{ "model": { "rank": 5174, "code": "thing-q180253", "model_id": "vr.tr.fuel-cell", "name": "fuel cell", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a fuel cell, assess its electrochemical operating condition, and determine suitable operation, integration and maintenance actions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q180253/", "tier": 2, "score": 69, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "direct fuel cell", "Home fuel cell", "direct carbon fuel cell", "protonic ceramic fuel cell", "Solid acid fuel cell", "regenerative fuel cell", "Formic acid fuel cell", "Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells", "Hydrazine fuel cell", "Metal hydride fuel cell", "Enzymatic biofuel cell", "alkaline fuel cell", "proton exchange membrane fuel cell", "solid oxide fuel cell", "molten carbonate fuel cell", "phosphoric acid fuel cell", "microbial fuel cell", "direct methanol fuel cell", "Direct borohydride fuel cell", "direct-ethanol fuel cell", "solid oxide electrolyser cell" ], "aliasCount": 21, "merged": 21, "knownIn": 69, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q180253", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T21:49:28Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 19.2, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08824-d329-71d3-a7fd-93c7656b9943\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: fuel cell\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 regis", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 58.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08824-d337-7193-8fb7-f47723e8ce9e\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: fuel cell\nRegistry id: vr.tr.fuel-cell\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nCont" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q180253", "registryId": "vr.tr.fuel-cell", "name": "fuel cell", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q180253/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.fuel-cell", "name": "fuel cell", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a fuel cell, assess its electrochemical operating condition, and determine suitable operation, integration and maintenance actions.", "definition": "A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a continuously supplied fuel and oxidant directly into electrical energy through electrode reactions, also producing heat and reaction products.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the fuel cell as a kind of electrochemical device that converts externally supplied fuel and oxidant into electrical energy, including distinctions between individual cells, stacks and packaged systems where those boundaries affect assessment.", "in_scope": [ "Fuel-cell identity, electrolyte family and compatible reactants", "Electrodes, electrolyte, reactant pathways and electrical connections", "Electrochemical conversion, electrical output and heat generation", "Operating envelopes, startup, shutdown and protective states", "Degradation, contamination, diagnostics and service requirements", "Interfaces to fuel supply, oxidant supply, cooling and power conditioning" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Upstream fuel production, storage and distribution infrastructure", "Standalone electrolyzers whose primary function is producing fuel using electricity", "Batteries whose operating reactants are stored internally", "The complete vehicle, building or power network using the fuel cell", "Detailed models of separate reformers, compressors and power converters", "Product catalogues and individual asset histories as independently owned records" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Produces electrical output through electrochemical reactions supplied with fuel and oxidant across an electrolyte, rather than through combustion driving a mechanical generator.", "Sustained operation depends on replenishing reactants from outside the cell, distinguishing it from a conventional battery with internally stored operating reactants.", "The electrolyte conducts the relevant ions while the useful electron current passes through an external circuit; a generic fuel-burning heater lacks this arrangement.", "Its generating mode consumes fuel to deliver electricity; an electrolyzer consumes electricity to produce chemical products, although a reversible device may support both modes.", "An individual cell, an electrically connected stack and a packaged generating system have different component boundaries and output ratings and must be identified explicitly." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Assembly boundary", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "individual cell | stack | packaged fuel-cell system", "why_it_matters": "Determines which components, auxiliary loads and ratings belong to the assessed object." }, { "name": "Electrolyte and mobile ion", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "electrolyte family and transported ionic species", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes fuel-cell families and informs operating temperature, reactant compatibility and degradation assessment." }, { "name": "Permitted reactant specification", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "fuel and oxidant species, composition limits and impurity limits with stated concentration units", "why_it_matters": "Prevents assuming that every fuel cell accepts the same fuel or tolerates the same contaminants." }, { "name": "Electrical output", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "V, A and W or kW; identify operating point and gross or net boundary", "why_it_matters": "Supports load matching and comparison of measured output with expected performance." }, { "name": "Active-area current density", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "A/cm², with active-area definition", "why_it_matters": "Relates electrochemical loading to voltage loss and local operating stress." }, { "name": "Operating envelope", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "temperature in °C; pressure and differential pressure in kPa with reference basis; reactant flow in mol/s or explicitly referenced volumetric units", "why_it_matters": "Allows an agent to distinguish permissible operation from thermal, pressure or reactant-supply excursions." }, { "name": "Conversion efficiency", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "%, specifying fuel heating-value basis, gross or net electrical output, and any credited useful heat", "why_it_matters": "Makes efficiency claims comparable and exposes omitted auxiliary consumption." }, { "name": "Operating state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "off | conditioning | starting | generating | shutting down | protective trip | service", "why_it_matters": "Determines which commands and interventions are appropriate." }, { "name": "Condition indicators", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "cell-voltage spread in mV, voltage change per operating hour under matched conditions, and family-specific diagnostic quantities", "why_it_matters": "Helps distinguish temporary performance loss from progressive degradation." }, { "name": "System dependencies", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "connections to reactant conditioning, cooling, exhaust, startup power and electrical conversion equipment", "why_it_matters": "Identifies external services required for safe and useful generation." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify the fuel-cell family and establish whether an assessment concerns a cell, stack or packaged system.", "Check proposed fuel, oxidant and load conditions against documented compatibility and operating limits.", "Compare electrical output and reactant consumption at equivalent operating conditions.", "Interpret diagnostic evidence to identify likely starvation, contamination, water-management or thermal problems.", "Determine whether documented prerequisites permit startup, load adjustment, shutdown or maintenance.", "Identify required supporting equipment and applicable evidence of conformity for a proposed installation." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "electrochemical-identity", "name": "Electrochemical identity", "description": "Establishes the reaction system, electrolyte family and physical boundary that make the object a fuel cell.", "rationale": "Fuel-cell families differ materially in reactants, internal transport and operating requirements.", "layers": [ { "id": "reaction-and-electrolyte", "name": "Reaction and electrolyte", "description": "Identifies how fuel oxidation and oxidant reduction produce useful current.", "findings": [ { "id": "family-and-reactant-compatibility", "name": "Family and reactant compatibility", "description": "Record the electrolyte, transported ion, electrode reactions and documented reactant compatibility without assuming hydrogen is the only possible fuel.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which electrolyte and transported ionic species define this fuel-cell family?", "kind": "definition", "id": "family-and-reactant-compatibility-q01" }, { "text": "Which fuels and oxidants can reach the electrodes directly, and which require upstream or internal conversion?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "family-and-reactant-compatibility-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "cell-stack-system-boundaries", "name": "Cell, stack and system boundaries", "description": "Separates the electrochemical unit from assemblies and supporting equipment.", "findings": [ { "id": "assembly-and-mode", "name": "Assembly and operating mode", "description": "Identify the assembly level, included auxiliaries and whether the device supports generating operation alone or also an electrolysis mode.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the assessed boundary contain one cell, a stack or a packaged system, and which auxiliaries are included?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "assembly-and-mode-q01" }, { "text": "Is reversible operation documented, and which requirements belong specifically to its fuel-cell mode?", "kind": "definition", "id": "assembly-and-mode-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "reactant-heat-and-water-management", "name": "Reactant, heat and water management", "description": "Captures the material and thermal conditions needed to sustain electrochemical generation.", "rationale": "Fuel availability alone does not establish operability; delivery, contamination, heat and water conditions can determine performance and damage risk.", "layers": [ { "id": "reactant-delivery-and-purity", "name": "Reactant delivery and purity", "description": "Defines acceptable inlet conditions and the handling of unconsumed reactants.", "findings": [ { "id": "feed-quality-and-utilisation", "name": "Feed quality and utilisation", "description": "Record composition limits, pressure relationships, flow requirements and the basis used to quantify fuel utilisation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What documented impurity, flow and pressure limits apply to each reactant inlet?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "feed-quality-and-utilisation-q01" }, { "text": "How are fuel utilisation, recirculation and purge losses determined at the stated boundary?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "feed-quality-and-utilisation-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "thermal-and-water-balance", "name": "Thermal and water balance", "description": "Describes family-specific heat removal, temperature control and water requirements.", "findings": [ { "id": "temperature-and-water-constraints", "name": "Temperature and water constraints", "description": "Establish whether humidification, water removal, steam supply, freeze protection or high-temperature conditioning is relevant to this family.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which temperature limits and gradients constrain startup, generation and shutdown?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "temperature-and-water-constraints-q01" }, { "text": "Which water-related conditions require control, and what evidence distinguishes acceptable operation from drying, flooding or other relevant problems?", "kind": "action", "id": "temperature-and-water-constraints-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "electrical-performance-and-control", "name": "Electrical performance and control", "description": "Relates electrical demand to electrochemical capability and permitted state transitions.", "rationale": "Output ratings need operating context, and requested power changes must remain compatible with reactant and thermal response.", "layers": [ { "id": "output-and-efficiency", "name": "Output and efficiency", "description": "Defines comparable evidence for voltage, power and energy conversion.", "findings": [ { "id": "rated-and-observed-performance", "name": "Rated and observed performance", "description": "Associate performance measurements with temperature, reactant conditions, active area, age and auxiliary-load boundaries.", "questions": [ { "text": "What voltage-current or power data establish performance at specified reactant and temperature conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "rated-and-observed-performance-q01" }, { "text": "Do efficiency figures use gross or net electricity and lower or higher fuel heating value, and is useful heat reported separately?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "rated-and-observed-performance-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operating-transitions", "name": "Operating transitions", "description": "Identifies prerequisites and limits for changing state or electrical load.", "findings": [ { "id": "startup-load-and-shutdown", "name": "Startup, load changes and shutdown", "description": "Record validated transition sequences, external energy needs and restrictions on transient loading.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which reactant, temperature, purge and auxiliary-power prerequisites must be satisfied before generation begins?", "kind": "action", "id": "startup-load-and-shutdown-q01" }, { "text": "Which load-change limits and shutdown sequence prevent operation outside the documented envelope?", "kind": "action", "id": "startup-load-and-shutdown-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "degradation-protection-and-service", "name": "Degradation, protection and service", "description": "Connects condition evidence with protective responses, maintenance and installation requirements.", "rationale": "An agent must distinguish recoverable operating problems from degradation and know which interventions require isolation or specialist procedures.", "layers": [ { "id": "condition-and-degradation", "name": "Condition and degradation", "description": "Interprets performance changes using mechanisms relevant to the fuel-cell family.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-evidence-and-life", "name": "Diagnostic evidence and service life", "description": "Track comparable condition observations and investigate mechanisms such as catalyst poisoning, electrolyte damage, corrosion or thermal cycling where applicable.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observations distinguish reversible reactant or water-management losses from irreversible material degradation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "diagnostic-evidence-and-life-q01" }, { "text": "What documented criteria trigger conditioning, consumable replacement, stack repair or retirement?", "kind": "action", "id": "diagnostic-evidence-and-life-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-controls-and-conformity", "name": "Hazard controls and conformity", "description": "Addresses reactant leakage, electrical exposure, pressure, hot surfaces and relevant exhaust hazards within the assessed boundary.", "findings": [ { "id": "protective-functions-and-service-authority", "name": "Protective functions and service authority", "description": "Record required protective functions, isolation procedures and conformity evidence specific to the fuel-cell family, application and jurisdiction.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which detected conditions require alarm, load reduction, reactant isolation or shutdown, and how are those protective functions verified?", "kind": "action", "id": "protective-functions-and-service-authority-q01" }, { "text": "Which standards, issuing bodies, editions and certification records apply to this assembly and intended installation?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "protective-functions-and-service-authority-q02" }, { "text": "What electrical, thermal and reactant isolation conditions must be verified before servicing the cell or stack?", "kind": "action", "id": "protective-functions-and-service-authority-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the device class, not a particular product or installed unit; statements are recalled rather than source-verified.", "Temperature and voltage ranges are indicative; chemistry, load and design can place a device outside them.", "Researchers should verify applicable standards, editions and local adoption for the specific system and jurisdiction; the listed kinds overlap because direct methanol identifies a fuel pathway rather than an electrolyte class." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of fuel cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)", "Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)", "Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC)", "Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)", "Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)", "Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of fuel cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "IEC 62282 series, Fuel cell technologies - International Electrotechnical Commission; covers fuel cell modules and stationary, portable and other fuel cell power systems.", "NFPA 2, Hydrogen Technologies Code - National Fire Protection Association; relevant to hydrogen supply and installation safety where adopted." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of fuel cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Electric propulsion in vehicles, including buses, trucks and passenger cars.", "Stationary electricity generation and combined heat and power.", "Backup power for telecommunications and critical facilities.", "Power for warehouse material-handling vehicles.", "Spacecraft electrical power generation, with water recovery in some systems." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of fuel cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Individual cell voltage under load", "typical_range": "Approximately 0.5-0.9, depending on chemistry and operating conditions", "unit": "V" }, { "quantity": "Conventional low-temperature PEMFC operating temperature", "typical_range": "Approximately 60-80", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "SOFC operating temperature", "typical_range": "Approximately 600-1000", "unit": "°C" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of fuel cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Fuel leakage can create fire or explosion hazards; hydrogen flames can be difficult to see.", "Catalyst poisoning by fuel or air contaminants can reduce performance.", "Membrane drying or electrode flooding can impair water management in PEM fuel cells.", "Electrolyte, seal or membrane damage can permit reactant crossover, local heating and loss of performance.", "High-temperature designs face thermal stress, material degradation and burn hazards." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of fuel cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Installation requirements depend on locally adopted electrical, fire, pressure-equipment and hydrogen-safety rules." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of fuel cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Battery", "difference": "A conventional battery stores its active reactants internally; a fuel cell receives fuel and oxidant from external supplies during operation." }, { "name": "Electrolyzer", "difference": "An electrolyzer consumes electrical energy to drive chemical conversion; a fuel cell produces electrical energy from a spontaneous chemical reaction." }, { "name": "Combustion engine", "difference": "A combustion engine produces mechanical work through combustion and expansion; a fuel cell generates electricity electrochemically." }, { "name": "Fuel cell stack", "difference": "A stack connects multiple individual fuel cells to obtain a useful voltage and power output." }, { "name": "Fuel cell power system", "difference": "A complete system includes the stack and supporting equipment such as fuel delivery, cooling, controls and power electronics." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of fuel cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does an existing Vercy world model already cover fuel cells, and should this registry entry link to it instead of creating a separate publication?", "Which fuel-cell families must this registry-level model explicitly distinguish, including reversible and direct-fuel variants?", "Which primary sources establish family-specific operating ranges, impurity tolerances and diagnostic thresholds without presenting product-specific values as universal?", "Which standards and certification requirements apply to stationary, transport and portable systems in the intended jurisdictions?", "What representative capacity, active-area and physical-dimension ranges can be supported while keeping individual cells, stacks and complete systems distinct?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 25 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a fuel cell, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise a fuel cell, assess its electrochemical operating condition, and determine suitable operation, integration and maintenance actions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: direct fuel cell, Home fuel cell, direct carbon fuel cell, protonic ceramic fuel cell, Solid acid fuel cell, regenerative fuel cell, Formic acid fuel cell, Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells, Hydrazine fuel cell, Metal hydride fuel cell, Enzymatic biofuel cell, alkaline fuel cell.", "21 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 69 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a fuel cell, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "direct fuel cell", "Home fuel cell", "direct carbon fuel cell", "protonic ceramic fuel cell", "Solid acid fuel cell", "regenerative fuel cell", "Formic acid fuel cell", "Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells", "Hydrazine fuel cell", "Metal hydride fuel cell", "Enzymatic biofuel cell", "alkaline fuel cell" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 69 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 21 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one fuel cell from another, and a fuel cell from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a fuel cell sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a fuel cell from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a fuel cell is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a fuel cell is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a fuel cell is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a fuel cell is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a fuel cell is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a fuel cell is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a fuel cell passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a fuel cell between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a fuel cell, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a fuel cell is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What fuel cell is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does fuel cell perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise fuel cell, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How fuel cell is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does fuel cell have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does fuel cell need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about fuel cell is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about fuel cell hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern fuel cell, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a fuel cell came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a fuel cell and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a fuel cell is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a fuel cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a fuel cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a fuel cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }