{ "model": { "rank": 6103, "code": "thing-q185317", "model_id": "vr.tr.cecum", "name": "cecum", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a cecum, record its anatomical and functional state, and identify evidence and authorization needed for observation, sampling or intervention.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q185317/", "tier": 2, "score": 62, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "human appendix" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 62, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q185317", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185317", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T11:34:06Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.03996926, "turns": 3, "seconds": 130.5, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 75.1, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07ba3-a2c4-7d32-bbea-3f1b415fffb1\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: cecum\nRegistry id: vr.tr.cecum\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Vercy model" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q185317", "registryId": "vr.tr.cecum", "name": "cecum", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q185317/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.cecum", "name": "cecum", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a cecum, record its anatomical and functional state, and identify evidence and authorization needed for observation, sampling or intervention.", "definition": "The cecum is the proximal, blind-ended pouch of the large intestine that receives ileal chyme through the ileocecal valve and continues as the ascending colon at the cecocolic junction, typically intraperitoneal in the right iliac fossa in humans.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the identity, boundaries, contents, wall condition, functional observations and intervention-relevant relationships of an individual cecum under registry entry vr.tr.cecum in PHY / PHY.OBJ, with species and observation context explicitly recorded.", "in_scope": [ "Species-specific identification of the cecal pouch and its boundaries", "Connections to adjacent bowel and any appendiceal attachment", "Position, dimensions, distension, mobility and anatomical alterations", "Cecal wall, lumen, contents and locally observed function", "Evidence supporting local abnormalities and constraints on access or intervention" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Whole-organism health, symptoms and treatment planning", "Independent models of the ileum, colon, appendix and ileocecal valve", "Disease definitions, staging systems and treatment protocols", "Microbial taxa and whole-gut microbiome composition", "Procedural equipment, operator credentials and specimen-processing workflows" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Establish a blind-ended bowel pouch in the appropriate species-specific intestinal arrangement; a blind end alone does not distinguish a cecum from another diverticulum.", "For human anatomy, resolve the cecal pouch relative to the ileocecal orifice, ascending colon and appendiceal opening rather than identifying it solely by abdominal position: [NUS anatomical specimen guide](https://medicine.nus.edu.sg/ant/nushalo/eGuides/digestive/gi24.pdf).", "Distinguish the pouch from its attached appendix by tracing their separate lumens and attachment; failure to see an appendix does not by itself exclude cecal identity.", "Use species-specific connections and morphology rather than assuming a human configuration; the equine cecum receives ileal contents and empties through a cecocolic opening: [Merck Veterinary Manual](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/colic-in-horses/overview-of-colic-in-horses).", "Distinguish native cecal tissue from a surgically constructed blind pouch using operative history and observed bowel continuity." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Host species and developmental stage", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Recorded taxon; developmental stage; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Determines which anatomical landmarks and functional expectations are applicable." }, { "name": "Anatomical continuity", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Observed connections to ileum, downstream large bowel and appendix where applicable; evidence for each", "why_it_matters": "Supports cecal identification and prevents assigning neighbouring bowel findings to it." }, { "name": "Position and orientation", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Location relative to named anatomical landmarks, with posture and observation method", "why_it_matters": "Supports localization and comparison without treating an expected position as proof of identity." }, { "name": "Cecal dimensions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Length and diameter in mm; volume in mL when measured; landmarks and distension conditions required", "why_it_matters": "Allows meaningful comparison of size and distension across observations." }, { "name": "Wall thickness", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mm at a specified site, with modality and luminal distension", "why_it_matters": "Makes apparent thickening assessable without applying an unsupported universal threshold." }, { "name": "Wall integrity and perfusion assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Separate integrity and perfusion assessments: no abnormality detected, suspected abnormality, demonstrated abnormality, indeterminate or unassessed", "why_it_matters": "Separates observed structural damage from uncertain inference about tissue viability." }, { "name": "Luminal contents", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Gas, liquid, ingesta or fecal material, mixed, other identified material, or indeterminate", "why_it_matters": "Provides context for distension, sampling and suspected retention." }, { "name": "Emptying and motility", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Observed movement or passage, reduced or absent during a defined observation, indeterminate, or unassessed", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a single static image from being treated as proof of functional obstruction." }, { "name": "Cecal anatomical status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Native, surgically altered, partially resected, removed, or uncertain", "why_it_matters": "Determines which landmarks, boundaries and access routes remain applicable." }, { "name": "Observation basis", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Linked imaging, endoscopy, surgery, pathology or other examination, with time and anatomical coverage", "why_it_matters": "Allows an agent to distinguish a demonstrated cecal feature from an unverified report." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify and annotate the cecal pouch and its bowel interfaces in an examination or specimen.", "Compare cecal dimensions and wall observations across compatible examinations.", "Localize a lesion or retained material relative to the cecal pole and bowel openings.", "Link a cecal sample to its exact collection site and collection conditions.", "Flag findings requiring qualified clinical or veterinary assessment using an applicable external protocol.", "Assess whether a proposed access or intervention has adequate anatomical evidence and recorded authorization." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikipedia-cecum", "title": "Cecum - Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecum", "what_it_supports": "Definition, Latin/TA/MeSH/FMA identifiers, Wikidata Q185317, US/UK naming, herbivore and avian forms, non-homologous pyloric ceca, typhlitis etymology, inner-diameter figure.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "radiopaedia-cecum", "title": "Cecum - Radiopaedia.org, Radiopaedia", "url": "https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cecum-1", "what_it_supports": "Length and 9 cm diameter threshold, peritoneal relations, ileocecal valve as the superior margin, appendix origin, and surrounding anatomy.", "url_status": "unverified" }, { "id": "kenhub-cecum", "title": "Cecum and vermiform appendix: Anatomy and function - Kenhub", "url": "https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/cecum-and-vermiform-appendix", "what_it_supports": "5-7 cm length, intraperitoneal location, taeniae/haustra without epiploic appendages, and the mobile/free/fixed peritoneal variants.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "pmc-ilececum", "title": "Ilececum: A Comprehensive Review - Gastroenterology Research (PMC6378086)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6378086/", "what_it_supports": "6-9 cm length, four cecal shapes, 2-3 mm wall, 9 cm dilation limit and ischemia risk above 9-12 cm, typhlitis, and volvulus imaging signs.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "teachmeanatomy-cecum", "title": "The Cecum - TeachMeAnatomy", "url": "https://teachmeanatomy.info/abdomen/gi-tract/cecum/", "what_it_supports": "Blind-end reservoir function, variable mesentery versus retroperitoneal ascending colon, and the hazard of a competent ileocecal valve in large-bowel obstruction.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "medscape-large-intestine", "title": "Large Intestine Anatomy - Medscape eMedicine", "url": "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948929-print", "what_it_supports": "Cecum as the ~6 cm cul-de-sac below the ileocecal junction in the right iliac fossa and appendix origin 1-2 cm below that junction.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "pacs-369", "title": "3-6-9 rule (bowel) - PACS", "url": "https://pacs.de/term/3-6-9-rule-bowel", "what_it_supports": "Radiologic caliber mnemonic: cecum normally <9 cm.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "sciencedirect-cecum-revisited", "title": "The Cecum Revisited: A Multimodality Imaging Case-based Review of Common and Uncommon Cecal Diseases - Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0887217122000622", "what_it_supports": "6-9 cm length, variable peritoneal attachment, and cecal diverticulitis as an appendicitis mimic more often in people of Asian descent.", "url_status": "blocked" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "cecal-identity-and-boundaries", "name": "Cecal identity and boundaries", "description": "Establish which anatomical structure is being called the cecum and where its ownership ends.", "rationale": "A pouch-like appearance or expected abdominal location is insufficient to distinguish cecum from neighbouring or reconstructed bowel.", "layers": [ { "id": "species-specific-identity", "name": "Species-specific identity", "description": "Anchor recognition to the host and the applicable anatomical configuration.", "findings": [ { "id": "cecal-identification-basis", "name": "Cecal identification basis", "description": "Record observed landmarks, host context and remaining ambiguity supporting the identification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which species and developmental stage determine the expected cecal configuration?", "kind": "definition", "id": "cecal-identification-basis-q01" }, { "text": "Which examination demonstrates the pouch and its connections sufficiently to identify it as cecum?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "cecal-identification-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "bowel-interface-boundaries", "name": "Bowel interface boundaries", "description": "Locate the limits shared with adjacent bowel and attached structures.", "findings": [ { "id": "cecal-interface-map", "name": "Cecal interface map", "description": "Record the observed inlet, outlet and appendiceal relationship where applicable, including altered anatomy.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where is the cecum-to-downstream-bowel boundary placed, and what anatomical convention supports it?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "cecal-interface-map-q01" }, { "text": "Which findings belong to cecal tissue, and which belong to the ileum, valve, appendix or adjacent colon?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "cecal-interface-map-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "cecal-geometry-and-position", "name": "Cecal geometry and position", "description": "Describe the pouch's location, dimensions and mechanical arrangement.", "rationale": "Changes in cecal size or position require anatomical and examination context before they can support a state judgment.", "layers": [ { "id": "pouch-size-and-distension", "name": "Pouch size and distension", "description": "Capture reproducible measurements of the cecal lumen and overall pouch.", "findings": [ { "id": "contextualized-cecal-size", "name": "Contextualized cecal size", "description": "Associate dimensions with landmarks, technique and the conditions affecting luminal filling.", "questions": [ { "text": "What cecal diameter, length or volume was measured, at which landmarks and under what filling conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "contextualized-cecal-size-q01" }, { "text": "Are earlier measurements comparable in technique, location and distension state?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "contextualized-cecal-size-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "position-and-attachment", "name": "Position and attachment", "description": "Describe cecal orientation and evidence concerning fixation, displacement or twisting.", "findings": [ { "id": "cecal-mechanical-arrangement", "name": "Cecal mechanical arrangement", "description": "Separate observed position from inferred mobility or mechanical compromise.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where are the cecal pole and bowel interfaces relative to recorded anatomical landmarks?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "cecal-mechanical-arrangement-q01" }, { "text": "What direct or serial evidence supports mobility, displacement or twisting rather than an unusual static position?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "cecal-mechanical-arrangement-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "cecal-wall-and-local-lesions", "name": "Cecal wall and local lesions", "description": "Represent the condition of cecal tissue and the extent of localized abnormalities.", "rationale": "An agent must distinguish mucosal observations, full-wall findings and surrounding changes before assessing local tissue state.", "layers": [ { "id": "wall-integrity-and-perfusion", "name": "Wall integrity and perfusion", "description": "Capture evidence concerning wall thickness, continuity and blood supply.", "findings": [ { "id": "cecal-tissue-condition", "name": "Cecal tissue condition", "description": "Record the observed wall abnormality separately from its proposed cause or implications.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cecal wall regions were assessed, and what thickness, continuity or perfusion observations were obtained?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "cecal-tissue-condition-q01" }, { "text": "Which observations directly support tissue compromise, and which remain indirect or indeterminate?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "cecal-tissue-condition-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "lesion-localization-and-extent", "name": "Lesion localization and extent", "description": "Place focal or diffuse abnormalities within the cecum and document extension across its boundaries.", "findings": [ { "id": "cecal-lesion-map", "name": "Cecal lesion map", "description": "Describe each abnormality by location, extent and evidential basis without treating appearance as a confirmed diagnosis.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where is the abnormality relative to the cecal pole and identified bowel openings, and how extensive is it?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "cecal-lesion-map-q01" }, { "text": "Is the abnormality confined to cecal tissue, extending from adjacent bowel, or unresolved in origin?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "cecal-lesion-map-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "cecal-contents-and-function", "name": "Cecal contents and function", "description": "Describe what occupies the pouch and what is known about its local handling of contents.", "rationale": "Cecal contents and functional expectations vary with species, while static appearance alone cannot establish effective emptying or fermentation.", "layers": [ { "id": "luminal-contents-and-retention", "name": "Luminal contents and retention", "description": "Characterize contents and distinguish their presence from evidence of abnormal retention.", "findings": [ { "id": "cecal-content-assessment", "name": "Cecal content assessment", "description": "Record the type, distribution and observed persistence of material within the cecum.", "questions": [ { "text": "What material is demonstrable within the cecal lumen, and by which observation or sample?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "cecal-content-assessment-q01" }, { "text": "What serial or functional evidence supports retention rather than ordinary filling?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "cecal-content-assessment-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "local-functional-evidence", "name": "Local functional evidence", "description": "Capture observed movement and species-relevant functional measurements.", "findings": [ { "id": "cecal-function-assessment", "name": "Cecal function assessment", "description": "Distinguish measured cecal activity from function assumed on the basis of species or whole-gut observations.", "questions": [ { "text": "Was movement or passage through the cecum observed, using what method and over what interval?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "cecal-function-assessment-q01" }, { "text": "If fermentation or chemical conditions are assessed, what makes the measurement specific to this cecum?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "cecal-function-assessment-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "cecal-access-and-action-constraints", "name": "Cecal access and action constraints", "description": "Connect the observed cecal state to examination coverage, sampling reliability and proposed actions.", "rationale": "Access depends on the actual bowel arrangement, and an agent must not equate reaching a landmark with complete assessment or procedural suitability.", "layers": [ { "id": "examination-and-sample-coverage", "name": "Examination and sample coverage", "description": "Record which cecal surfaces or contents were actually observed or sampled.", "findings": [ { "id": "cecal-evidence-coverage", "name": "Cecal evidence coverage", "description": "Identify unexamined regions and locate samples within the pouch.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which landmarks establish that the examination or sample reached the cecum?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "cecal-evidence-coverage-q01" }, { "text": "Which cecal regions remained unobserved, obscured or outside the sample's representativeness?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "cecal-evidence-coverage-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "intervention-readiness", "name": "Intervention readiness", "description": "Record anatomical dependencies and outstanding decisions for a proposed cecal procedure.", "findings": [ { "id": "cecal-action-prerequisites", "name": "Cecal action prerequisites", "description": "Link proposed observation, sampling or intervention to current anatomy, tissue condition and qualified authorization.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do the recorded cecal position, bowel interfaces, wall condition and prior alterations constrain the proposed action?", "kind": "action", "id": "cecal-action-prerequisites-q01" }, { "text": "Which additional evidence and clinical or veterinary authorization are required before that action may proceed?", "kind": "action", "id": "cecal-action-prerequisites-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "typical saccular human cecum (larger right saccule, vermiform appendix on the posteromedial wall)", "exaggerated-type cecum (atrophied left saccule; appendiceal orifice beside the ileocecal valve)", "conical cecum", "quadrate cecum", "mobile or incompletely fixed cecum (complete peritoneal covering or a mesocecum)", "fixed or secondarily retroperitoneal cecum", "hindgut-fermenting mammalian cecum (large cellulose-fermentation chamber, as in lagomorphs and many herbivores)", "paired avian ceca" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of cecum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q185317", "note": "Anatomical structure 'cecum'." }, { "scheme": "Terminologia Anatomica 1998 (TA98)", "value_or_pattern": "A05.7.02.001", "note": "Latin caecum / intestinum caecum." }, { "scheme": "Terminologia Anatomica 2 (TA2)", "value_or_pattern": "2970", "note": "IFAA second edition identifier." }, { "scheme": "Foundational Model of Anatomy", "value_or_pattern": "FMA:14541", "note": "Cecum class in FMA." }, { "scheme": "MeSH", "value_or_pattern": "D002432", "note": "NLM heading Cecum." }, { "scheme": "Library of Congress Subject Headings", "value_or_pattern": "sh85021593", "note": "Authority heading for the organ." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of cecum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Terminologia Anatomica TA98 A05.7.02.001 and TA2 2970, issued by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, is the naming standard for the human organ.", "Radiologic practice treats cecal transverse diameter ≥9 cm as dilated (the 3-6-9 bowel-caliber rule); this is a widely taught imaging convention, not a statute." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of cecum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Colonoscopy treats visualization of the ileocecal valve and appendiceal orifice as proof of cecal intubation and a complete large-bowel exam.", "CT, contrast enema, and plain radiography use the cecum as the RLQ landmark for obstruction, volvulus, typhlitis, and right-sided colitis.", "Right hemicolectomy and ileocecal resection remove it with the terminal ileum and ascending colon for cancer, ischemia, or volvulus; appendectomy starts at its posteromedial pole.", "In lagomorphs the cecum ferments fiber and produces cecotropes that are reingested; in horses and other hindgut fermenters it is a major cellulose-digestion chamber.", "An enlarged feces- or gas-filled cecum can be palpated in the right iliac fossa." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of cecum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "length (human adult)", "typical_range": "5-9", "unit": "cm" }, { "quantity": "transverse diameter (human, imaging upper limit of normal)", "typical_range": "<9 (often ~5-8.7 in situ)", "unit": "cm" }, { "quantity": "wall thickness (human, CT/endoscopic)", "typical_range": "2-3", "unit": "mm" }, { "quantity": "diameter at which ischemia/necrosis becomes a concern", "typical_range": ">9-12", "unit": "cm" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of cecum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Cecal volvulus of a mobile cecum (axial twist, loop type, or anterior fold/bascule) causing closed-loop obstruction, ischemia, necrosis, or perforation.", "Closed-loop large-bowel obstruction when the ileocecal valve is competent, with the thin cecal wall the usual site of perforation.", "Neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis): inflammation and possible necrosis of the cecum in neutropenia.", "Iatrogenic perforation during colonoscopy, because this segment has the thinnest colonic wall.", "Cecal carcinoma and cecal carcinoid.", "Cecal diverticulitis, clinically mimicking appendicitis.", "Malrotation leaving the cecum outside the right iliac fossa, so right-lower-quadrant landmarks fail." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of cecum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Spelling and plural: US cecum/ceca versus UK and Commonwealth caecum/caeca.", "Right-sided and cecal diverticula are more often reported in people of Asian descent and in younger patients, unlike typical left-sided Western diverticulosis.", "Colonic volvulus, including cecal volvulus, is a larger share of bowel obstruction in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and South America than in the United States.", "Comparative anatomy: large fermentative cecum in many herbivores and lagomorphs; paired ceca in most birds (absent in parrots); reduced or absent in many obligate carnivores, raccoons, and bears.", "Peritoneal fixation (mobile versus fixed) and midgut-malrotation position (subhepatic or left-sided cecum) vary among individuals." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of cecum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "vermiform appendix", "difference": "The appendix is a narrow tubular diverticulum from the posteromedial cecal pole where the three taeniae meet, 1-3 cm below the ileocecal valve; the cecum is the wide pouch itself. Separate them by caliber (appendix normally <6 mm) and by tracing the taeniae to the appendiceal orifice." }, { "name": "ascending colon", "difference": "The cecum is the blind sac inferior to the ileocecal ostium; the ascending colon is the lumen continuing superiorly from the cecocolic junction and is usually retroperitoneal, unlike the typically intraperitoneal cecum." }, { "name": "terminal ileum", "difference": "Ileum is small bowel (valvulae conniventes, caliber normally <3 cm) entering the medial cecal wall; haustra and taeniae and the ileocecal valve mark the cecal side." }, { "name": "sigmoid colon (when volvulized)", "difference": "Cecal volvulus has its long axis from the right lower quadrant toward the epigastrium or left upper quadrant, often with a gas-filled appendix; sigmoid volvulus points from the left lower quadrant toward the right upper quadrant." }, { "name": "pyloric ceca of teleost fishes", "difference": "Those outpockets arise near the pylorus to increase absorptive area and are not homologous with the amniote ileocolic cecum; homology is decided by junction (pylorus versus ileocolic) and phylogeny." }, { "name": "sacrum", "difference": "A similarly spelled pelvic bone, not a gut pouch; distinguish by system (skeleton versus gastrointestinal tract)." }, { "name": "Caecum (gastropod genus)", "difference": "A sea-snail genus that shares the Latin name; taxonomic versus anatomical context separates them." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of cecum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does vr.tr.cecum cover human anatomy only, or require species profiles including paired ceca and substantially different bowel configurations?", "Which anatomical conventions should define the cecum-to-colon boundary for each supported species and examination modality?", "Which reference ranges and decision thresholds are validated for cecal dimensions and wall measurements under specified age, species and distension conditions?", "Which observations reliably establish local cecal emptying, perfusion or fermentation rather than serving as indirect proxies?", "How should congenital absence, partial resection and reconstructed bowel be represented while preserving the identity of an individual cecum?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a cecum, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a cecum, record its anatomical and functional state, and identify evidence and authorization needed for observation, sampling or intervention.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: human appendix.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 62 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a cecum, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "human appendix" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 62 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one cecum from another, and a cecum from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a cecum sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a cecum from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a cecum is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a cecum is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a cecum is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a cecum is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a cecum is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a cecum is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a cecum passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a cecum between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a cecum, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a cecum is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What cecum is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does cecum perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise cecum, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How cecum is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does cecum have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does cecum need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about cecum is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about cecum hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern cecum, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a cecum came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a cecum and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a cecum is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a cecum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a cecum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a cecum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }