{ "model": { "rank": 5421, "code": "thing-q185329", "model_id": "vr.tr.electromotive-force", "name": "electromotive force", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify electromotive force, interpret its magnitude and direction under stated physical conditions, and determine which measurements and circuit relations are applicable.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q185329/", "tier": 2, "score": 67, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "standard electrode potential" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 67, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q185329", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185329", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T22:20:16Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 20.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08840-e5a5-7151-9705-72ececa9ba1c\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: electromotive force\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: XCT.QLT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: ", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 66.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08840-e5a7-7b01-800b-8fc56e52b4e8\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: electromotive force\nRegistry id: vr.tr.electromotive-force\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.QLT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this " } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q185329", "registryId": "vr.tr.electromotive-force", "name": "electromotive force", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q185329/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.electromotive-force", "name": "electromotive force", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify electromotive force, interpret its magnitude and direction under stated physical conditions, and determine which measurements and circuit relations are applicable.", "definition": "Electromotive force (emf) is the energy supplied per unit electric charge by a source through non-electrostatic processes, or equivalently the circulation of the driving force per unit charge around a specified circuit, and is measured in volts.", "scope_statement": "This model owns electromotive force as an electrical quantity associated with a source's energy conversion per unit charge or an explicitly defined circuit circulation, including source-based and induction-based formulations, their measurement conditions, and their limits.", "in_scope": [ "Electromotive force associated with chemical, mechanical, thermal, optical, or other energy conversion into electrical energy", "Electromotive force induced by changing magnetic fields or motion through magnetic fields", "Magnitude, polarity, orientation, time dependence, and operating conditions", "Relations between electromotive force, terminal voltage, internal losses, and circuit current", "Operational definitions and measurement arrangements that distinguish source electromotive force from measured voltage" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Complete construction, maintenance, or lifecycle models of batteries, generators, and other source devices", "Electric potential and voltage as general quantities independent of an electromotive source or specified circuit", "Electrical resistance, impedance, current, and power except where needed to interpret electromotive force", "Full electromagnetic field solutions and radiation models", "Detailed chemical reaction networks, semiconductor transport, or thermal transport within source devices" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Electromotive force has units of volts, equivalent to joules per coulomb; despite its name, it is not a mechanical force measured in newtons.", "A source can possess electromotive force while supplying no current, so current flow is not a recognition criterion.", "A source's terminal voltage under load need not equal its electromotive force because internal losses and dynamic effects can intervene.", "For induction, electromotive force depends on a specified oriented circuit or contour; a nonzero circulation cannot generally be represented by a single-valued electrostatic potential difference.", "A voltage reading alone does not establish electromotive force without identifying the generating mechanism, circuit geometry, and measurement conditions." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Electromotive force value", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "V, with uncertainty and a stated instantaneous, mean, peak, or RMS convention", "why_it_matters": "Quantifies the electrical driving effect while preventing comparisons between incompatible reporting conventions." }, { "name": "Physical formulation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Source energy conversion per unit charge; fixed-contour electric-field circulation; moving-circuit generalized circulation", "why_it_matters": "Determines what physical system and assumptions make the reported quantity meaningful." }, { "name": "Generating mechanism", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Electrochemical; transformer induction; motional induction; thermoelectric; photovoltaic; other specified mechanism; mixed", "why_it_matters": "Connects the electromotive force to the energy conversion or field process that produces it." }, { "name": "Polarity or circulation orientation", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Ordered source terminals or an oriented contour with a corresponding surface-normal convention", "why_it_matters": "Makes positive and negative values interpretable and allows multiple contributions to be combined consistently." }, { "name": "Temporal behavior", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Steady; periodic; transient; fluctuating, with waveform and frequency where relevant", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether a single value, time series, or frequency-domain representation is adequate." }, { "name": "Source and circuit association", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Identified source, terminals, branch, winding, or closed contour", "why_it_matters": "Prevents assigning a measured or calculated electromotive force to an unspecified physical object." }, { "name": "Operating conditions", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Applicable temperature, chemical state, illumination, rotational speed, magnetic field, geometry, and load history", "why_it_matters": "Explains why electromotive force changes and defines the conditions under which values can be compared." }, { "name": "Terminal voltage", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "V across identified terminals, with current direction and measurement arrangement", "why_it_matters": "Supports comparison with source electromotive force without treating the two quantities as interchangeable." }, { "name": "Internal response model", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Applicable resistance, impedance, polarization model, or other specified source response", "why_it_matters": "Controls whether terminal measurements can support an inference about internal electromotive force." }, { "name": "Measurement basis", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Open-circuit approximation; compensation or null measurement; model-based inference; field or flux calculation", "why_it_matters": "Exposes the assumptions connecting an observation or calculation to the claimed electromotive force." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify an electrical driving effect by its source mechanism and applicable definition of electromotive force.", "Compare reported electromotive forces after aligning operating conditions, orientations, and waveform conventions.", "Estimate source electromotive force from terminal observations when an adequate internal response model is available.", "Calculate induced electromotive force for a specified circuit from field, motion, or magnetic-flux information.", "Select a measurement arrangement and identify loading, lead-routing, and unwanted thermoelectric contributions.", "Determine whether a circuit approximation supports polarity, current, or power predictions and identify missing inputs." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "meaning-and-boundaries", "name": "Meaning and boundaries", "description": "Establishes which meaning of electromotive force applies and separates it from neighbouring electrical quantities.", "rationale": "Source descriptions and electromagnetic circulation descriptions require different explicit referents, even though both report values in volts.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-energy-conversion", "name": "Source energy conversion", "description": "Interprets source electromotive force through energy conversion per unit charge under specified conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "source-emf-definition", "name": "Source electromotive force definition", "description": "Record the source process, charge-transfer direction, and assumptions behind an energy-per-charge interpretation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which source process converts energy into electrical energy, and what charge-transfer direction defines positive electromotive force?", "kind": "definition", "id": "source-emf-definition-q01" }, { "text": "Does the stated value represent reversible source electromotive force, an effective circuit parameter, or another explicitly defined quantity?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "source-emf-definition-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "voltage-and-force-distinctions", "name": "Voltage and force distinctions", "description": "Prevents identification of electromotive force solely from its name, units, or a terminal voltage reading.", "findings": [ { "id": "quantity-discrimination", "name": "Quantity discrimination", "description": "Distinguish electromotive force from mechanical force, electrostatic potential difference, and loaded terminal voltage.", "questions": [ { "text": "What establishes that the reported quantity is electromotive force rather than only a voltage between two points?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "quantity-discrimination-q01" }, { "text": "Under which stated conditions can the measured terminal voltage approximate the source electromotive force?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "quantity-discrimination-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "generation-and-source-state", "name": "Generation and source state", "description": "Connects electromotive force to its physical origin and the conditions controlling its value.", "rationale": "Equal values in volts can arise from different mechanisms and respond differently to temperature, loading, and source state.", "layers": [ { "id": "conversion-mechanism", "name": "Conversion mechanism", "description": "Identifies the process producing the electrical driving effect and any interacting contributions.", "findings": [ { "id": "mechanism-attribution", "name": "Mechanism attribution", "description": "Assign the electromotive force to a supported mechanism without treating every source as an ideal battery.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the electromotive force electrochemical, inductive, thermoelectric, photovoltaic, or produced by another specified mechanism?", "kind": "definition", "id": "mechanism-attribution-q01" }, { "text": "Which observation, derivation, or source documentation supports this mechanism attribution?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "mechanism-attribution-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-dependence", "name": "Condition dependence", "description": "Records source conditions and history that affect the electromotive force.", "findings": [ { "id": "state-qualified-value", "name": "State-qualified value", "description": "Attach each value to relevant source conditions and distinguish stable behavior from transient relaxation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which temperatures, chemical activities, illumination levels, speeds, or field conditions must accompany this value?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "state-qualified-value-q01" }, { "text": "After changing the load or excitation, what evidence establishes that the source has reached the state assumed by the measurement?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "state-qualified-value-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "induction-and-circuit-geometry", "name": "Induction and circuit geometry", "description": "Makes the contour, motion, and orientation needed to interpret induced electromotive force explicit.", "rationale": "Induced electromotive force cannot be specified reliably from a magnetic-field magnitude or two endpoint labels alone.", "layers": [ { "id": "fixed-contour-induction", "name": "Fixed-contour induction", "description": "Addresses electric-field circulation around a stationary contour and its relationship to changing magnetic flux.", "findings": [ { "id": "oriented-flux-relation", "name": "Oriented flux relation", "description": "For a fixed contour, relate electric-field circulation to the negative time derivative of magnetic flux using consistent orientations.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which closed contour and corresponding surface orientation define the signed induced electromotive force?", "kind": "definition", "id": "oriented-flux-relation-q01" }, { "text": "What magnetic-flux history or electric-field information supports the calculated value?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "oriented-flux-relation-q02" }, { "text": "If a winding has multiple turns, is the calculation based on the actual flux linkage or a justified equal-flux approximation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "oriented-flux-relation-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "moving-circuit-induction", "name": "Moving-circuit induction", "description": "Addresses motional contributions and the conditions for applying a changing-flux rule.", "findings": [ { "id": "motion-and-contour-validity", "name": "Motion and contour validity", "description": "Specify conductor motion and circuit continuity before using the circulation of E + v × B or a flux-change formulation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which circuit segments move, with what local velocities, and in which reference frame are the fields and motion specified?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "motion-and-contour-validity-q01" }, { "text": "Do sliding contacts, changing connections, or an open conductor require treatment beyond a simple moving material loop?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "motion-and-contour-validity-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measurement-and-inference", "name": "Measurement and inference", "description": "Establishes how observations support an electromotive force value and where systematic contributions enter.", "rationale": "A voltmeter reports a result for a measurement arrangement; identifying that result with electromotive force requires physical justification.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-measurement", "name": "Source measurement", "description": "Evaluates open-circuit, high-input-impedance, and compensation measurements of a source.", "findings": [ { "id": "loading-and-equilibration", "name": "Loading and equilibration", "description": "Qualify source measurements by instrument loading, source relaxation, and the relevant equilibrium assumptions.", "questions": [ { "text": "How much current does the measurement draw, and how large a voltage change can that loading produce?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "loading-and-equilibration-q01" }, { "text": "Is open-circuit voltage an adequate estimate of the intended electromotive force for this source state and required accuracy?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "loading-and-equilibration-q02" }, { "text": "Would a compensation measurement, longer relaxation interval, or revised source model resolve the dominant uncertainty?", "kind": "action", "id": "loading-and-equilibration-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "measurement-path-and-reporting", "name": "Measurement path and reporting", "description": "Captures lead geometry, parasitic source effects, instrument response, and numerical reporting conventions.", "findings": [ { "id": "arrangement-qualified-reading", "name": "Arrangement-qualified reading", "description": "Record the complete measurement arrangement when induced or thermoelectric contributions may alter the reading.", "questions": [ { "text": "Can lead routing, changing magnetic flux, or temperature differences at junctions contribute to the measured signal?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "arrangement-qualified-reading-q01" }, { "text": "Does the reported value specify uncertainty, bandwidth, and whether it is instantaneous, mean, peak, or RMS?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "arrangement-qualified-reading-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "circuit-use-and-validity", "name": "Circuit use and validity", "description": "Controls how electromotive force is used in circuit calculations and source-behavior judgments.", "rationale": "Electromotive force alone does not establish terminal voltage, current capability, or deliverable power.", "layers": [ { "id": "terminal-behavior", "name": "Terminal behavior", "description": "Relates electromotive force to terminal voltage through an explicitly limited internal response model.", "findings": [ { "id": "internal-drop-model", "name": "Internal drop model", "description": "Use V_terminal = emf − I r only with current defined outward from the positive terminal and with a justified series-resistance approximation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What current sign convention and internal response model connect source electromotive force to terminal voltage?", "kind": "definition", "id": "internal-drop-model-q01" }, { "text": "Do polarization, nonlinear behavior, or frequency dependence invalidate a constant internal-resistance approximation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "internal-drop-model-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "combination-and-energy-accounting", "name": "Combination and energy accounting", "description": "Supports consistent source combination and electrical power interpretation within an applicable circuit model.", "findings": [ { "id": "signed-source-contributions", "name": "Signed source contributions", "description": "Combine contributions using explicit orientations and distinguish source conversion power from terminal power and internal dissipation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Are all source and induced contributions represented with consistent signs and without counting the same induced effect twice?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "signed-source-contributions-q01" }, { "text": "What additional load, internal-response, and operating-limit information is required before predicting current or delivered power?", "kind": "action", "id": "signed-source-contributions-q02" }, { "text": "Within the chosen model, how do signed emf × current, terminal voltage × current, and internal losses balance?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "signed-source-contributions-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the classical electrical quantity; no narrower registry sense was supplied.", "For moving or deforming circuits, the emf definition and magnetic-flux rule require an explicitly specified circuit and reference frame.", "Standards are named from recall; editions and exact terminology have not been checked." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of electromotive force this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Electrochemical emf", "Transformer emf from a time-varying magnetic field", "Motional emf from movement through a magnetic field", "Thermoelectric emf", "Photovoltaic emf" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of electromotive force this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "BIPM SI Brochure: the coherent SI unit is the volt, equivalent to joule per coulomb.", "ISO 80000-6, issued by ISO: quantities and units for electromagnetism." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of electromotive force this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Characterising the energy supplied per charge by batteries and electrochemical cells.", "Calculating induced voltages in generators, transformers and inductors.", "Inferring temperature differences from thermocouple outputs.", "Using motor back emf to estimate rotational speed and explain current limitation.", "Analysing photovoltaic energy conversion." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of electromotive force this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Electromotive force", "typical_range": "No universal range; ordinary individual electrochemical cells commonly produce approximately 1-4.", "unit": "V" }, { "quantity": "Thermocouple emf", "typical_range": "Often microvolts to tens of millivolts, depending on materials and junction temperatures.", "unit": "V" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of electromotive force this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Confusing emf with terminal voltage under load neglects internal resistance, polarisation and other losses.", "Treating induced emf as a path-independent electrostatic potential difference gives incorrect results in time-varying magnetic fields.", "Measurement leads can pick up unintended induction or thermoelectric offsets.", "Interrupting current in an inductive circuit can generate large transient emf, causing arcing or insulation breakdown.", "Electrical danger depends on available current, impedance, exposure and stored energy; emf alone does not determine the hazard." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of electromotive force this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Electric potential difference", "difference": "Electrostatic potential difference compares scalar potentials at two points; emf describes energy supplied per charge and can exist around a closed loop where electrostatic potential differences sum to zero." }, { "name": "Terminal voltage", "difference": "Terminal voltage is measured across a device's terminals; it approximates source emf under suitable open-circuit conditions but generally differs when current flows." }, { "name": "Electric field", "difference": "Electric field is a local force per charge measured in volts per metre; emf is a source or circuit quantity measured in volts." }, { "name": "Force", "difference": "Despite its historical name, electromotive force is energy per charge, not a mechanical force measured in newtons." }, { "name": "Electrical power", "difference": "Power measures energy transfer per time; for a simple source, the rate of energy supplied is emf multiplied by current." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of electromotive force this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative definitions should anchor the registry entry, and how should their source-work and circuit-circulation formulations be reconciled?", "What terminology and measurement conventions distinguish reversible electromotive force, open-circuit voltage, and effective source voltage across electrochemical and photovoltaic applications?", "How much explicit treatment of reference frames, sliding contacts, and changing circuit topology is needed to cover motional electromotive force without becoming a full electrodynamics model?", "Which neighbouring Vercy models already own voltage, electrochemical potential, magnetic flux, and source-device behavior, and what links will prevent duplicated ownership?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 17, "questions": 30 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a electromotive force, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify electromotive force, interpret its magnitude and direction under stated physical conditions, and determine which measurements and circuit relations are applicable.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: standard electrode potential.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 67 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a electromotive force, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "standard electrode potential" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 67 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one electromotive force from another, and a electromotive force from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a electromotive force, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a electromotive force, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a electromotive force is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a electromotive force, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a electromotive force, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a electromotive force is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a electromotive force sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a electromotive force, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a electromotive force, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a electromotive force is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a electromotive force from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a electromotive force, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a electromotive force, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a electromotive force is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a electromotive force passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a electromotive force between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a electromotive force, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a electromotive force, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a electromotive force is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a electromotive force, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a electromotive force is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a electromotive force, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a electromotive force, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a electromotive force is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What electromotive force is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of electromotive force are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is electromotive force operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of electromotive force and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of electromotive force?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as electromotive force?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a electromotive force came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a electromotive force and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a electromotive force, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a electromotive force, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a electromotive force is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a electromotive force is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a electromotive force, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a electromotive force, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a electromotive force is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }