{ "model": { "rank": 6652, "code": "thing-q184817", "model_id": "vr.tr.lignin", "name": "lignin", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify a lignin material, judge its condition and fitness for a proposed use, and select handling or transformation actions supported by its measured properties.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q184817/", "tier": 2, "score": 59, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "p-hydroxyphenyl lignin", "syringal lignin", "guaiacyl lignin" ], "aliasCount": 3, "merged": 3, "knownIn": 59, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q184817", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184817", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T23:12:59Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 24.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08871-2753-7592-bf15-4b4b271fe0fc\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: lignin\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.MAT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 007: 1001 register", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 67.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08871-275a-7540-a79a-3092cdc00e82\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: lignin\nRegistry id: vr.tr.lignin\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext fo" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q184817", "registryId": "vr.tr.lignin", "name": "lignin", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q184817/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.lignin", "name": "lignin", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify a lignin material, judge its condition and fitness for a proposed use, and select handling or transformation actions supported by its measured properties.", "definition": "Lignin is a heterogeneous class of phenolic polymers formed predominantly by oxidative coupling of monolignols in plant cell walls, where it contributes mechanical support, resistance to degradation, and the water-conducting function of vascular tissues.", "scope_statement": "This model owns lignin as a heterogeneous plant-derived aromatic polymer material, including lignin within biomass and isolated or modified lignin fractions, while distinguishing biological origin, isolation history, composition and grade.", "in_scope": [ "Biological origin and whether lignin is native, isolated or chemically modified", "Aromatic-unit composition, interunit linkages and functional groups", "Isolation-dependent impurities, molecular-size distribution and batch variability", "Physical form, moisture, solubility and thermal response under stated conditions", "Suitability for specified transformations and material applications", "Grade-specific identity, hazards, storage requirements and traceability" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Whole wood, agricultural residues and other lignocellulosic feedstocks as complete materials", "Cellulose and hemicellulose as independently identified substances", "Pulping, extraction and biorefinery processes as operating systems", "Finished adhesives, composites and other products containing lignin", "Individual aromatic compounds obtained by lignin depolymerization", "Plant development and lignin biosynthesis as biological processes" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Establish whether evidence supports a lignin macromolecular fraction rather than a mixture of low-molecular-mass phenolic compounds.", "Distinguish lignin from cellulose and hemicellulose using evidence for aromatic structural units alongside measurements of residual carbohydrates.", "Distinguish lignin embedded in a plant cell wall from an isolated technical lignin whose structure and impurities reflect processing.", "Distinguish unmodified lignin fractions from lignosulfonates and other derivatives by documenting introduced groups and any associated counterions.", "Identify lignin as a constituent when a sample is a blend or formulated product; do not assign the properties of the whole product to its lignin fraction." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Biological and anatomical origin", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Plant taxon, tissue, feedstock lot and source record; unknown permitted", "why_it_matters": "Origin helps interpret structural variation and compare batches without assuming all lignins are interchangeable." }, { "name": "Material identity and processing class", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Native in biomass, kraft, soda, organosolv, lignosulfonate, other isolated fraction or specified derivative", "why_it_matters": "Isolation and modification history affect identity, chemistry and suitability for use." }, { "name": "Aromatic-unit profile", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Relative H, G and S contributions and other detected units, with analytical method and normalization basis", "why_it_matters": "The profile supports structural comparison and interpretation of possible reactions." }, { "name": "Interunit-linkage profile", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Linkage abundance on a stated analytical basis, including quantified ether and carbon-carbon linkage types", "why_it_matters": "Linkage distribution helps judge whether a proposed cleavage or modification route is plausible." }, { "name": "Functional-group content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mmol/g on a stated dry or as-received basis for phenolic hydroxyl, aliphatic hydroxyl, carboxyl and introduced groups", "why_it_matters": "Functional groups govern opportunities for derivatization and interactions with other materials." }, { "name": "Molecular-size distribution", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mn and Mw in g/mol and dispersity, with solvent, calibration, method and analyzed fraction", "why_it_matters": "Reported molecular sizes depend on the measurement approach and can conceal insoluble or excluded fractions." }, { "name": "Composition and impurities", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass fractions of measured lignin, carbohydrates, ash, sulfur and residual processing chemicals, with methods and reporting basis", "why_it_matters": "Impurities can affect processing, performance, emissions and grade acceptance." }, { "name": "Physical and moisture state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Powder, granule, wet cake, solution or dispersion; moisture in mass %; particle size in µm where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Physical state affects dosing, storage, drying and airborne-dust generation." }, { "name": "Solubility and dispersion behavior", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Dissolved fraction or concentration in g/L, with solvent, pH, temperature, ionic conditions and equilibration procedure", "why_it_matters": "Application decisions require conditions that distinguish dissolution from dispersion or aggregation." }, { "name": "Thermal response", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Glass-transition, softening and decomposition observations in °C, with moisture, atmosphere and heating protocol", "why_it_matters": "Processing limits should follow measured behavior rather than an assumed universal melting or boiling point." }, { "name": "Grade-specific regulatory identity", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Applicable CAS, EC or other identifiers, supplier safety data sheet, jurisdiction and revision date", "why_it_matters": "Identifiers and classifications must match the supplied lignin grade or derivative." } ], "affordances": [ "Match a sample to a documented lignin class and flag unsupported identity or purity claims.", "Compare batches using compatible analytical methods and reporting bases.", "Select solvent, dispersion or drying conditions from measured behavior.", "Screen suitability for an adhesive, composite, carbon-material or aromatic-conversion route against explicit acceptance criteria.", "Choose and verify fractionation or functionalization steps against a target molecular-size or functional-group profile.", "Determine handling and storage controls from the supplied form, impurities and applicable safety evidence." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "lignin-identity-and-origin", "name": "Lignin identity and origin", "description": "Establish what the lignin designation refers to in the particular sample.", "rationale": "Lignin identity requires biological and processing context rather than a single molecular formula.", "layers": [ { "id": "biological-material-boundary", "name": "Biological material boundary", "description": "Locate lignin relative to its source biomass and associated constituents.", "findings": [ { "id": "source-and-isolation-state", "name": "Source and isolation state", "description": "Record the source and evidence distinguishing embedded lignin, an isolated fraction and a lignin-containing mixture.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which plant taxon, tissue and feedstock lot supplied this lignin, and which records support that attribution?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "source-and-isolation-state-q01" }, { "text": "Does the modeled material comprise lignin within biomass, an isolated lignin fraction or a mixture whose lignin content must be measured?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "source-and-isolation-state-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "technical-grade-identity", "name": "Technical grade identity", "description": "Connect the material name to isolation, modification and supplier records.", "findings": [ { "id": "process-derived-designation", "name": "Process-derived designation", "description": "Establish whether a technical name or identifier accurately describes this grade.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which isolation and subsequent modification steps justify calling this material kraft lignin, soda lignin, organosolv lignin, lignosulfonate or another specified class?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "process-derived-designation-q01" }, { "text": "Which identifiers apply to this exact grade, including any introduced groups, counterions or formulation ingredients?", "kind": "definition", "id": "process-derived-designation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "aromatic-structure-and-reactivity", "name": "Aromatic structure and reactivity", "description": "Describe structural features relevant to recognizing and transforming this lignin.", "rationale": "Aromatic units, linkages and functional groups provide more useful discrimination than treating lignin as a uniform polymer.", "layers": [ { "id": "units-and-linkages", "name": "Units and linkages", "description": "Capture the supported aromatic-unit and interunit-linkage profile.", "findings": [ { "id": "structural-profile-evidence", "name": "Structural profile evidence", "description": "Separate measured structure from expectations based solely on feedstock.", "questions": [ { "text": "What H, G, S and other aromatic-unit contributions were measured, using which method and normalization basis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "structural-profile-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which ether and carbon-carbon linkages were quantified, and what evidence indicates processing-related cleavage or condensation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "structural-profile-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reactive-groups-and-size", "name": "Reactive groups and size", "description": "Relate available chemical groups and molecular-size distribution to a proposed action.", "findings": [ { "id": "reaction-relevant-profile", "name": "Reaction-relevant profile", "description": "Record measurable reaction sites and the limitations of molecular-size characterization.", "questions": [ { "text": "What phenolic hydroxyl, aliphatic hydroxyl, carboxyl and introduced-group contents are supported by measurements?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "reaction-relevant-profile-q01" }, { "text": "How were molecular-size distribution and dispersity determined, and which insoluble or undetected fractions were omitted?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "reaction-relevant-profile-q02" }, { "text": "Which measured groups and linkages support the proposed functionalization or depolymerization step?", "kind": "action", "id": "reaction-relevant-profile-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "fraction-composition-and-condition", "name": "Fraction composition and condition", "description": "Characterize the actual supplied fraction and its current physical condition.", "rationale": "Residual biomass components, processing chemicals and moisture can dominate the behavior attributed to lignin.", "layers": [ { "id": "lignin-content-and-residues", "name": "Lignin content and residues", "description": "Define analytical purity and identify consequential non-lignin components.", "findings": [ { "id": "composition-accounting", "name": "Composition accounting", "description": "Make lignin-content claims interpretable through methods, bases and residue measurements.", "questions": [ { "text": "How was lignin content determined, and how were acid-soluble material, ash and potential analytical interferences handled?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "composition-accounting-q01" }, { "text": "What residual carbohydrates, inorganic material, sulfur species and processing chemicals remain on a stated mass basis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "composition-accounting-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "supplied-form-and-storage-state", "name": "Supplied form and storage state", "description": "Track form and changes that affect handling and reproducible use.", "findings": [ { "id": "current-material-condition", "name": "Current material condition", "description": "Distinguish nominal grade properties from the condition of the batch being used.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the current moisture content, supplied form and particle-size distribution where applicable?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "current-material-condition-q01" }, { "text": "Has storage or drying changed caking, dispersibility or other acceptance properties enough to require requalification?", "kind": "action", "id": "current-material-condition-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "processing-and-use-fit", "name": "Processing and use fit", "description": "Connect measured lignin behavior to a defined processing route and application.", "rationale": "A useful lignin grade for one route may fail another because of solubility, thermal response or incompatible composition.", "layers": [ { "id": "solution-and-thermal-window", "name": "Solution and thermal window", "description": "Establish operating conditions supported by tests on this material.", "findings": [ { "id": "processable-conditions", "name": "Processable conditions", "description": "Define a measured window for dissolution, dispersion and thermal treatment.", "questions": [ { "text": "Under which solvent, pH, concentration and temperature conditions does the lignin dissolve or form an acceptable dispersion, and how was the distinction verified?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "processable-conditions-q01" }, { "text": "What thermal tests distinguish glass transition or softening from decomposition under the intended moisture level and atmosphere?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "processable-conditions-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "application-acceptance", "name": "Application acceptance", "description": "Evaluate a lignin fraction against a specific role without absorbing the finished product into this model.", "findings": [ { "id": "grade-to-role-match", "name": "Grade-to-role match", "description": "Record the evidence and acceptance criteria for a proposed material or conversion role.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which limits on functional groups, molecular size, ash, sulfur, moisture or other properties does the proposed use impose?", "kind": "action", "id": "grade-to-role-match-q01" }, { "text": "Which test results demonstrate suitability, and which results depend on a formulation or process that must be linked separately?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "grade-to-role-match-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-specific-handling-and-disposition", "name": "Grade-specific handling and disposition", "description": "Tie safe handling and end-of-use decisions to the actual lignin grade and form.", "rationale": "A generic lignin label does not establish the hazards of a powder, process residue, solution or chemically modified grade.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-evidence", "name": "Hazard evidence", "description": "Identify applicable classifications and physical-form hazards using attributable evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "sample-specific-hazards", "name": "Sample-specific hazards", "description": "Distinguish documented grade hazards from assumptions about plant-derived materials.", "questions": [ { "text": "What current safety data and jurisdiction-specific classifications apply to this grade, including residual chemicals and solution constituents?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "sample-specific-hazards-q01" }, { "text": "For a powder, what evidence addresses airborne exposure and combustible-dust behavior at the relevant particle size and moisture content?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "sample-specific-hazards-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-end-of-use", "name": "Handling and end of use", "description": "Select controls and disposition routes consistent with the batch composition and intended operation.", "findings": [ { "id": "supported-controls-and-routes", "name": "Supported controls and routes", "description": "Ground handling, recovery and disposal decisions in documented material-specific requirements.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which storage, ventilation, ignition-control and protective measures follow from the actual form and documented hazards?", "kind": "action", "id": "supported-controls-and-routes-q01" }, { "text": "Which reuse, recovery or disposal routes accept this grade and its contaminants, and what evidence supports any biodegradability claim?", "kind": "action", "id": "supported-controls-and-routes-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This is recalled knowledge, not source-verified research; confirm the CAS assignment and the current scope and edition of TAPPI T 222.", "The kinds combine botanical composition classes with processing-derived materials; these are overlapping classification axes.", "Lignin has no universal molecular formula, molecular weight, melting point, purity, or hazard classification; characterize the specific feedstock, isolation process, and supplied grade." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of lignin this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Guaiacyl-rich lignin, characteristic of most softwoods", "Syringyl-guaiacyl lignin, characteristic of most hardwoods", "Grass lignin, containing hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl units with associated hydroxycinnamates", "Kraft lignin", "Lignosulfonates", "Organosolv lignin" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of lignin this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "9005-53-2", "note": "Commonly used for lignin; chemically modified lignins and particular technical products may have different identifiers. This number does not specify a unique molecular structure or grade." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of lignin this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "TAPPI T 222, issued by TAPPI, specifies determination of acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of lignin this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Combustion of lignin-containing pulping streams to supply process heat and support chemical recovery.", "Lignosulfonates used as dispersants, binders, and concrete water-reducing admixtures.", "Partial replacement of phenol in some phenolic resin formulations.", "Ingredient in selected polymer composites, binders, and coatings.", "Research and development feedstock for aromatic chemicals and carbon materials." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of lignin this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Lignin mass fraction in dry wood", "typical_range": "Approximately 15-35, depending on species and analytical method; this describes wood composition, not isolated-lignin purity.", "unit": "% by dry mass" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of lignin this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Fine dry lignin powders can present combustible-dust hazards; behavior depends on particle size, moisture, and processing conditions.", "Heating can cause decomposition and release smoke and volatile products; lignin has no single well-defined boiling point.", "Feedstock and isolation conditions change molecular structure, solubility, and reactivity, potentially making grades non-interchangeable.", "Residual sulfur compounds, salts, ash, or extraction chemicals can impair downstream performance and alter product hazards.", "Poor dispersion or incompatibility with a host polymer can produce weak interfaces and brittle composite behavior." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of lignin this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Local forestry and agricultural feedstocks influence the proportions and structures of commercially available lignins.", "Available technical grades depend on regional use of kraft, sulfite, and other biomass-processing methods." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of lignin this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Cellulose", "difference": "Cellulose is a linear glucose polysaccharide; lignin is a heterogeneous phenolic polymer." }, { "name": "Hemicellulose", "difference": "Hemicelluloses are matrix polysaccharides; lignin has an aromatic polymer framework rather than a sugar-chain backbone." }, { "name": "Lignocellulosic biomass", "difference": "Lignocellulosic biomass is a material containing cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin; lignin is one constituent." }, { "name": "Monolignols", "difference": "Monolignols are small-molecule precursors that undergo oxidative coupling; lignin is the resulting polymeric material." }, { "name": "Lignosulfonates", "difference": "Lignosulfonates are sulfonated technical lignin derivatives, usually associated with sulfite pulping; native lignin does not inherently contain those sulfonate groups." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of lignin this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend lignin to include lignosulfonates and extensively modified derivatives, or should these be represented through links to distinct registered materials?", "Which analytical methods and reporting bases should be required to make lignin-content, linkage and molecular-size results comparable across publications?", "Which source and processing records are available for actual grades, and how much structural identity remains uncertain when those records are missing?", "Which authoritative identifiers, hazard classifications and exposure requirements apply to each represented grade and jurisdiction?", "What application-specific acceptance thresholds and storage-stability evidence are sufficiently established to support agent decisions?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 19, "questions": 30 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a lignin, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify a lignin material, judge its condition and fitness for a proposed use, and select handling or transformation actions supported by its measured properties.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: p-hydroxyphenyl lignin, syringal lignin, guaiacyl lignin.", "3 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 59 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a lignin, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "p-hydroxyphenyl lignin", "syringal lignin", "guaiacyl lignin" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 59 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 3 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one lignin from another, and a lignin from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a lignin sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a lignin from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a lignin is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a lignin is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a lignin is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a lignin is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a lignin is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a lignin is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a lignin passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a lignin between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a lignin, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a lignin is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a lignin and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a lignin is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a lignin performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a lignin.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a lignin at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a lignin there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What lignin is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name lignin unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of lignin exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How lignin behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of lignin, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is lignin incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How lignin can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is lignin classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover lignin, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a lignin came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a lignin and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a lignin is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a lignin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a lignin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a lignin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }