{ "model": { "rank": 5847, "code": "thing-q181036", "model_id": "vr.tr.hyperbole", "name": "hyperbole", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise possible hyperbole, record how its exaggeration works in context, assess interpretive confidence, and decide how to respond or reuse it.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.MED", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q181036/", "tier": 2, "score": 64, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "adynaton" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 64, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q181036", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181036", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T09:38:54Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01214004, "turns": 1, "seconds": 139.5, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 82.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b39-9476-7312-b3be-4a20f8275855\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: hyperbole\nRegistry id: vr.tr.hyperbole\nPlane / domain: INF / INF.MED\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Ver" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q181036", "registryId": "vr.tr.hyperbole", "name": "hyperbole", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.MED" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q181036/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.hyperbole", "name": "hyperbole", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise possible hyperbole, record how its exaggeration works in context, assess interpretive confidence, and decide how to respond or reuse it.", "definition": "Hyperbole is a rhetorical trope in which a speaker or writer knowingly overstates a magnitude, frequency, quality, or consequence beyond literal truth, intending the audience to recognise the exaggeration as emphasis, affect, humour, or persuasion rather than as a factual report.", "scope_statement": "This model owns a situated expression of possible hyperbole: its exaggerated representation, contextual comparison point, intended or inferred meaning, audience uptake, and constraints on interpretation or reuse.", "in_scope": [ "The exact verbal span or multimodal element that carries possible exaggeration", "The dimension exaggerated and the contextual baseline against which it is judged", "Evidence for an interpretation that exceeds what the speaker plausibly means literally", "Communicative functions such as emphasis, humour, praise, complaint, or persuasion", "Differences between intended meaning, inferred meaning, and documented audience uptake", "Decisions about preserving, explaining, qualifying, or checking the expression" ], "out_of_scope": [ "The general structure of metaphor, simile, irony, or understatement except where they interact with hyperbole", "Independent verification of the underlying event or factual proposition", "A speaker's general honesty, personality, or psychological condition", "Whole-document argument quality or narrative structure beyond the hyperbolic expression's role", "Legal determinations about advertising, deception, defamation, or contractual promises" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "A candidate supports a comparison between its expressed magnitude, extent, intensity, duration, or extremity and a contextually plausible representation; vivid wording alone does not establish hyperbole.", "An extraordinary literal claim remains distinct from hyperbole unless contextual evidence supports interpreting its exaggeration nonliterally.", "Hyperbole amplifies or overstates a representation; understatement reduces it, although a larger expression may combine both devices.", "Metaphor transfers meaning across domains, while hyperbole depends on exaggeration; an expression can satisfy both tests.", "Literal falsity does not distinguish hyperbole from error or deception: record evidence that an audience is expected to recognise the exaggeration, and leave intent unresolved when that evidence is absent." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Exaggerated dimension", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "quantity | frequency | duration | spatial extent | intensity | capability | consequence | evaluative extremity | multiple | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Identifies what is being overstated rather than treating every emphatic expression as hyperbole." }, { "name": "Contextual comparison point", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Link to an observed value, contextual expectation, genre convention, or explicitly unresolved baseline", "why_it_matters": "Makes the judgement of excess inspectable and prevents the agent from substituting its own expectations without recording them." }, { "name": "Literal interpretability", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "plausible | implausible in context | impossible under stated assumptions | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Separates literal possibility from the separate question of whether a hyperbolic reading is supported." }, { "name": "Hyperbolic reading status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "candidate | contextually supported | explicitly confirmed by speaker | contested | unsupported", "why_it_matters": "Allows recognition to remain provisional and to change when context or testimony changes." }, { "name": "Expression conventionality", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "apparently novel | conventional within an identified community | formulaic | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Helps assess whether interpretation depends on a familiar exaggeration or requires more local evidence." }, { "name": "Communicative function", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "emphasis | humour | praise | complaint | ridicule | persuasion | solidarity | other | unresolved; multiple permitted", "why_it_matters": "Guides paraphrase and response without assuming that all exaggeration is humorous or deceptive." }, { "name": "Audience uptake", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "recognised as exaggeration | treated literally | mixed | disputed | not observed", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes an inferred intention from evidence about how recipients actually understood the expression." }, { "name": "Literal reliance consequence", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "no material consequence identified | factual misunderstanding | reputational effect | consequential decision | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Helps decide whether the agent can preserve the rhetoric or should clarify and separately verify an actionable claim." } ], "affordances": [ "Mark the smallest interpretable span carrying exaggeration and retain its surrounding context.", "Compare literal and hyperbolic readings while recording the evidence and unresolved alternatives.", "Produce a restrained paraphrase that preserves the apparent emphasis without inventing a precise intended quantity.", "Explain how exaggeration interacts with metaphor, irony, or another device in the same expression.", "Preserve or adapt the exaggeration for a specified audience while checking whether its function remains intelligible.", "Request clarification or route consequential factual content for independent verification when literal reliance matters." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "quintilian-inst-orat-8-6", "title": "Institutio Oratoria, Book VIII, chapter 6 (on tropes, including hyperbole/superlatio)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Classical definition of hyperbole as a recognised figure that overshoots the truth for elevation, attenuation, or wonder, and the warning that it fails when it is not obvious." }, { "id": "claridge-2011", "title": "Hyperbole in English: A Corpus-based Study of Exaggeration", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Modern linguistic account of hyperbole in spoken and written English, including conventional versus creative uses and corpus evidence that it is an ordinary conversational resource, not only a literary ornament." }, { "id": "lanham-handlist", "title": "A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Standard handbook distinction of hyperbole from neighbouring figures (auxesis, adynaton, meiosis, litotes) as used in rhetorical practice." }, { "id": "baldick-odlt", "title": "The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Concise specialist definition of hyperbole as deliberate overstatement for emphasis or effect, as used in literary and rhetorical teaching." }, { "id": "ftc-deception-1983", "title": "FTC Policy Statement on Deception (14 October 1983)", "url": "https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/ftc-policy-statement-deception", "what_it_supports": "United States advertising-law frame in which obvious exaggeration (puffery) is distinguished from a material misrepresentation likely to mislead a reasonable consumer.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "ucpd-2005-29-ec", "title": "Directive 2005/29/EC concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32005L0029", "what_it_supports": "EU standard that judges commercial claims against the average consumer; exaggerated statements that would not be taken literally sit inside this unfair-practices regime rather than being a free-standing literary category.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "pomerantz-1986", "title": "Extreme case formulations: A way of legitimizing claims", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Conversation-analytic neighbour and subtype: extreme, often hyperbolic formulations used to justify complaints, defences, and assessments in ordinary talk." } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "exaggerated-expression", "name": "Exaggerated expression", "description": "Locates the candidate hyperbole and records the literal representation from which an exaggerated reading arises.", "rationale": "An agent needs to identify exactly what carries exaggeration before attributing it to a sentence, speaker, or whole document.", "layers": [ { "id": "hyperbole-bearing-span", "name": "Hyperbole-bearing span", "description": "Separates the words, image elements, or delivery cues responsible for the possible overstatement from their supporting context.", "findings": [ { "id": "candidate-and-context", "name": "Candidate and necessary context", "description": "Record the expression as encountered, its attributed speaker or source, and enough context to preserve the possible exaggeration.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which exact words or multimodal elements carry the possible exaggeration, and what surrounding material is necessary to interpret them?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "candidate-and-context-q01" }, { "text": "Where was the expression encountered, and is it an original utterance, a quotation, or a reported paraphrase?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "candidate-and-context-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "literal-representation", "name": "Literal representation", "description": "Makes the apparent literal claim explicit without assuming that the speaker intended literal acceptance.", "findings": [ { "id": "literal-commitment", "name": "Apparent literal commitment", "description": "Record what a literal reading would represent, including quantifiers, extremes, comparisons, and any relevant ambiguity.", "questions": [ { "text": "What would the expression assert or depict if interpreted literally in this context?", "kind": "definition", "id": "literal-commitment-q01" }, { "text": "Which quantifier, superlative, comparison, or extreme scenario creates the apparent overstatement?", "kind": "definition", "id": "literal-commitment-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "scale-and-excess", "name": "Scale and excess", "description": "Records the dimension of exaggeration and the evidence for judging the expressed representation excessive.", "rationale": "Hyperbole requires an intelligible excess, but that excess may be qualitative and cannot always be reduced to a numeric multiplier.", "layers": [ { "id": "dimension-and-baseline", "name": "Dimension and baseline", "description": "Identifies what increases or becomes extreme and establishes a contextual comparison point.", "findings": [ { "id": "grounded-comparison", "name": "Grounded comparison", "description": "Record the relevant dimension and distinguish observed baselines from expectations inferred by an interpreter.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the expression exaggerate amount, frequency, duration, intensity, capability, consequence, or another identifiable dimension?", "kind": "definition", "id": "grounded-comparison-q01" }, { "text": "What observation or contextual expectation supplies the comparison point, and whose expectation is it?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "grounded-comparison-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-of-excess", "name": "Form of excess", "description": "Describes whether exaggeration uses inflated values, universal scope, an extreme endpoint, or an extravagant scenario.", "findings": [ { "id": "excess-without-false-precision", "name": "Excess without false precision", "description": "Characterise the gap between expression and baseline using numeric comparison only when both values are grounded and comparable.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the excess numerically comparable, qualitatively extreme, or dependent on an imagined scenario?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "excess-without-false-precision-q01" }, { "text": "Could the expressed magnitude be literally plausible under another reasonable reading of the situation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "excess-without-false-precision-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "nonliteral-reading", "name": "Nonliteral reading", "description": "Assesses the evidence for hyperbole and its relationship to competing or overlapping interpretations.", "rationale": "An agent must avoid converting surprising claims into hyperbole automatically or treating a hyperbole label as proof of harmless intent.", "layers": [ { "id": "recognition-cues", "name": "Recognition cues", "description": "Records contextual, linguistic, and delivery evidence that recipients are expected to recognise exaggeration.", "findings": [ { "id": "supported-hyperbolic-inference", "name": "Supported hyperbolic inference", "description": "Keep evidence for a nonliteral reading separate from assumptions about the speaker's intention.", "questions": [ { "text": "What wording, delivery, shared knowledge, genre convention, or speaker clarification supports recognising exaggeration?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "supported-hyperbolic-inference-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence would favour a literal claim, mistaken estimate, or attempted deception instead?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "supported-hyperbolic-inference-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "overlapping-rhetorical-devices", "name": "Overlapping rhetorical devices", "description": "Separates the exaggerative contribution from metaphor, irony, idiom, and other devices in the same expression.", "findings": [ { "id": "independent-exaggerative-contribution", "name": "Independent exaggerative contribution", "description": "Record whether exaggeration remains identifiable alongside other meaning-making mechanisms.", "questions": [ { "text": "If the metaphorical or ironic contribution is explained, what specific overstatement remains?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "independent-exaggerative-contribution-q01" }, { "text": "Does a conventional phrase still invite an exaggerated comparison for this audience, or is that interpretation uncertain?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "independent-exaggerative-contribution-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "rhetorical-function-and-uptake", "name": "Rhetorical function and uptake", "description": "Records what the exaggeration appears to accomplish and how particular recipients understand it.", "rationale": "The same exaggerated wording can praise, complain, entertain, or mislead in different situations, and intended effect may differ from observed uptake.", "layers": [ { "id": "emphasis-and-stance", "name": "Emphasis and stance", "description": "Identifies the evaluation or emphasis conveyed beyond the literal proposition.", "findings": [ { "id": "communicative-contribution", "name": "Communicative contribution", "description": "Record the apparent rhetorical function and a cautious account of the meaning that a restrained paraphrase should preserve.", "questions": [ { "text": "What attitude or emphasis does the exaggeration convey toward its target in this exchange?", "kind": "definition", "id": "communicative-contribution-q01" }, { "text": "Which parts of the inferred function are supported by the speaker or context, and which remain interpreter judgements?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "communicative-contribution-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "audience-dependent-uptake", "name": "Audience-dependent uptake", "description": "Tracks recognition and misunderstanding for an identified audience rather than assuming universal interpretation.", "findings": [ { "id": "intention-and-reception-gap", "name": "Intention and reception gap", "description": "Distinguish predicted reception from documented responses, including disagreement over whether the expression is hyperbolic.", "questions": [ { "text": "What recipient responses show recognition of exaggeration, literal acceptance, or disagreement?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "intention-and-reception-gap-q01" }, { "text": "Which shared references or language conventions does the hyperbolic reading require from this audience?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "intention-and-reception-gap-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-reexpression", "name": "Handling and re-expression", "description": "Connects interpretive confidence and likely consequences to decisions about responding, paraphrasing, quoting, or adapting hyperbole.", "rationale": "Recognising hyperbole should inform an agent's next action without erasing useful rhetoric or converting exaggeration into unsupported factual precision.", "layers": [ { "id": "clarification-and-literal-reliance", "name": "Clarification and literal reliance", "description": "Determines when uncertainty about exaggeration matters to a decision or response.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-sensitive-response", "name": "Consequence-sensitive response", "description": "Record whether accepting the literal wording would materially change an action and whether clarification or independent verification is needed.", "questions": [ { "text": "Would treating this expression literally change a consequential decision or materially misrepresent its target?", "kind": "action", "id": "consequence-sensitive-response-q01" }, { "text": "Should the agent respond to the apparent emphasis, ask what was meant, or verify an underlying factual claim before proceeding?", "kind": "action", "id": "consequence-sensitive-response-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "preserving-or-reducing-exaggeration", "name": "Preserving or reducing exaggeration", "description": "Controls how hyperbole is retained, explained, softened, or adapted in a new expression.", "findings": [ { "id": "faithful-reexpression", "name": "Faithful re-expression", "description": "Preserve the relevant stance and attribution while making any reduction or adaptation of exaggeration explicit where necessary.", "questions": [ { "text": "What restrained paraphrase preserves the apparent emphasis without inventing an exact intended magnitude?", "kind": "action", "id": "faithful-reexpression-q01" }, { "text": "If quoted, translated, or adapted for another audience, what context or wording is needed to keep the exaggeration recognisable?", "kind": "action", "id": "faithful-reexpression-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Numerical or quantitative hyperbole (inflated counts, sizes, durations, frequencies)", "Impossible hyperbole (adynaton): claims that are physically or logically impossible", "Conventional or idiomatic hyperbole (dead, formulaic overstatements such as everyday intensifiers)", "Creative or nonce hyperbole (fresh, context-specific overstatement)", "Visual hyperbole (exaggerated scale or effect in advertising, caricature, and infographics)", "Comic or satirical hyperbole", "Pathetic or oratorical hyperbole used to heighten emotion in literature and public speech", "Commercial puffery: legally tolerated advertising overstatement not meant as a measurable claim" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of hyperbole this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q166419", "note": "Item for hyperbole as a figure of speech; not the mathematical hyperbola." }, { "scheme": "Classical rhetorical name", "value_or_pattern": "Greek ὑπερβολή; Latin superlatio", "note": "The names used in the Greco-Roman handbook tradition (e.g. Quintilian) for this trope." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of hyperbole this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "United States: Federal Trade Commission Act §5 and the FTC Policy Statement on Deception (Federal Trade Commission; applied by federal courts) treat obvious puffery as generally non-deceptive, while a specific, material, literally false claim is not hyperbole in the legal sense.", "European Union: Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005/29/EC (European Parliament and Council) assesses advertising against the average consumer; exaggeration that would not be taken literally is typically not an unfair practice, but a measurable claim presented as fact can be.", "United Kingdom: UK Code of Non-broadcast Advertising and Direct & Promotional Marketing (CAP Code), administered by the Advertising Standards Authority, allows obvious exaggeration where it is unlikely to mislead, and prohibits misleading specific claims.", "As a literary or conversational figure, hyperbole is not itself the subject of a technical standard; regulation attaches only when the same wording functions as a commercial or official representation." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of hyperbole this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Everyday conversation uses conventional hyperboles as intensifiers (starving, freezing, a million times) without expecting arithmetic uptake.", "Advertising, packaging, and slogans use visual and verbal overstatement (the best, unbeatable, worlds apart) as puffery.", "Political speeches, campaign media, and opinion journalism use scalar overstatement to mobilise affect and simplify contrast.", "News headlines and social-media copy use compressed hyperbole to compete for attention.", "Literature, oratory, and stand-up comedy use both conventional and creative hyperbole as a designed effect.", "Automated extraction, fact-checking, and knowledge-graph pipelines encounter hyperbole as a false-literal quantity unless pragmatic cues are modelled." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of hyperbole this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Scalar overstatement ratio (stated magnitude divided by the speaker's believed-true magnitude)", "typical_range": "about 10 to 1,000,000 in numerical colloquial hyperbole (e.g. 'a million times' versus a small repeated count)", "unit": "dimensionless ratio" }, { "quantity": "Occurrence in running text or speech", "typical_range": "highly register-dependent; common in informal conversation and advertising, sparse in technical and legal prose (no single stable rate should be assumed)", "unit": "instances per 1,000 words" }, { "quantity": "Perceived intensity in experimental ratings", "typical_range": "typically collected on 5- or 7-point scales in psycholinguistic studies", "unit": "Likert-type score" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of hyperbole this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Literal uptake: children, additional-language users, machine extractors, or readers of medical, legal, or safety text may treat the overstated quantity as a fact.", "Legal crossing: an advertising or political claim loses puffery protection when it becomes specific, testable, and material, and is then treated as deception or misrepresentation.", "Credibility erosion: repeated unrecognised hyperbole inflates intensifiers so that ordinary true claims sound weak (semantic inflation).", "Pragmatic failure across cultures or genres: an intended joke or emphasis is heard as a lie, a threat, or an official statistic.", "Fact-checking and content-moderation false positives when hyperbolic talk is scored as a false assertion." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of hyperbole this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "English 'hyperbole' continues the Greek handbook term; Latin handbooks often say superlatio; Arabic rhetoric treats a related figure as mubālagha; Sanskrit poetics has atiśayokti among the alaṃkāras.", "US case law is comparatively explicit that puffery is non-actionable; EU and UK regimes reach a similar practical result through the average-consumer and 'obvious exaggeration' tests, with member-state enforcement differing in how far a slogan may go.", "Cultures that prize understatement (a common British conversational stereotype) and cultures that prize lavish praise or amplification (including parts of the Arabic and Mediterranean oratorical traditions) set different thresholds for what counts as ordinary emphasis versus excess.", "Visual advertising hyperbole is more tightly policed where comparative or health claims are involved than in purely lifestyle imagery." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of hyperbole this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "hyperbola (mathematics)", "difference": "A conic section defined by a constant difference of distances to two foci; shared Greek etymology (ὑπερβολή, 'overshooting') but a different referent. Separate by domain: geometry versus rhetoric." }, { "name": "metaphor", "difference": "Metaphor maps one domain onto another by perceived likeness; hyperbole stays on the same scale and distorts degree. Test: can the utterance be restated as 'X is extremely Y' without a domain shift? If yes, it is hyperbolic rather than metaphorical (mixed figures occur)." }, { "name": "lie or factual misrepresentation", "difference": "A lie is offered as true and intends uptake as true; hyperbole intends recognition that the wording overshoots. Test: would a competent audience in that genre be expected to discount the wording? If the speaker needs the false quantity to be believed, it is not hyperbole." }, { "name": "litotes / meiosis (understatement)", "difference": "These diminish or negate to intensify ('not bad', 'a bit of a problem'); hyperbole enlarges. Test: direction of the scalar move relative to the believed-true value." }, { "name": "irony", "difference": "Irony typically inverts or distances the ostensible meaning; hyperbole keeps the same evaluative direction and only changes magnitude. Test: is the intended point the opposite of the words, or the same point made larger?" }, { "name": "auxesis / climax", "difference": "Auxesis is ordered amplification across a sequence; hyperbole can be a single overshot claim. Test: is the effect produced by a rising series or by one exaggerated magnitude?" }, { "name": "adynaton", "difference": "Adynaton is hyperbole specialised to impossibility ('when pigs fly'). Test: is the overstatement merely extreme, or is it framed as something that cannot occur?" }, { "name": "commercial puffery (legal category)", "difference": "Puffery is the advertising-law name for obvious, non-measurable overstatement; it overlaps hyperbole but is defined by the reasonable-consumer test, not by rhetorical intent. Test: would an average consumer take the claim as a specific, verifiable fact?" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of hyperbole this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should this registry entry cover visual and other nonverbal hyperbole directly, or should those occurrences be linked to neighbouring models of rhetorical representation?", "What operational boundary should distinguish conventional hyperbole from expressions whose exaggerated literal reading is no longer active for a particular community?", "How should the model represent exaggeration toward a minimum, such as 'not a shred', without conflating it with rhetorical understatement?", "What evidence is sufficient to distinguish intended recognisable exaggeration from deceptive overstatement when both interpretations remain plausible?", "Can degrees of exaggeration be compared reliably across dimensions, languages, and genres, or should assessment remain local to each occurrence?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "work, medium or creative form", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a hyperbole, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise possible hyperbole, record how its exaggeration works in context, assess interpretive confidence, and decide how to respond or reuse it.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted", "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: adynaton.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a hyperbole, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says", "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "What is seen is a copy or a performance, not the work. Recognising the work means recognising the content through whatever is carrying it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "adynaton" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one hyperbole from another, and a hyperbole from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a hyperbole, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a hyperbole, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a hyperbole is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a hyperbole, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a hyperbole, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a hyperbole is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a hyperbole sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a hyperbole, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a hyperbole, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a hyperbole is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a hyperbole from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a hyperbole, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a hyperbole, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a hyperbole is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a hyperbole passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a hyperbole between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a hyperbole, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a hyperbole, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a hyperbole is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a hyperbole, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a hyperbole is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a hyperbole, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a hyperbole, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a hyperbole is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a hyperbole says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a hyperbole contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a hyperbole, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a hyperbole, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a hyperbole is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a hyperbole and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a hyperbole, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a hyperbole, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a hyperbole is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "work-and-manifestation", "name": "Work, version and copy", "description": "Which level of hyperbole a statement is about.", "rationale": "The work, the edition, the file and the copy in hand are four things; rights and content attach to different ones.", "layers": [ { "id": "levels", "name": "Levels of the thing", "description": "Work, expression, manifestation and item, in plain terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs at each level", "description": "Which facts hold for the work and which only for one copy.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "For hyperbole, which facts belong to the work itself, which to a version, and which to a single copy?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifier exists at each level, and which one is being cited?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "versions", "name": "Versions, editions and variants", "description": "How versions differ and which is canonical to whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "version-record", "name": "Versions and canonicity", "description": "Differences that matter and who calls one authoritative.", "questions": [ { "id": "version-record-q01", "text": "Which versions or editions of hyperbole exist, and how do they differ substantively?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "version-record-q02", "text": "Who treats which version as authoritative, and for what purpose?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "authorship-and-rights", "name": "Authorship, rights and permitted use", "description": "Who made hyperbole and what may be done with it.", "rationale": "Rights are jurisdictional, time-limited and attached to a level, and an agent that ignores that will copy what it may not.", "layers": [ { "id": "authorship", "name": "Authorship and contribution", "description": "Who contributed what, and in what capacity.", "findings": [ { "id": "contribution-record", "name": "Contributors and roles", "description": "The people and bodies behind it, with their roles.", "questions": [ { "id": "contribution-record-q01", "text": "Who authored or contributed to hyperbole, in what roles, and how is that attested?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "contribution-record-q02", "text": "Where authorship is disputed or anonymous, what is recorded instead?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights and permissions", "description": "Which rights subsist, where, until when, and what they permit.", "findings": [ { "id": "rights-record", "name": "Rights, term and permitted acts", "description": "The regime in force and what it allows.", "questions": [ { "id": "rights-record-q01", "text": "What rights subsist in hyperbole, in which jurisdictions, and until when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "rights-record-q02", "text": "Which acts are permitted without further permission, and which must an agent refuse?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a hyperbole came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a hyperbole and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a hyperbole, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a hyperbole, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a hyperbole is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a hyperbole is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a hyperbole, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a hyperbole, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a hyperbole is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }