{ "model": { "rank": 4652, "code": "thing-q182311", "model_id": "vr.tr.cumulonimbus", "name": "cumulonimbus", "purpose": "Let an agent explain cumulonimbus clouds and their formation, identify species and features, relay the hazards they produce and safety guidance from meteorological authorities, and distinguish them from cumulus and other clouds.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.STA", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q182311/", "tier": 2, "score": 73, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "cumulonimbus capillatus", "cumulonimbus calvus", "cumulonimbus flumen", "cumulonimbus incus", "pyrocumulonimbus cloud", "wall cloud", "hot tower" ], "aliasCount": 7, "merged": 7, "knownIn": 73, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.cumulonimbus", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q182311", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182311", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T23:55:52Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q182311", "registryId": "vr.tr.cumulonimbus", "name": "cumulonimbus", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.STA" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q182311/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.cumulonimbus", "name": "cumulonimbus", "purpose": "Let an agent explain cumulonimbus clouds and their formation, identify species and features, relay the hazards they produce and safety guidance from meteorological authorities, and distinguish them from cumulus and other clouds.", "definition": "A dense, towering cloud of great vertical extent formed by strong convection, with a dark base, a cauliflower-like body and often a flattened anvil top, producing thunderstorms with heavy rain, hail, lightning, strong winds and sometimes tornadoes; cumulonimbus has species and features such as calvus, capillatus, incus and wall clouds, forms from wildfires as pyrocumulonimbus, and is the most energetic cloud type.", "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a cloud type.", "affordances": [ "explain formation and structure", "identify species and features", "relay hazards and safety guidance", "distinguish from other clouds" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Deep convection", "Anvil top", "Thunderstorm hazards", "Species and features" ], "appearance": "A towering cloud with a dark base and an anvil-shaped top spreading at high altitude.", "visual_identification": [ "Towering convective cloud with anvil", "Calvus, capillatus, incus and other features", "Cumulus congestus lacks the anvil and precipitation; nimbostratus is layered" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "vertical extent", "typical_range": "up to about 12-18", "unit": "km", "note": "to the tropopause" }, { "quantity": "updraft speeds", "typical_range": "up to about 50", "unit": "m/s", "note": "in severe storms" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "cumulonimbus calvus", "cumulonimbus capillatus and incus", "supplementary features such as wall clouds, mammatus and flumen", "pyrocumulonimbus from fires and eruptions", "supercell and multicell storm clouds" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "vertical multi-level cloud", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "produces", "target": "thunderstorm", "why": "and severe weather" }, { "relation": "develops from", "target": "cumulus", "why": "through convection" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "tornado", "why": "in supercell storms" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "WMO cloud atlas", "value_or_pattern": "Cb", "note": "abbreviation" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "WMO International Cloud Atlas classification", "Aviation weather rules for thunderstorm avoidance", "Severe weather warning systems" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Lightning, hail, flash floods and tornadoes", "Aviation hazards including turbulence and icing", "Confusing with cumulus congestus" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What cumulonimbus is.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "formation", "name": "Formation", "description": "Formation.", "findings": [ { "id": "formation-finding", "name": "Formation", "description": "Formation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does cumulonimbus form through convection, and what stages does a storm cloud pass through?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the cloud cumulonimbus, cumulus congestus or another type?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "features", "name": "Features", "description": "Species and features.", "findings": [ { "id": "features-finding", "name": "Features", "description": "Features.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the species, varieties and supplementary features such as incus and wall clouds?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific feature?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazards", "name": "Hazards", "description": "Hazards and safety.", "rationale": "Safety.", "layers": [ { "id": "weather", "name": "Weather", "description": "Severe weather.", "findings": [ { "id": "weather-finding", "name": "Weather", "description": "Weather.", "questions": [ { "text": "What hazards do cumulonimbus clouds produce, and what do authorities advise?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the user facing a current storm, which needs official warnings and shelter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aviation", "name": "Aviation", "description": "Aviation.", "findings": [ { "id": "aviation-finding", "name": "Aviation", "description": "Aviation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Why do aircraft avoid cumulonimbus, and what rules apply?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits aviation weather?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "special", "name": "Special", "description": "Special forms.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "pyro", "name": "Pyro", "description": "Pyrocumulonimbus.", "findings": [ { "id": "pyro-finding", "name": "Pyro", "description": "Pyro.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do wildfires and eruptions create pyrocumulonimbus, and what effects follow?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits pyrocumulonimbus?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "supercell", "name": "Supercell", "description": "Supercells.", "findings": [ { "id": "supercell-finding", "name": "Supercell", "description": "Supercell.", "questions": [ { "text": "What distinguishes supercell cumulonimbus, and how do they produce tornadoes?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Observation and climate.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "observation", "name": "Observation", "description": "Observation and forecasting.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-finding", "name": "Observation", "description": "Observation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are cumulonimbus clouds observed and forecast with radar and satellites?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits weather radar?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "climate", "name": "Climate", "description": "Climate role.", "findings": [ { "id": "climate-finding", "name": "Climate", "description": "Climate.", "questions": [ { "text": "What role do deep convective clouds play in climate, with findings attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should pyrocumulonimbus be a separate entry?", "How should the WMO atlas be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming species and features; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a cumulonimbus, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain cumulonimbus clouds and their formation, identify species and features, relay the hazards they produce and safety guidance from meteorological authorities, and distinguish them from cumulus and other clouds.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: cumulonimbus capillatus, cumulonimbus calvus, cumulonimbus flumen, cumulonimbus incus, pyrocumulonimbus cloud, wall cloud, hot tower.", "7 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 73 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a cumulonimbus, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "cumulonimbus capillatus", "cumulonimbus calvus", "cumulonimbus flumen", "cumulonimbus incus", "pyrocumulonimbus cloud", "wall cloud", "hot tower" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 73 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 7 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one cumulonimbus from another, and a cumulonimbus from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a cumulonimbus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a cumulonimbus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a cumulonimbus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a cumulonimbus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a cumulonimbus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a cumulonimbus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a cumulonimbus sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a cumulonimbus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a cumulonimbus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a cumulonimbus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a cumulonimbus from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a cumulonimbus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a cumulonimbus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a cumulonimbus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a cumulonimbus passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a cumulonimbus between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a cumulonimbus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a cumulonimbus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a cumulonimbus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a cumulonimbus, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a cumulonimbus is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a cumulonimbus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a cumulonimbus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a cumulonimbus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What cumulonimbus is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of cumulonimbus are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is cumulonimbus operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of cumulonimbus and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of cumulonimbus?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as cumulonimbus?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a cumulonimbus came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a cumulonimbus and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a cumulonimbus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a cumulonimbus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a cumulonimbus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a cumulonimbus is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a cumulonimbus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a cumulonimbus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a cumulonimbus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }