{ "model": { "rank": 2733, "code": "thing-q18334", "model_id": "vr.tr.particle-physics", "name": "particle physics", "purpose": "Let an agent explain particle physics, relay the Standard Model, experiments and open problems from physics sources, describe the subfields the registry aliases name, and distinguish particle physics from nuclear physics, neutron imaging, astrophysics and condensed matter physics.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.KNW", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q18334/", "tier": 2, "score": 98, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "neutronography", "particle physics phenomenology", "astroparticle physics and particle cosmology", "neutron detection", "astroparticle physics", "B-physics" ], "aliasCount": 6, "merged": 6, "knownIn": 98, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q18334", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T19:38:08Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q18334", "registryId": "vr.tr.particle-physics", "name": "particle physics", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.KNW" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q18334/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.particle-physics", "name": "particle physics", "purpose": "Let an agent explain particle physics, relay the Standard Model, experiments and open problems from physics sources, describe the subfields the registry aliases name, and distinguish particle physics from nuclear physics, neutron imaging, astrophysics and condensed matter physics.", "definition": "The branch of physics that studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiation and their interactions, described by the Standard Model of quarks, leptons, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson discovered at CERN in 2012, pursued through accelerator experiments, theory and phenomenology, with subfields such as B-physics on bottom-quark hadrons and astroparticle physics and particle cosmology linking particles to the universe; the registry aliases neutronography and neutron detection belong more to applied nuclear and neutron physics.", "what_it_is_for": "Understanding the fundamental constituents of nature.", "affordances": [ "explain the field", "relay the Standard Model and experiments", "describe named subfields", "distinguish related fields" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Elementary particles", "Standard Model", "Large accelerators", "Open problems such as dark matter" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; a scientific field, visible through detectors and accelerators.", "visual_identification": [ "Physics of elementary particles", "B-physics, particle physics phenomenology, astroparticle physics, particle cosmology, neutronography, neutron detection", "Nuclear physics studies nuclei; neutron imaging is an applied technique; astrophysics studies celestial objects" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "Higgs boson discovery", "typical_range": "2012", "unit": "year", "note": "ATLAS and CMS at CERN" }, { "quantity": "LHC collision energy", "typical_range": "13.6", "unit": "TeV", "note": "Run 3" }, { "quantity": "Standard Model fermions", "typical_range": "12 plus antiparticles", "unit": "count", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "also called", "typical_range": "high-energy physics", "unit": "note", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "experimental particle physics", "theoretical and phenomenological physics", "flavour physics including B-physics", "neutrino physics", "astroparticle physics and particle cosmology" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "modern physics", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is described by", "target": "Standard Model", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is studied at", "target": "CERN", "why": "among other labs" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "nuclear physics", "why": "" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Particle Data Group Review of Particle Physics", "Radiation protection rules at accelerators" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Overstating unconfirmed anomalies", "Fears such as black holes at the LHC, addressed by safety reviews", "Registry aliases from applied neutron physics" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What particle physics is.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is particle physics, and how does it differ from nuclear physics, neutron imaging and astrophysics?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about theory, an experiment, a subfield or careers?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "subfields", "name": "Subfields", "description": "Named subfields.", "findings": [ { "id": "subfields-finding", "name": "Subfields", "description": "Subfields.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are B-physics, phenomenology, astroparticle physics, particle cosmology, neutronography and neutron detection?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific subfield?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "theory", "name": "Theory", "description": "Theory.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "standard", "name": "Standard Model", "description": "Standard Model.", "findings": [ { "id": "standard-finding", "name": "Standard Model", "description": "Standard Model.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does the Standard Model contain, and what does it leave unexplained?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "beyond", "name": "Beyond", "description": "Beyond the Standard Model.", "findings": [ { "id": "beyond-finding", "name": "Beyond", "description": "Beyond.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence and proposals exist for new physics, with the status of claims attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "experiment", "name": "Experiment", "description": "Experiments.", "rationale": "Application.", "layers": [ { "id": "colliders", "name": "Colliders", "description": "Colliders.", "findings": [ { "id": "colliders-finding", "name": "Colliders", "description": "Colliders.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do the LHC and other colliders and detectors work?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits Large Hadron Collider?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "neutrinos", "name": "Neutrinos", "description": "Neutrinos and cosmic rays.", "findings": [ { "id": "neutrinos-finding", "name": "Neutrinos", "description": "Neutrinos.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do neutrino and cosmic ray observatories contribute?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits neutrino oscillation?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "History and society.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did particle physics develop from the electron discovery to the Higgs boson?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits history of particle physics?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "spinoffs", "name": "Spinoffs", "description": "Spinoffs.", "findings": [ { "id": "spinoffs-finding", "name": "Spinoffs", "description": "Spinoffs.", "questions": [ { "text": "What technologies such as the World Wide Web and medical accelerators came from particle physics?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits World Wide Web?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should neutronography and neutron detection be moved to neutron physics?", "How should PDG and experiment sources be linked?", "How should open problems be kept current?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "discipline or field of knowledge", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a particle physics, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain particle physics, relay the Standard Model, experiments and open problems from physics sources, describe the subfields the registry aliases name, and distinguish particle physics from nuclear physics, neutron imaging, astrophysics and condensed matter physics.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: neutronography, particle physics phenomenology, astroparticle physics and particle cosmology, neutron detection, astroparticle physics, B-physics.", "6 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 98 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a particle physics, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says" ], "howItIsRecognised": [], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "neutronography", "particle physics phenomenology", "astroparticle physics and particle cosmology", "neutron detection", "astroparticle physics", "B-physics" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 98 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 6 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one particle physics from another, and a particle physics from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a particle physics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a particle physics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a particle physics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a particle physics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a particle physics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a particle physics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a particle physics sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a particle physics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a particle physics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a particle physics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a particle physics from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a particle physics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a particle physics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a particle physics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a particle physics passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a particle physics between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a particle physics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a particle physics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a particle physics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a particle physics, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a particle physics is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a particle physics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a particle physics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a particle physics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a particle physics says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a particle physics contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a particle physics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a particle physics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a particle physics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a particle physics and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a particle physics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a particle physics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a particle physics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "subject-and-method", "name": "Subject matter and method", "description": "What particle physics studies and how it establishes anything.", "rationale": "A field is identified by its questions and its methods, and those are what distinguish it from the fields next to it.", "layers": [ { "id": "subject", "name": "Subject matter", "description": "The questions it takes as its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "subject-record", "name": "Questions and objects of study", "description": "What it is about, stated so a neighbouring field can be told apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "subject-record-q01", "text": "What questions and objects does particle physics take as its own?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "subject-record-q02", "text": "Which questions does it share with a neighbouring field, and who claims them?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "method", "name": "Method and evidence", "description": "How claims are established and what counts as evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-record", "name": "Methods and standards of evidence", "description": "The methods used and what they are taken to establish.", "questions": [ { "id": "method-record-q01", "text": "By what methods does particle physics establish claims, and what counts as sufficient evidence?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "method-record-q02", "text": "What kind of claim can this field not settle, and where should an agent look instead?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "institutions-and-classification", "name": "Institutions and classification", "description": "Where particle physics is practised and how catalogues place it.", "rationale": "The institutional footprint is the evidence that a field exists as a field rather than as a topic.", "layers": [ { "id": "institutions", "name": "Institutional markers", "description": "Societies, journals, degrees and departments.", "findings": [ { "id": "institution-record", "name": "Bodies and venues", "description": "Where the field organises itself.", "questions": [ { "id": "institution-record-q01", "text": "Which societies, journals or degrees mark particle physics as an established field?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "institution-record-q02", "text": "What would show that it is emerging or dissolving rather than established?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification", "name": "Classification schemes", "description": "Where library and research classifications put it.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-record", "name": "Codes and their disagreements", "description": "The classification codes that place it, and where they differ.", "questions": [ { "id": "classification-record-q01", "text": "Which classification schemes place particle physics, under what codes?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classification-record-q02", "text": "Where do those schemes disagree about its scope?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a particle physics came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a particle physics and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a particle physics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a particle physics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a particle physics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a particle physics is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a particle physics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a particle physics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a particle physics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }