{ "model": { "rank": 3087, "code": "thing-q184511", "model_id": "vr.tr.idiom", "name": "idiom", "purpose": "Let an agent recognise idioms and explain their meaning and origin with attribution, distinguish idioms from proverbs, collocations and metaphors, relay dictionary resources, and support learning and translation.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q184511/", "tier": 2, "score": 91, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "proverbial phrase", "idiomatic adjective", "idiomatic interjection", "formulaic language", "Dutch idioms", "Portuguese idioms", "redewendung", "idiom derived from Greco-Roman mythology", "If a cow kicks, why make chicken curry?", "Hebrew idioms", "night butterfly", "Sovietism" ], "aliasCount": 12, "merged": 12, "knownIn": 91, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q184511", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184511", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T20:42:23Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q184511", "registryId": "vr.tr.idiom", "name": "idiom", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q184511/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.idiom", "name": "idiom", "purpose": "Let an agent recognise idioms and explain their meaning and origin with attribution, distinguish idioms from proverbs, collocations and metaphors, relay dictionary resources, and support learning and translation.", "definition": "A phrase whose meaning cannot be worked out from the ordinary meanings of its words, such as kick the bucket or spill the beans, fixed by convention in a language; idioms are part of formulaic language along with proverbs, collocations and set phrases, differ across languages, and are a challenge in learning and translation.", "what_it_is_for": "Expressing meaning through fixed conventional phrases.", "affordances": [ "identify idioms in text", "explain meaning and origin", "distinguish related kinds of fixed phrase", "support translation and learning" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Non-compositional meaning", "Fixed or nearly fixed form", "Language-specific", "Often figurative in origin" ], "appearance": "Not visible; a phrase whose parts do not add up to its meaning.", "visual_identification": [ "Fixed phrase with non-compositional meaning", "Conventional in a language community", "A proverb states a lesson; a collocation is compositional; a metaphor may be novel" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "verbal idioms such as kick the bucket", "idiomatic adjectives and interjections", "proverbial phrases", "binomials and similes as formulaic language", "idioms of specific languages such as Dutch or Portuguese idioms", "jargon idioms in professions" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "phrase", "why": "a fixed phrase" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "formulaic language", "why": "the wider category" }, { "relation": "is confused with", "target": "proverb", "why": "a full statement with a lesson" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "metaphor", "why": "many idioms are frozen metaphors" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "No regulation; dictionaries and corpora document usage" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Literal translation of idioms", "Misuse by learners", "Folk etymologies presented as fact" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "concept", "name": "Concept", "description": "What an idiom is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is an idiom, and how does it differ from a proverb, a collocation or a metaphor?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the phrase an idiom or another kind of fixed expression?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "kinds", "name": "Kinds", "description": "Kinds.", "findings": [ { "id": "kinds-finding", "name": "Kinds", "description": "Kinds.", "questions": [ { "text": "What kinds of idiom exist, and how fixed are they?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific language?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "meaning", "name": "Meaning", "description": "Meaning and origin.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "meaning", "name": "Meaning", "description": "Meaning.", "findings": [ { "id": "meaning-finding", "name": "Meaning", "description": "Meaning.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does a given idiom mean, and in which contexts is it used?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which dictionary documents it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "origin", "name": "Origin", "description": "Origins.", "findings": [ { "id": "origin-finding", "name": "Origin", "description": "Origin.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is known about the origin of an idiom, and what is folk etymology?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the etymology attributed to a reliable source?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use", "name": "Use", "description": "Learning and translation.", "rationale": "Practice.", "layers": [ { "id": "learning", "name": "Learning", "description": "Learning.", "findings": [ { "id": "learning-finding", "name": "Learning", "description": "Learning.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do learners acquire idioms, and what errors occur?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits language learning?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "translation", "name": "Translation", "description": "Translation.", "findings": [ { "id": "translation-finding", "name": "Translation", "description": "Translation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are idioms translated, and what strategies do translators use?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which entry fits translation?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "study", "name": "Study", "description": "Research and processing.", "rationale": "Study.", "layers": [ { "id": "linguistics", "name": "Linguistics", "description": "Phraseology.", "findings": [ { "id": "linguistics-finding", "name": "Linguistics", "description": "Linguistics.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do phraseology and cognitive linguistics study idioms, and which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits phraseology?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "computing", "name": "Computing", "description": "Computational handling.", "findings": [ { "id": "computing-finding", "name": "Computing", "description": "Computing.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do language technologies detect and handle idioms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits natural language processing?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should idioms of each language be separate entries?", "How should idiom dictionaries be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases for language-specific idiom sets; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a idiom, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent recognise idioms and explain their meaning and origin with attribution, distinguish idioms from proverbs, collocations and metaphors, relay dictionary resources, and support learning and translation.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: proverbial phrase, idiomatic adjective, idiomatic interjection, formulaic language, Dutch idioms, Portuguese idioms, redewendung, idiom derived from Greco-Roman mythology, If a cow kicks, why make chicken curry?, Hebrew idioms, night butterfly, Sovietism.", "12 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 91 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a idiom, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "proverbial phrase", "idiomatic adjective", "idiomatic interjection", "formulaic language", "Dutch idioms", "Portuguese idioms", "redewendung", "idiom derived from Greco-Roman mythology", "If a cow kicks, why make chicken curry?", "Hebrew idioms", "night butterfly", "Sovietism" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 91 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 12 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one idiom from another, and a idiom from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a idiom, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a idiom, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a idiom is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a idiom, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a idiom, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a idiom is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a idiom sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a idiom, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a idiom, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a idiom is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a idiom from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a idiom, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a idiom, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a idiom is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a idiom passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a idiom between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a idiom, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a idiom, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a idiom is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a idiom, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a idiom is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a idiom, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a idiom, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a idiom is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What idiom is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of idiom are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is idiom operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of idiom and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of idiom?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as idiom?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a idiom came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a idiom and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a idiom, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a idiom, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a idiom is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a idiom is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a idiom, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a idiom, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a idiom is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }