotic missions.", "findings": [ { "id": "robotic-finding", "name": "Robotic", "description": "Robotic.", "questions": [ { "text": "What did missions such as Voyager, Dawn and New Horizons discover?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "current", "name": "Current", "description": "Current and planned missions.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "moon", "name": "Moon", "description": "Lunar programmes.", "findings": [ { "id": "moon-finding", "name": "Moon", "description": "Moon.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the Artemis and Chang e programmes doing, checked against current sources?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits Artemis program?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "msr", "name": "Mars sample return", "description": "Mars sample return.", "findings": [ { "id": "msr-finding", "name": "Mars sample return", "description": "Mars sample return.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the current status of Mars sample return plans, with agency statements attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral and current?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Governance and society.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "law", "name": "Law", "description": "Space law.", "findings": [ { "id": "law-finding", "name": "Law", "description": "Law.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do the Outer Space Treaty and Artemis Accords provide?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits space law?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection", "name": "Planetary protection", "description": "Planetary protection.", "findings": [ { "id": "protection-finding", "name": "Planetary protection", "description": "Planetary protection.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do missions avoid contaminating other worlds?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits planetary protection?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each exploration target be a separate entry?", "How should agency sources be linked and kept current?", "How should commercial missions be recorded?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a space exploration, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain space exploration, relay history, missions, agencies, science and governance from space agency and scientific sources, describe the named exploration targets, mark planned missions as subject to change, and distinguish space exploration from astronomy from the ground, space tourism, satellite communications and science fiction.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Mars sample return mission, exploration of the Moon, exploration of Phobos, exploration of Mercury, exploration of dwarf planets, exploration of Uranus, observations and explorations of Venus, exploration of Saturn, exploration of Jupiter, discovery and exploration of the Solar System, exploration of Titan, Benefits of space exploration.", "17 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 86 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a space exploration, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Mars sample return mission", "exploration of the Moon", "exploration of Phobos", "exploration of Mercury", "exploration of dwarf planets", "exploration of Uranus", "observations and explorations of Venus", "exploration of Saturn", "exploration of Jupiter", "discovery and exploration of the Solar System", "exploration of Titan", "Benefits of space exploration" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 86 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 17 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one space exploration from another, and a space exploration from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a space exploration, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a space exploration, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a space exploration is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a space exploration, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a space exploration, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a space exploration is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a space exploration sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a space exploration, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a space exploration, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a space exploration is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a space exploration from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a space exploration, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a space exploration, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a space exploration is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a space exploration passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a space exploration between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a space exploration, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a space exploration, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a space exploration is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a space exploration, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a space exploration is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a space exploration, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a space exploration, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a space exploration is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a space exploration proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a space exploration, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a space exploration and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a space exploration, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a space exploration, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a space exploration is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a space exploration consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a space exploration takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a space exploration, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a space exploration, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a space exploration is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What space exploration is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of space exploration are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is space exploration operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of space exploration and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of space exploration?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as space exploration?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a space exploration came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a space exploration and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a space exploration, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a space exploration, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a space exploration is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a space exploration is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a space exploration, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a space exploration, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a space exploration is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }