{ "model": { "rank": 5937, "code": "thing-q185298", "model_id": "vr.tr.a-cappella", "name": "a cappella", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a cappella music, assess how its vocal texture is realised, and decide how it may be arranged, rehearsed, performed or presented without misrepresenting its accompaniment.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.MED", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q185298/", "tier": 2, "score": 63, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "collegiate a cappella", "choral concerto", "ghost dance song", "contemporary a cappella", "isicathamiya", "canto cardenche", "mbube", "sean-nós singing", "barbershop music" ], "aliasCount": 9, "merged": 9, "knownIn": 63, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q185298", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185298", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T10:15:10Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.00824738, "turns": 1, "seconds": 137.9, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 69, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b59-022e-7f53-9e81-a8b72005c574\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: a cappella\nRegistry id: vr.tr.a-cappella\nPlane / domain: INF / INF.MED\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA V" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q185298", "registryId": "vr.tr.a-cappella", "name": "a cappella", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.MED" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q185298/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.a-cappella", "name": "a cappella", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a cappella music, assess how its vocal texture is realised, and decide how it may be arranged, rehearsed, performed or presented without misrepresenting its accompaniment.", "definition": "A cappella is vocal music performed without an independent instrumental part, named from Italian chapel practice in which sixteenth-century sacred polyphony was sung by voices alone or with instruments only doubling those lines, and in current use any unaccompanied singing from liturgy to contemporary vocal bands.", "scope_statement": "This model owns a cappella as a mode of musical realisation, including its application to an arrangement, performance or recording, with explicit boundaries around vocal sound sources, accompaniment and production.", "in_scope": [ "Whether a particular arrangement, performance or recording qualifies as a cappella under a stated convention", "Allocation of melody, harmony, bass, rhythmic and textural functions to voices", "Vocal forces and dependencies needed to realise an arrangement", "Pitch, timing, blend and intelligibility in an unaccompanied vocal texture", "Vocal percussion, body sounds and electronic processing where they affect classification" ], "out_of_scope": [ "The identity, authorship and general analysis of the underlying musical work", "Ensemble membership, employment and organisational governance", "General vocal health, diagnosis and treatment", "Recording equipment inventories and general audio engineering", "Copyright ownership, licensing and distribution contracts" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Test the actual sound sources: prominent singing alone does not establish a cappella if instruments provide accompaniment.", "Separate an arrangement's intended forces from a performance's actual forces; an a cappella arrangement can be performed with instrumental support.", "Do not classify by ensemble size: solo and multiple-voice realisations must be assessed by accompaniment rather than headcount.", "Distinguish a standalone unaccompanied vocal realisation from an isolated vocal stem extracted from an accompanied production.", "Identify whether apparently instrumental bass, percussion or sustained textures originate from voices, and apply an explicit convention to processing and added sounds." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Classification target", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "arrangement | performance | recording | passage", "why_it_matters": "An a cappella label can apply to one realisation or passage without applying to the whole work." }, { "name": "Accompaniment status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "absent | present | mixed by passage | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Establishes the central classification boundary and prevents incomplete evidence from becoming a confident label." }, { "name": "Sound-source roles", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "audible source linked to vocal or non-vocal origin and melody, harmony, bass, rhythm or texture role", "why_it_matters": "Separates what a sound resembles from how it was produced and what musical support it supplies." }, { "name": "Vocal forces", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "number of singers, independent parts and simultaneously audible vocal tracks", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes live ensemble requirements from layered recordings made by fewer singers." }, { "name": "Part range and tessitura", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "lowest and highest pitch plus frequently occupied pitch region, using a stated pitch notation", "why_it_matters": "Supports casting and transposition decisions without assuming that reaching isolated notes makes a part sustainable." }, { "name": "Pitch stability", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "cents relative to a declared reference at specified passages or times", "why_it_matters": "Helps distinguish intended tuning choices from unwanted drift when no instrument continuously anchors pitch." }, { "name": "Rhythmic coordination", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "onset and release offsets in milliseconds at specified events, or qualitative assessment when unmeasured", "why_it_matters": "Locates coordination problems between lead lines, backing patterns and vocal percussion." }, { "name": "Production dependence", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "simultaneous live voices | overdubbing | looping | sampled vocals | processing-dependent | mixed | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Determines what resources are needed to reproduce the audible texture and how to describe it accurately." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify an arrangement, performance, recording or passage against an explicit a cappella convention.", "Map musical functions to vocal parts and identify functions that depend on external accompaniment.", "Propose transposition, redistribution or simplification of vocal parts for specified singers.", "Locate passages needing rehearsal for pitch drift, breathing continuity, rhythmic coordination or text clarity.", "Assess whether a recorded vocal texture can be reproduced with the proposed live forces.", "Draft an accurate presentation label that discloses relevant accompaniment, layering and processing." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "grove-a-cappella", "title": "A cappella (Grove Music Online / The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Specialist sense of the term: chapel-style sacred polyphony, colla parte doubling versus the modern 'no instruments' meaning." }, { "id": "wikipedia-a-cappella", "title": "A cappella", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_cappella", "what_it_supports": "Current public usage, ensemble types (barbershop, collegiate, doo-wop, vocal jazz), and the Italian etymology.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "pius-x-1903", "title": "Tra le sollecitudini (motu proprio on sacred music, 22 November 1903)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Roman Catholic liturgical preference for Gregorian chant and unaccompanied polyphony as a regulated church-music practice." }, { "id": "duchan-2012", "title": "Powerful Voices: The Musical and Social World of Collegiate A Cappella", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "How contemporary collegiate a cappella is organised, rehearsed, competed, and heard as a distinct secular practice." } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "a-cappella-boundary", "name": "A cappella boundary", "description": "Establishes what is being classified and what accompaniment convention applies.", "rationale": "The label depends on the particular musical realisation and its sound sources, not simply on the presence of singing.", "layers": [ { "id": "classification-target", "name": "Classification target", "description": "Locates the a cappella claim at arrangement, performance, recording or passage level.", "findings": [ { "id": "label-extent", "name": "Label extent", "description": "Record the exact target and extent of the claim, including transitions into or out of accompanied passages.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the a cappella claim describe intended scoring, a specific performance, a recording or a bounded passage?", "kind": "definition", "id": "label-extent-q01" }, { "text": "Which passages, if any, introduce or remove instrumental accompaniment?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "label-extent-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "accompaniment-convention", "name": "Accompaniment convention", "description": "Makes the treatment of ambiguous sound sources explicit.", "findings": [ { "id": "source-eligibility", "name": "Source eligibility", "description": "Record vocal and non-vocal contributions and the convention used to judge vocal percussion, body percussion, pitch cues and electronic additions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence identifies the origin of each bass, percussion, drone or other supporting sound?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "source-eligibility-q01" }, { "text": "Under the chosen convention, which supporting sounds count as accompaniment and which are permitted within the a cappella label?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "source-eligibility-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "vocal-arrangement", "name": "Vocal arrangement", "description": "Describes how voices carry the musical functions and what singers must supply.", "rationale": "An agent needs to understand how the texture works before changing parts or judging whether an ensemble can realise it.", "layers": [ { "id": "musical-function-allocation", "name": "Musical function allocation", "description": "Maps lead, harmonic, bass, rhythmic and textural responsibilities across voices.", "findings": [ { "id": "voice-role-map", "name": "Voice role map", "description": "Record which voices carry each musical function, where roles change and which functions are intentionally absent.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which parts supply melody, harmonic support, bass and pulse in each relevant passage?", "kind": "definition", "id": "voice-role-map-q01" }, { "text": "If a part is removed or reassigned, which musical functions disappear or become unclear?", "kind": "action", "id": "voice-role-map-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "vocal-feasibility", "name": "Vocal feasibility", "description": "Relates written or audible demands to the proposed vocal forces.", "findings": [ { "id": "part-demands", "name": "Part demands", "description": "Record range, tessitura, rhythmic demands, syllables and breathing opportunities, including dependencies on doubling or staggered breathing.", "questions": [ { "text": "What range, sustained tessitura and uninterrupted phrase lengths does each part require?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "part-demands-q01" }, { "text": "What transposition, part redistribution or breathing plan would make the arrangement feasible for the specified singers?", "kind": "action", "id": "part-demands-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "unaccompanied-performance-state", "name": "Unaccompanied performance state", "description": "Assesses how the voices maintain pitch, time and audible musical priorities.", "rationale": "Without continuous instrumental support, the vocal realisation itself must sustain the intended tonal and rhythmic relationships.", "layers": [ { "id": "pitch-and-time", "name": "Pitch and time", "description": "Examines starting references, internal tuning, drift and coordination.", "findings": [ { "id": "vocal-reference-stability", "name": "Vocal reference stability", "description": "Record how starting pitch and tempo are established and where subsequent deviations affect the intended result.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are starting pitch, tempo and re-entry cues established when instrumental accompaniment is absent?", "kind": "definition", "id": "vocal-reference-stability-q01" }, { "text": "Where do pitch relationships, overall pitch level or coordinated attacks depart from the declared performance intention?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "vocal-reference-stability-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "vocal-texture-clarity", "name": "Vocal texture clarity", "description": "Examines whether the intended lead, backing texture and words remain perceptible.", "findings": [ { "id": "balance-and-articulation", "name": "Balance and articulation", "description": "Record passage-specific masking, vowel alignment, consonant timing and release issues relative to the desired vocal sound.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where do backing voices, bass or vocal percussion obscure the intended lead or intelligible text?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "balance-and-articulation-q01" }, { "text": "Which changes to dynamics, voicing, syllables or articulation would improve clarity while preserving the intended texture?", "kind": "action", "id": "balance-and-articulation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "vocal-production-and-realisation", "name": "Vocal production and realisation", "description": "Connects audible vocal results to their production method and reproduction requirements.", "rationale": "A recording may contain only voice-derived sounds while requiring layering or processing that changes how it can be performed and represented.", "layers": [ { "id": "audible-source-provenance", "name": "Audible source provenance", "description": "Traces recorded textures to singers, takes, samples and transformations.", "findings": [ { "id": "vocal-origin-and-transformation", "name": "Vocal origin and transformation", "description": "Record the evidence for vocal origin and any overdubbing, looping, pitch shifting, harmonisation or synthesis needed to explain the audible result.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which audible layers come from simultaneous singing, overdubs, loops, vocal samples or generated additions?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "vocal-origin-and-transformation-q01" }, { "text": "Which transformations make the source's vocal origin or its eligibility under the selected a cappella convention uncertain?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "vocal-origin-and-transformation-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reproduction-and-description", "name": "Reproduction and description", "description": "Determines how the texture can be realised again and described without overstating its live or unaccompanied character.", "findings": [ { "id": "realisation-dependencies", "name": "Realisation dependencies", "description": "Record the singers and production operations needed to reproduce the texture, along with any changes required for another setting.", "questions": [ { "text": "What additional singers, looping operations or arrangement changes are needed to reproduce this recording in the proposed live setting?", "kind": "action", "id": "realisation-dependencies-q01" }, { "text": "What description accurately distinguishes a live vocal performance, a layered vocal production and an isolated vocal stem?", "kind": "action", "id": "realisation-dependencies-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Renaissance sacred polyphony (stile antico / Palestrina-chapel style)", "Liturgical unaccompanied choir and chant (including rites that normally exclude instruments)", "Barbershop quartet and chorus", "Collegiate and contemporary pop a cappella (including vocal-band groups with vocal percussion)", "Gospel, spirituals, and unaccompanied hymnody", "Doo-wop", "Vocal jazz and secular close-harmony", "Traditional unaccompanied group singing (for example isicathamiya, paghjella, Sacred Harp)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of a cappella this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "item labelled \"a cappella\"", "note": "Use the live Wikidata Q-id; it was not re-verified in this pass." }, { "scheme": "Library of Congress Subject Headings", "value_or_pattern": "Choruses, Unaccompanied", "note": "Standard catalogue heading for unaccompanied choral works; related headings include vocal ensembles without accompaniment." }, { "scheme": "Library of Congress Subject Headings", "value_or_pattern": "A cappella singing", "note": "Heading used for the performance practice as distinct from scored unaccompanied choruses." }, { "scheme": "MusicBrainz genre", "value_or_pattern": "a cappella", "note": "Community genre tag on recordings, not a formal taxonomic code." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of a cappella this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Tra le sollecitudini (1903) - Holy See (Pope Pius X), on preferred liturgical music.", "Sacrosanctum Concilium (1963) - Second Vatican Council / Holy See, later liturgical-music norms that still treat chant and choir as central.", "Contest & Judging Handbook - Barbershop Harmony Society, contest categories, scoring, and style rules.", "ICCA / ICHSA official rules - Varsity Vocals, collegiate and high-school championship format and amplification limits.", "Public-performance and arrangement rights for copyrighted songs - national collecting societies (for example ASCAP, BMI, PRS, GEMA) under the Berne Convention framework." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of a cappella this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Sung in Christian liturgy, especially where instruments are omitted or forbidden.", "Rehearsed and competed by school and university groups on the collegiate a cappella circuit.", "Performed by barbershop quartets and choruses in rehearsal, show, and judged contest.", "Recorded and toured as a commercial vocal-band format, often with vocal percussion and close-miking.", "Used as street performance, informal group singing, and a 'voices-only' texture in film, television, and advertising." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of a cappella this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Ensemble size", "typical_range": "1 (solo unaccompanied) to 80+ (large choir); 4 for barbershop; about 5-16 for a contemporary vocal group", "unit": "singers" }, { "quantity": "Independent voice parts", "typical_range": "3-8 in most scored and arranged practice; SATB (4) remains the default choral layout", "unit": "parts" }, { "quantity": "Concert pitch reference / starting pitch", "typical_range": "A4 commonly 440; opening tonic given by pitch pipe, hummed cue, or in-ear reference", "unit": "Hz" }, { "quantity": "Uncorrected pitch drift over a piece", "typical_range": "often on the order of 20-100 cents, usually downward, if the group does not reset", "unit": "cents" }, { "quantity": "Contest or set-piece duration", "typical_range": "about 2-6", "unit": "minutes" }, { "quantity": "Unamplified audience sound pressure", "typical_range": "roughly 50-90 depending on ensemble, room, and dynamic", "unit": "dB SPL" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of a cappella this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Gradual pitch drift, most often flattening, once a reference tone is gone.", "Failure to lock just-intonation chords, heard as beating or a 'hollow' tonic.", "Loss of pulse when there is no conductor, rhythm section, or stable vocal percussion.", "Blend that buries text, or diction that breaks the chord.", "Vocal overuse injury on tour-heavy contemporary groups.", "Unlicensed pop arrangements and uncleared samples in competitive and commercial sets.", "Live-sound feedback and in-ear latency that pull the ensemble off time." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of a cappella this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "The name is Italian (alla cappella); English also catalogues the same practice as 'unaccompanied'. Common misspelling: a capella.", "United States: collegiate pop a cappella and barbershop are the main secular institutions.", "South Africa: isicathamiya and mbube are major unaccompanied choral practices, not always billed as a cappella.", "Eastern Orthodox liturgies: unaccompanied singing is the normal church sound, not a special effect.", "United Kingdom college and cathedral chapels: 'a cappella' often means a motet or office without organ, inside a tradition that otherwise uses organ freely.", "Corsica, Sardinia, and Georgia use local names for indigenous polyphony; outsiders may file them under a cappella, practitioners often do not." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of a cappella this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Accompanied choral or vocal music", "difference": "An independent instrumental line is present; a cappella has none." }, { "name": "Colla parte (instruments doubling the voices)", "difference": "Historically counted as chapel-style a cappella; today the test is whether any non-vocal sound is heard." }, { "name": "Unison chant", "difference": "Unaccompanied but monophonic; a cappella in the broad sense is usually taken as part-singing unless a catalogue explicitly includes chant." }, { "name": "Karaoke", "difference": "Live voice over a pre-recorded instrumental track - the inverse texture." }, { "name": "Vocalise or song with piano (or other) accompaniment", "difference": "The voice may be wordless or prominent, but an instrument still carries an independent part." }, { "name": "Studio-stacked solo overdubs", "difference": "A cappella as a recorded texture produced by one singer and a DAW, not a live multi-voice ensemble; separated by production method, not by the sound on the record." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of a cappella this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which historical, community or institutional definitions should govern this registry entry, and how should disagreements about permissible accompaniment be represented?", "Where should the classification boundary fall for body percussion, audience clapping, non-vocal mouth sounds and temporary pitch-reference cues?", "How should heavily transformed voices, automatic harmonisers, vocal samples and voice-driven synthesis affect the a cappella label?", "When should an isolated vocal stem be treated as a standalone a cappella realisation rather than merely a component of an accompanied recording?", "Which style-specific performance intentions and reference practices are needed to assess tuning, blend and rhythmic coordination without imposing one tradition's standards on another?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 24 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "work, medium or creative form", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a a cappella, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a cappella music, assess how its vocal texture is realised, and decide how it may be arranged, rehearsed, performed or presented without misrepresenting its accompaniment.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted", "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: collegiate a cappella, choral concerto, ghost dance song, contemporary a cappella, isicathamiya, canto cardenche, mbube, sean-nós singing, barbershop music.", "9 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 63 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a a cappella, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says", "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "What is seen is a copy or a performance, not the work. Recognising the work means recognising the content through whatever is carrying it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "collegiate a cappella", "choral concerto", "ghost dance song", "contemporary a cappella", "isicathamiya", "canto cardenche", "mbube", "sean-nós singing", "barbershop music" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 63 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 9 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one a cappella from another, and a a cappella from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a a cappella, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a a cappella, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a a cappella is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a a cappella, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a a cappella, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a a cappella is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a a cappella sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a a cappella, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a a cappella, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a a cappella is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a a cappella from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a a cappella, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a a cappella, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a a cappella is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a a cappella passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a a cappella between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a a cappella, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a a cappella, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a a cappella is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a a cappella, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a a cappella is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a a cappella, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a a cappella, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a a cappella is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a a cappella says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a a cappella contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a a cappella, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a a cappella, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a a cappella is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a a cappella and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a a cappella, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a a cappella, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a a cappella is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "work-and-manifestation", "name": "Work, version and copy", "description": "Which level of a cappella a statement is about.", "rationale": "The work, the edition, the file and the copy in hand are four things; rights and content attach to different ones.", "layers": [ { "id": "levels", "name": "Levels of the thing", "description": "Work, expression, manifestation and item, in plain terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs at each level", "description": "Which facts hold for the work and which only for one copy.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "For a cappella, which facts belong to the work itself, which to a version, and which to a single copy?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifier exists at each level, and which one is being cited?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "versions", "name": "Versions, editions and variants", "description": "How versions differ and which is canonical to whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "version-record", "name": "Versions and canonicity", "description": "Differences that matter and who calls one authoritative.", "questions": [ { "id": "version-record-q01", "text": "Which versions or editions of a cappella exist, and how do they differ substantively?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "version-record-q02", "text": "Who treats which version as authoritative, and for what purpose?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "authorship-and-rights", "name": "Authorship, rights and permitted use", "description": "Who made a cappella and what may be done with it.", "rationale": "Rights are jurisdictional, time-limited and attached to a level, and an agent that ignores that will copy what it may not.", "layers": [ { "id": "authorship", "name": "Authorship and contribution", "description": "Who contributed what, and in what capacity.", "findings": [ { "id": "contribution-record", "name": "Contributors and roles", "description": "The people and bodies behind it, with their roles.", "questions": [ { "id": "contribution-record-q01", "text": "Who authored or contributed to a cappella, in what roles, and how is that attested?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "contribution-record-q02", "text": "Where authorship is disputed or anonymous, what is recorded instead?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights and permissions", "description": "Which rights subsist, where, until when, and what they permit.", "findings": [ { "id": "rights-record", "name": "Rights, term and permitted acts", "description": "The regime in force and what it allows.", "questions": [ { "id": "rights-record-q01", "text": "What rights subsist in a cappella, in which jurisdictions, and until when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "rights-record-q02", "text": "Which acts are permitted without further permission, and which must an agent refuse?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a a cappella came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a a cappella and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a a cappella, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a a cappella, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a a cappella is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a a cappella is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a a cappella, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a a cappella, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a a cappella is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }