{ "model": { "rank": 5893, "code": "thing-q185357", "model_id": "vr.tr.phase-change", "name": "phase change", "purpose": "Let an agent handle phase changes by type, conditions, energy and applications, with safety for industrial processes.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.PRC", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q185357/", "tier": 2, "score": 64, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "premartensitic transformation", "cosmological phase transition", "Phase separation", "quantum Hall transitions", "diffusionless transformation", "quantum phase transition", "plasma recombination", "Second order phase transition", "phase separation", "superconductor insulator transition", "volatilisation", "glass transition", "metal–insulator transition" ], "aliasCount": 13, "merged": 13, "knownIn": 64, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.phase-change", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q185357", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185357", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T08:54:20Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q185357", "registryId": "vr.tr.phase-change", "name": "phase change", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.PRC" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q185357/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.phase-change", "name": "phase change", "purpose": "Let an agent handle phase changes by type, conditions, energy and applications, with safety for industrial processes.", "definition": "A transition of matter between states or phases, such as melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, sublimation and solid-state or quantum phase transitions, occurring at characteristic temperatures and pressures.", "what_it_is_for": "Explaining changes of state in nature, industry and physics.", "affordances": [ "identify the phase change", "compute latent heat", "read phase diagrams", "design processes such as distillation" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Change of phase", "Occurs at characteristic conditions", "Involves latent heat", "First-order or continuous" ], "appearance": "Ice melting, water boiling, frost forming, metals solidifying.", "visual_identification": [ "Changes such as melting or boiling", "Phase diagrams", "Solid-state and quantum transitions in physics" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "latent heat of fusion (water)", "typical_range": "about 334", "unit": "kJ/kg", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "latent heat of vaporisation (water)", "typical_range": "about 2260", "unit": "kJ/kg", "note": "at 100 C" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "melting and freezing", "boiling and condensation", "sublimation and deposition", "solid-state transformations", "quantum and cosmological phase transitions" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "change of state and transformation", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is described by", "target": "phase diagram", "why": "tool" }, { "relation": "involves", "target": "latent heat", "why": "energy" }, { "relation": "is part of", "target": "thermodynamic process", "why": "physics" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Pressure equipment rules for boiling processes", "Cryogenic safety guidance" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Steam burns", "Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions", "Cryogenic burns and asphyxiation" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "change", "name": "Change", "description": "Which transition.", "rationale": "Transitions differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "type", "name": "Type", "description": "Melting, boiling.", "findings": [ { "id": "type-finding", "name": "Type", "description": "Transition type.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which phase change is occurring?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Between which phases?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "conditions", "name": "Conditions", "description": "Temperature and pressure.", "findings": [ { "id": "conditions-finding", "name": "Conditions", "description": "Conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "At what temperature and pressure does it happen?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "From which phase diagram?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "energy", "name": "Energy", "description": "Latent heat.", "rationale": "Phase changes absorb or release energy.", "layers": [ { "id": "latent", "name": "Latent heat", "description": "Amount.", "findings": [ { "id": "latent-finding", "name": "Latent", "description": "Latent heat.", "questions": [ { "text": "How much energy is absorbed or released?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "From which data source?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "order", "name": "Order", "description": "First-order or continuous.", "findings": [ { "id": "order-finding", "name": "Order", "description": "Transition order.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is it first-order or continuous?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What changes at the transition?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "applications", "name": "Applications", "description": "Uses.", "rationale": "Phase changes are used widely.", "layers": [ { "id": "processes", "name": "Processes", "description": "Industry.", "findings": [ { "id": "processes-finding", "name": "Processes", "description": "Industrial processes.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which processes use this phase change, such as distillation or refrigeration?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How efficient are they?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "materials", "name": "Materials", "description": "Metallurgy.", "findings": [ { "id": "materials-finding", "name": "Materials", "description": "Materials.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do solid-state transformations affect material properties?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which heat treatment is used?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "safety", "name": "Safety", "description": "Hazards.", "rationale": "Phase changes can be dangerous.", "layers": [ { "id": "steam", "name": "Steam", "description": "Burns and pressure.", "findings": [ { "id": "steam-finding", "name": "Steam", "description": "Steam and pressure.", "questions": [ { "text": "Are pressure and steam hazards controlled?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which standards apply?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "cryogenic", "name": "Cryogenic", "description": "Cold hazards.", "findings": [ { "id": "cryogenic-finding", "name": "Cryogenic", "description": "Cryogenic safety.", "questions": [ { "text": "Are cryogenic liquids handled with protection and ventilation?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "What are the asphyxiation risks?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should phase change types be separate entries?", "How should phase diagrams be linked?", "How should exotic transitions be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a phase change, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle phase changes by type, conditions, energy and applications, with safety for industrial processes.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: premartensitic transformation, cosmological phase transition, Phase separation, quantum Hall transitions, diffusionless transformation, quantum phase transition, plasma recombination, Second order phase transition, phase separation, superconductor insulator transition, volatilisation, glass transition.", "13 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a phase change, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "premartensitic transformation", "cosmological phase transition", "Phase separation", "quantum Hall transitions", "diffusionless transformation", "quantum phase transition", "plasma recombination", "Second order phase transition", "phase separation", "superconductor insulator transition", "volatilisation", "glass transition" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 13 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one phase change from another, and a phase change from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a phase change, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a phase change, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a phase change is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a phase change, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a phase change, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a phase change is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a phase change sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a phase change, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a phase change, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a phase change is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a phase change from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a phase change, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a phase change, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a phase change is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a phase change passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a phase change between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a phase change, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a phase change, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a phase change is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a phase change, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a phase change is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a phase change, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a phase change, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a phase change is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a phase change proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a phase change, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a phase change and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a phase change, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a phase change, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a phase change is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a phase change consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a phase change takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a phase change, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a phase change, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a phase change is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What phase change is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of phase change are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is phase change operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of phase change and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of phase change?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as phase change?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a phase change came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a phase change and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a phase change, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a phase change, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a phase change is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a phase change is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a phase change, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a phase change, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a phase change is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }