pronunciation
Let an agent explain pronunciation as a linguistic phenomenon, relay how it is described, standardised and taught, describe variation and change with attribution, and distinguish pronunciation from spelling, accent and phonology.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify
Researched by: Claude
Purpose and description
Let an agent explain pronunciation as a linguistic phenomenon, relay how it is described, standardised and taught, describe variation and change with attribution, and distinguish pronunciation from spelling, accent and phonology.
The way a word or language is spoken, the production of speech sounds according to the rules and conventions of a language, variety or register, including standard and regional pronunciations, historical standards such as the Old National Pronunciation of early Republican Chinese, specialised conventions such as Japanese setsumei-yomi reading and lyrical or comedic pronunciations in performance, and mispronunciation relative to a norm; pronunciation is described in phonetics and phonology, recorded in dictionaries and taught in language learning.
What it is for: Speaking words intelligibly within a language.
It can be explain the concept; relay description and transcription; describe variation and standards; relay teaching and resources.
Distinguishing features
Sound production
Norms and variation
Transcription systems
Learning target
What it looks like
Not a visible object; spoken sound, represented in phonetic transcription.
How it is recognised
How words and languages are spoken
Standard, regional, historical, performance and learner pronunciations
Spelling is written form; accent is a pattern of pronunciation; phonology is the sound system
Related models
is a kind of - in registry terms, as conventions
is described by - the science of speech sounds
is transcribed in - the standard notation
is contrasted with - the written form
In practice
Families and kinds
standard pronunciations such as Received Pronunciation and General American
regional and social pronunciations
historical standards such as the Old National Pronunciation
pronunciation of specific languages such as Occitan
reading conventions such as setsumei-yomi
lyrical and comedic pronunciation in performance
mispronunciation and learner pronunciation
Standards and regulation
Pronunciation dictionaries and broadcasting guides
Language academy norms in some countries
IPA conventions
Failure modes and hazards
Prescriptive judgement of accents
Confusing pronunciation with spelling
Stigmatising learners and regional speakers
Also called
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Also registered as vr.tr.pronunciation
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions.
Understand What pronunciation is.
Linguistics.
Definition
Definition.
Definition
Definition.
- What is pronunciation, and how does it relate to phonetics, phonology, accent and spelling? definition
- Is the question about pronunciation, spelling or the sound system of a language? boundary
Transcription
Transcription.
Transcription
Transcription.
- How is pronunciation transcribed with the IPA and respelling systems? definition
- Which entry fits the International Phonetic Alphabet? action
Variation Variation and standards.
Attribution.
Standards
Standard pronunciations.
Standards
Standards.
- What standard pronunciations exist, including historical ones such as the Old National Pronunciation, and who sets them? provenance
- Is the presentation free of prescriptive judgement? boundary
Variation
Regional and social variation.
Variation
Variation.
- How does pronunciation vary by region, class and time, as sociolinguists describe? provenance
- Which sources are cited? provenance
Learn Teaching and performance.
Practice.
Teaching
Teaching pronunciation.
Teaching
Teaching.
- How is pronunciation taught to language learners, and what resources exist? provenance
- Which references are standard? provenance
Performance
Performance conventions.
Performance
Performance.
- What are lyrical, comedic and reading conventions such as setsumei-yomi? provenance
- Which entry fits the specific convention? action
Context Change and technology.
Context.
Change
Sound change.
Change
Change.
- How does pronunciation change over time, and how is historical pronunciation reconstructed? provenance
- Which entry fits sound change? action
Technology
Speech technology.
Technology
Technology.
- How do speech synthesis and recognition model pronunciation? provenance
- Which entry fits speech synthesis? action
What the second pass must settle
- Should specific standard pronunciations be separate entries?
- How should pronunciation dictionaries be linked?
- The registry entry has merged aliases naming language-specific and performance conventions; should they be split off?