{ "model": { "rank": 14786, "code": "thing-q182103", "model_id": "vr.tr.pension-fund", "name": "pension fund", "purpose": "Let an agent explain pension funds, relay structures, regulation, investment and governance from pension regulator and OECD sources in general terms, describe the named fund types, warn about pension scams, point people to regulated advisers and official guidance services, and distinguish pension funds from sovereign wealth funds, insurance annuities, social security systems and individual savings accounts, without personal financial advice.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Society, people and institutions", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "SOC", "domain": "SOC.ORG", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q182103/", "tier": 2, "score": 35, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "AP pension fund", "private pension fund", "industry-wide pension fund", "self-managed superannuation fund", "401(k)", "open pension fund", "Pan-European Pension", "účastnický fond", "employment pension institution", "transformovaný fond" ], "aliasCount": 10, "merged": 10, "knownIn": 35, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.pension-fund", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q182103", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182103", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T21:11:33Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q182103", "registryId": "vr.tr.pension-fund", "name": "pension fund", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "SOC.ORG" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q182103/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.pension-fund", "name": "pension fund", "purpose": "Let an agent explain pension funds, relay structures, regulation, investment and governance from pension regulator and OECD sources in general terms, describe the named fund types, warn about pension scams, point people to regulated advisers and official guidance services, and distinguish pension funds from sovereign wealth funds, insurance annuities, social security systems and individual savings accounts, without personal financial advice.", "definition": "A fund that pools and invests contributions to pay retirement benefits, run by employers, industries, governments or financial institutions, including occupational and industry-wide pension funds such as those in the Netherlands, private and open pension funds, Swedish national AP buffer funds, Australian self-managed superannuation funds and defined contribution plans such as the United States 401(k), which is a tax-advantaged employer plan rather than a fund in itself; pension funds are among the largest institutional investors and are regulated to protect members. Pension decisions need regulated advice, and pension scams should be reported.", "what_it_is_for": "Funding retirement income.", "affordances": [ "explain structures in general terms", "relay regulation and governance", "describe named fund types", "warn about scams and point to guidance" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Retirement purpose", "Large institutional investors", "Fiduciary duties", "Defined benefit or contribution" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; financial institutions and member statements.", "visual_identification": [ "Pooled fund paying retirement benefits", "AP pension fund, private pension fund, industry-wide pension fund, self-managed superannuation fund, 401(k), open pension fund", "Sovereign wealth funds invest state wealth; annuities are insurance products; social security is state pay-as-you-go; savings accounts are individual" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "OECD pension assets", "typical_range": "tens of trillions of US dollars", "unit": "note", "note": "check latest OECD Pension Markets in Focus" }, { "quantity": "401(k) created", "typical_range": "1978", "unit": "year", "note": "US Revenue Act" }, { "quantity": "Swedish AP funds", "typical_range": "buffer funds of the income pension system", "unit": "note", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "defined benefit funds", "defined contribution plans", "industry-wide funds", "national buffer funds", "self-managed funds", "open and private pension funds" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "investment fund", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "401(k)", "why": "related plan" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "sovereign wealth fund", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is regulated by", "target": "pension regulator", "why": "national bodies" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "EU IORP II Directive", "US ERISA", "Australian Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act", "OECD Core Principles of Occupational Pension Regulation" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Giving personal pension or investment advice", "Pension scams and unsafe transfers", "Stale asset and rule figures" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What a pension fund is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is a pension fund, and how does it differ from sovereign wealth funds, annuities, social security and savings accounts?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about a personal pension decision or an unsolicited transfer offer, which needs regulated advice and scam caution?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "types", "name": "Types", "description": "Named types.", "findings": [ { "id": "types-finding", "name": "Types", "description": "Types.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are AP funds, private, industry-wide and open pension funds, SMSFs and 401(k) plans?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific type?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "structure", "name": "Structure", "description": "Structure.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "dbdc", "name": "DB and DC", "description": "Defined benefit and contribution.", "findings": [ { "id": "dbdc-finding", "name": "DB and DC", "description": "DB and DC.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do defined benefit and defined contribution schemes differ, in general terms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulation", "name": "Regulation", "description": "Regulation.", "findings": [ { "id": "regulation-finding", "name": "Regulation", "description": "Regulation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do laws such as ERISA and IORP II protect members?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "investment", "name": "Investment", "description": "Investment and debates.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "investing", "name": "Investing", "description": "Investment approach.", "findings": [ { "id": "investing-finding", "name": "Investing", "description": "Investing.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do pension funds invest, and what debates exist about ESG and fees, with positions attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral and free of personal advice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "sustainability", "name": "Sustainability", "description": "System sustainability.", "findings": [ { "id": "sustainability-finding", "name": "Sustainability", "description": "Sustainability.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do ageing populations affect pension systems, as the OECD reports?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits pension reform?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Protection.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "scams", "name": "Scams", "description": "Pension scams.", "findings": [ { "id": "scams-finding", "name": "Scams", "description": "Scams.", "questions": [ { "text": "What warning signs of pension scams do regulators describe?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits investment fraud?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "guidance", "name": "Guidance", "description": "Official guidance.", "findings": [ { "id": "guidance-finding", "name": "Guidance", "description": "Guidance.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which free official guidance services exist for pensions?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits MoneyHelper?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should 401(k) and SMSF be separate entries?", "How should regulator sources be linked by country?", "How should asset figures be kept current?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organisation or institution", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a pension fund, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain pension funds, relay structures, regulation, investment and governance from pension regulator and OECD sources in general terms, describe the named fund types, warn about pension scams, point people to regulated advisers and official guidance services, and distinguish pension funds from sovereign wealth funds, insurance annuities, social security systems and individual savings accounts, without personal financial advice.", "characteristics": { "substance": "social", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "collective" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: AP pension fund, private pension fund, industry-wide pension fund, self-managed superannuation fund, 401(k), open pension fund, Pan-European Pension, účastnický fond, employment pension institution, transformovaný fond.", "10 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 35 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a pension fund, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a social arrangement between people", "physicalCharacter": [ "Acts through people, and only through them.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. Recognised by name, register entry and the people acting in its name, and those change while it stays the same body." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "AP pension fund", "private pension fund", "industry-wide pension fund", "self-managed superannuation fund", "401(k)", "open pension fund", "Pan-European Pension", "účastnický fond", "employment pension institution", "transformovaný fond" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 35 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 10 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one pension fund from another, and a pension fund from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a pension fund, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a pension fund, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a pension fund is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a pension fund, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a pension fund, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a pension fund is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a pension fund sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a pension fund, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a pension fund, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a pension fund is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a pension fund from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a pension fund, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a pension fund, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a pension fund is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a pension fund passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a pension fund between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a pension fund, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a pension fund, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a pension fund is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a pension fund, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a pension fund is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a pension fund, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a pension fund, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a pension fund is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "people-and-responsibility", "name": "People, roles and responsibility", "description": "Who stands in what relation to a pension fund.", "rationale": "Social things are defined by the relations people hold to them, and those relations change without the thing changing.", "layers": [ { "id": "roles-and-parties", "name": "Roles and parties", "description": "The roles that exist around a pension fund and who fills them.", "findings": [ { "id": "role-assignments", "name": "Role assignments and their validity", "description": "Who holds which role over a pension fund, from when, and on whose authority.", "questions": [ { "id": "role-assignments-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a role over a pension fund, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "role-assignments-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a role over a pension fund, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "role-assignments-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a role over a pension fund is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "ownership-and-accountability", "name": "Ownership and accountability", "description": "Who answers for a pension fund and who may decide about it.", "findings": [ { "id": "accountability", "name": "Accountability and decision rights", "description": "Where responsibility for a pension fund sits when something goes wrong.", "questions": [ { "id": "accountability-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes responsibility for a pension fund, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "accountability-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about responsibility for a pension fund, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "accountability-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once responsibility for a pension fund is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "legal-identity", "name": "Legal identity and mandate", "description": "What pension fund is in law and what it exists to do.", "rationale": "Legal identity survives changes of name, address, staff and premises, which is exactly why it must be recorded separately from all of them.", "layers": [ { "id": "registration", "name": "Legal form and registration", "description": "Form, register, identifiers and jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "registration-record", "name": "Registration and identifiers", "description": "What names this body unambiguously in law.", "questions": [ { "id": "registration-record-q01", "text": "What legal form does pension fund take, in which register, under which identifier?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "registration-record-q02", "text": "What survives a rename, a merger or a move of premises, and what does not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "mandate", "name": "Mandate and governing instrument", "description": "The purpose it is bound to and the document that binds it.", "findings": [ { "id": "mandate-record", "name": "Mandate and its source", "description": "What it may do, and the instrument that says so.", "questions": [ { "id": "mandate-record-q01", "text": "What is the mandate of pension fund, and which founding or governing instrument grants it?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "mandate-record-q02", "text": "What lies outside the mandate, and what should an agent do when asked for it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "governance-and-membership", "name": "Governance, membership and decision rights", "description": "Who decides in pension fund and who belongs to it.", "rationale": "Authority inside an organisation is held by roles, not people, and an agent needs to know which role can commit it.", "layers": [ { "id": "decision-rights", "name": "Decision rights", "description": "Bodies, offices and what each may bind.", "findings": [ { "id": "authority-map", "name": "Who may bind the organisation", "description": "The offices that can commit it and their limits.", "questions": [ { "id": "authority-map-q01", "text": "Which bodies or offices of pension fund may take which decisions, and up to what limit?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "authority-map-q02", "text": "What evidence shows that a given person currently holds that office?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "membership", "name": "Membership and affiliation", "description": "Who counts as part of it and on what terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "membership-rules", "name": "Membership and its evidence", "description": "Classes of member, how membership starts and ends.", "questions": [ { "id": "membership-rules-q01", "text": "What kinds of membership or affiliation does pension fund have, and how does each begin and end?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "membership-rules-q02", "text": "What may a member do in its name, and what may they not?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a pension fund came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a pension fund and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a pension fund, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a pension fund, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a pension fund is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a pension fund is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a pension fund, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a pension fund, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a pension fund is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }