{ "model": { "rank": 6024, "code": "thing-q185369", "model_id": "vr.tr.photocopier", "name": "photocopier", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a photocopier, assess its copying readiness and determine which copying, replenishment, recovery or service actions are appropriate.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q185369/", "tier": 2, "score": 63, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Copyflo", "Rotator", "thermal copier", "Photostat machine", "Xerox 914", "mimeograph", "roneo machine" ], "aliasCount": 7, "merged": 7, "knownIn": 63, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q185369", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185369", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T11:04:00Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.0140998, "turns": 1, "seconds": 167.5, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 86.3, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b84-e5da-7680-a2c6-af79202ced40\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: photocopier\nRegistry id: vr.tr.photocopier\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q185369", "registryId": "vr.tr.photocopier", "name": "photocopier", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q185369/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.photocopier", "name": "photocopier", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a photocopier, assess its copying readiness and determine which copying, replenishment, recovery or service actions are appropriate.", "definition": "A photocopier is an electrophotographic office machine that reproduces a paper original onto paper by forming a latent electrostatic image of that original on a photoconductor - either by direct optical projection or by digital scan plus laser/LED writing - developing it with toner, transferring the toner to a sheet, and fusing it with heat and pressure.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the physical photocopier and its integrated paper-to-paper copying function, including original capture, reproduction controls, paper handling, consumables, operational condition and copying access boundaries.", "in_scope": [ "Device identity, installed configuration and ability to reproduce physical originals onto physical sheets", "Original capture through a platen or automatic document feeder", "Copy settings, image reproduction capabilities and observed output quality", "Paper sources, supported media paths, duplexing and installed finishing equipment", "Consumable readiness, copy-blocking conditions and permitted recovery actions", "Copy access controls and handling of originals, output and retained copy data" ], "out_of_scope": [ "The meaning, ownership and legal reproduction rights of document content", "Standalone scanning, network printing and fax workflows beyond their interaction with copying readiness", "Enterprise identity management, networks and print-management services", "Independent paper stocks, supply inventories and procurement processes", "Building electrical infrastructure and room environmental management", "Maintenance contracts, technician organisations and service scheduling systems" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Can a user place a physical original on or in the device and obtain a reproduced physical sheet through an integrated copy workflow?", "Does the device combine original capture with physical output, distinguishing it from a scanner that only produces a digital representation?", "Does it offer copying from a physical original, distinguishing it from a printer that only receives externally supplied image or document data?", "If marketed as a multifunction printer, does its installed configuration include copying? Such a device overlaps this model rather than being excluded by its product label.", "Does the process reproduce an original's visible appearance onto separate sheets, distinguishing copying from creating a new document or merely displaying a captured image?" ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Integrated copying capability", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "present, absent, unverified; supported copy modes", "why_it_matters": "Establishes whether the device belongs within this model." }, { "name": "Installed original-input mechanisms", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "platen, automatic document feeder, other documented mechanism; supported original sides", "why_it_matters": "Determines how originals can be presented and which require individual handling." }, { "name": "Maximum original dimensions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mm width × length, separately for each input mechanism", "why_it_matters": "Helps prevent clipping and inappropriate loading." }, { "name": "Supported output media", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "documented sizes, media types and weight ranges in g/m², by paper path", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether a requested copy can use the available media safely." }, { "name": "Copy colour capability", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "monochrome, colour, other documented modes, unverified", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether the device can preserve colour distinctions required by a task." }, { "name": "Reproduction scale range", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% of original size; supported increments or automatic fit modes", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether originals can be fitted or reproduced at a required scale." }, { "name": "Copy throughput", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "output images/min or sheets/min, with colour, size, sidedness and test conditions recorded", "why_it_matters": "Supports workload estimates without treating unlike speed ratings as equivalent." }, { "name": "Installed duplex and finishing configuration", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "links to installed duplex, sorting, stapling or other finishing modules and their supported modes", "why_it_matters": "Separates configured capabilities from optional features advertised for a product family." }, { "name": "Copy readiness", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "ready, warming, busy, blocked, service required, powered off, unknown; observed reason and time", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether copying can begin and what must happen first." }, { "name": "Consumable condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "reported level or remaining life, low, depleted, replacement requested, unknown; by consumable", "why_it_matters": "Identifies shortages or component conditions that can interrupt copying or degrade output." }, { "name": "Observed copy defects", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "none observed, streaking, spots, skew, clipping, weak density, background marks, other; test conditions", "why_it_matters": "Supports quality assessment while keeping observed symptoms separate from unconfirmed causes." }, { "name": "Copy authorisation requirement", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "unrestricted, authenticated, account-coded, disabled, unknown; applicable restrictions", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether the agent or user may initiate the requested copying operation." } ], "affordances": [ "Inspect the installed configuration and current status to assess whether a proposed copy job is feasible.", "Select a suitable original-input method, paper source, scale, colour mode, sidedness and available finishing.", "Produce and inspect a sample copy before committing to a larger run.", "Start, pause or cancel copying where the device interface and authorisation permit.", "Replenish supported media or operator-replaceable consumables and perform documented operator recovery steps.", "Secure originals and output, end the copy session and refer unresolved faults or data-retention concerns to the appropriate responsible party." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikipedia-photocopier", "title": "Photocopier - Wikipedia (Wikimedia Foundation)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocopier", "what_it_supports": "Process (xerography), analog versus digital machines, office use, and common failure and hazard themes such as heat, toner, and ozone from older corona systems.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wikidata-q185451", "title": "photocopier (Q185451) - Wikidata", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185451", "what_it_supports": "Canonical item identifier for the machine, not the paper copy.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "iso-iec-11160-2", "title": "ISO/IEC 11160-2, Information technology - Office equipment - Minimum information to be included in specification sheets - Part 2: Direct-acting copiers (ISO/IEC)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "The product class \"direct-acting copier\" and the speed, first-copy, paper, and energy quantities vendors are expected to declare." }, { "id": "iso-iec-19752", "title": "ISO/IEC 19752, Method for the determination of toner cartridge yield for monochromatic electrophotographic printers and multi-function devices (ISO/IEC)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Toner-yield measurement practice used for copiers and MFPs that share a marking engine with laser printers." }, { "id": "epa-energystar-imaging", "title": "ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Imaging Equipment (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Copiers and MFPs as a regulated imaging-equipment family, Typical Electricity Consumption, and sleep/standby power." }, { "id": "iec-62368-1", "title": "IEC 62368-1, Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment - Safety requirements (IEC)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Electrical and thermal safety classification of copiers as ICT equipment, including fuser-related burn and fire hazards." }, { "id": "iec-60825-1", "title": "IEC 60825-1, Safety of laser products (IEC)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Enclosed laser/LED exposure engines in digital copiers, normally treated as Class 1 products in normal use." }, { "id": "wco-hs-8443", "title": "Harmonized System heading 8443, printing machinery, machines performing two or more of printing, copying or facsimile transmission, and other printers, copying and facsimile machines (World Customs Organization)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Customs identity of copiers and MFPs after they were moved out of former heading 9009." } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "copying-identity-and-configuration", "name": "Copying identity and configuration", "description": "Establishes what the device is and which copying capabilities are actually installed.", "rationale": "Product names and family specifications alone cannot establish the copy functions available on a particular machine.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-original-to-copy", "name": "Physical original to copy", "description": "Tests the integrated relationship between original capture and physical reproduction.", "findings": [ { "id": "integrated-copy-workflow", "name": "Integrated copy workflow", "description": "Record whether and how the device reproduces a physical original onto separate physical media.", "questions": [ { "text": "Can this device capture a physical original and produce a physical copy through its own copy workflow?", "kind": "definition", "id": "integrated-copy-workflow-q01" }, { "text": "Which copying functions belong to this device, and which require a separate device or external service?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "integrated-copy-workflow-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "installed-copy-configuration", "name": "Installed copy configuration", "description": "Identifies the particular machine and the configuration that governs its copy modes.", "findings": [ { "id": "verified-copy-options", "name": "Verified copy options", "description": "Record machine identity and evidence for installed input, duplex and finishing options.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which device label, configuration report or inspected setting identifies this machine and its installed copying options?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "verified-copy-options-q01" }, { "text": "Which advertised copy features are installed and enabled, and which remain optional, disabled or unverified?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "verified-copy-options-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "original-capture-and-reproduction", "name": "Original capture and reproduction", "description": "Describes how originals enter the copying process and how their visible content is reproduced.", "rationale": "An unsuitable input method or reproduction setting can damage an original or produce an incomplete or misleading copy.", "layers": [ { "id": "original-handling", "name": "Original handling", "description": "Determines which originals can use each capture path and how they must be positioned.", "findings": [ { "id": "original-path-suitability", "name": "Original path suitability", "description": "Record input limits and handling instructions for loose sheets, bound material and other supported originals.", "questions": [ { "text": "What original dimensions, thicknesses, conditions and sidedness are supported by the platen and each feeder path?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "original-path-suitability-q01" }, { "text": "How must this original be positioned or prepared, and what evidence indicates that it should not enter the feeder?", "kind": "action", "id": "original-path-suitability-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "image-reproduction", "name": "Image reproduction", "description": "Connects reproduction settings and observed quality to the intended copy.", "findings": [ { "id": "copy-fidelity-and-settings", "name": "Copy fidelity and settings", "description": "Record available scale, colour, density and layout controls together with observed losses or defects.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which scale, colour, density and layout settings are available for this original and output combination?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "copy-fidelity-and-settings-q01" }, { "text": "Does a sample copy preserve the required text, marks, page edges, orientation and colour distinctions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "copy-fidelity-and-settings-q02" }, { "text": "Which supported setting adjustment or diagnostic comparison should follow an observed reproduction defect?", "kind": "action", "id": "copy-fidelity-and-settings-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "paper-path-and-copy-assembly", "name": "Paper path and copy assembly", "description": "Connects loaded media, paper routing and output assembly to the requested copy set.", "rationale": "Correct image capture is insufficient if the machine selects unsuitable stock, reverses pages or cannot assemble the requested sets.", "layers": [ { "id": "paper-source-compatibility", "name": "Paper source compatibility", "description": "Distinguishes supported media from media actually loaded and declared at the device.", "findings": [ { "id": "loaded-media-match", "name": "Loaded media match", "description": "Record each usable source's loaded stock, declared settings and constraints for the intended copy mode.", "questions": [ { "text": "What size, type, weight and approximate quantity of media is loaded in each relevant tray or bypass source?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "loaded-media-match-q01" }, { "text": "Do the loaded stock and tray settings match, and is that stock supported through the requested simplex or duplex path?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "loaded-media-match-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "copy-set-assembly", "name": "Copy set assembly", "description": "Describes the transformation from original pages to ordered output sheets and finished sets.", "findings": [ { "id": "sides-order-and-finishing", "name": "Sides, order and finishing", "description": "Record the requested mapping of original sides to output sides, page order, set count and installed finishing operations.", "questions": [ { "text": "How should original pages map to output sides, orientation, binding edge and collated sets?", "kind": "definition", "id": "sides-order-and-finishing-q01" }, { "text": "Can the installed paper paths, output trays and finisher handle the requested sheet size, set thickness and number of copies?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "sides-order-and-finishing-q02" }, { "text": "What sample-set check is needed before producing the full quantity?", "kind": "action", "id": "sides-order-and-finishing-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "copy-readiness-and-recovery", "name": "Copy readiness and recovery", "description": "Assesses whether the machine can copy now and identifies appropriate responses to interruptions.", "rationale": "Copying depends on available supplies, functioning paper paths and a clear distinction between operator recovery and service work.", "layers": [ { "id": "supplies-and-operating-state", "name": "Supplies and operating state", "description": "Records current copy readiness and the supply or component conditions that constrain it.", "findings": [ { "id": "copy-run-readiness", "name": "Copy run readiness", "description": "Record status messages, relevant consumable indications and evidence that the intended run can begin or continue.", "questions": [ { "text": "What current device indication or observation establishes whether copying is ready, delayed or blocked?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "copy-run-readiness-q01" }, { "text": "Which consumables or replaceable components does this machine use, and what condition or remaining quantity does it report for each?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "copy-run-readiness-q02" }, { "text": "What replenishment, warm-up or queue resolution is required before this copy run can proceed?", "kind": "action", "id": "copy-run-readiness-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "fault-localisation-and-recovery", "name": "Fault localisation and recovery", "description": "Connects observed jams, error messages and copy defects to documented recovery boundaries.", "findings": [ { "id": "permitted-copy-recovery", "name": "Permitted copy recovery", "description": "Record the observed failure, affected path, documented operator steps and conditions requiring service.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where does the device locate the jam or fault, and does it affect original feeding, image reproduction, output feeding or finishing?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "permitted-copy-recovery-q01" }, { "text": "Which recovery steps does the applicable device guidance permit an operator to perform, and when must work stop for service?", "kind": "action", "id": "permitted-copy-recovery-q02" }, { "text": "After recovery, which originals or output sheets must be checked to avoid missing pages or duplicate copies?", "kind": "action", "id": "permitted-copy-recovery-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "copy-access-and-document-custody", "name": "Copy access and document custody", "description": "Describes who may use copying and how originals, copies and any retained copy data are handled.", "rationale": "A technically feasible copy may still require authorisation, supervised collection or device-specific handling of retained data.", "layers": [ { "id": "copy-session-control", "name": "Copy session control", "description": "Establishes the permissions and controls available for a particular copying session.", "findings": [ { "id": "authorised-copy-operation", "name": "Authorised copy operation", "description": "Record copying restrictions and the authenticated session's permitted operations without recording secret credentials.", "questions": [ { "text": "What authentication, account code, quota or mode restriction applies to copying on this device?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "authorised-copy-operation-q01" }, { "text": "Which controls can the authorised user or agent use to start, interrupt, cancel and end the copy session?", "kind": "action", "id": "authorised-copy-operation-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "original-output-and-data-custody", "name": "Original, output and data custody", "description": "Tracks physical document collection and establishes what is known about copy-data retention.", "findings": [ { "id": "copy-material-and-data-disposition", "name": "Copy material and data disposition", "description": "Record where originals and output remain after copying and whether copy images or job details persist on this configuration.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where must originals, completed copies and rejected sheets be collected after completion or cancellation?", "kind": "action", "id": "copy-material-and-data-disposition-q01" }, { "text": "What documentation or inspected configuration establishes whether this device retains copy images or job metadata, and for how long?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "copy-material-and-data-disposition-q02" }, { "text": "Which authorised device controls are available to clear the session or retained copy data, and what remains outside those controls?", "kind": "action", "id": "copy-material-and-data-disposition-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Analog (optical-path) xerographic copiers", "Digital copiers and multifunctional printers (scan-then-print)", "Monochrome copiers", "Colour copiers", "Desktop/personal copiers", "Departmental/workgroup floor-standing copiers", "Production/high-volume copiers", "Wide-format (engineering/plan) copiers" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of photocopier this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q185451", "note": "Item for the photocopier as a machine." }, { "scheme": "UNSPSC", "value_or_pattern": "44101501", "note": "Commodity code \"Photocopiers\"; MFPs are often 44101503 instead." }, { "scheme": "Harmonized System (HS)", "value_or_pattern": "8443.31 or 8443.39", "note": "8443.31 covers machines that copy and also print and/or fax; 8443.39 covers other copying machines. Copiers left heading 9009 in the 2007 HS revision." }, { "scheme": "ISO/IEC product class", "value_or_pattern": "direct-acting copier (ISO/IEC 11160-2)", "note": "Specification-sheet class, not a serial identifier." }, { "scheme": "GTIN / manufacturer model", "value_or_pattern": "per-unit GTIN plus vendor model (e.g. Canon imageRUNNER, Ricoh IM, Xerox AltaLink)", "note": "There is no species-level product code; units are named as commercial models." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of photocopier this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "ISO/IEC 11160-2 - minimum data on specification sheets for direct-acting copiers (ISO/IEC JTC 1)", "ISO/IEC 19752, 19798 and 24711 - toner cartridge yield methods for mono and colour electrophotographic devices (ISO/IEC JTC 1)", "ENERGY STAR Imaging Equipment specification - energy and sleep criteria for copiers and MFPs (U.S. EPA)", "IEC 62368-1 - safety of ICT equipment, including copiers (IEC)", "IEC 60825-1 - laser product safety; copier engines are typically Class 1 when enclosed (IEC)", "CISPR 32 / EN 55032 - EMC emissions of multimedia/ICT equipment (IEC CISPR / CENELEC)", "Directive 2011/65/EU (RoHS) - restricted substances in electrical equipment (European Union)", "Directive 2009/125/EC (Ecodesign) and the imaging-equipment Lot 4 Voluntary Agreement (European Commission / industry VA)", "Blue Angel DE-UZ 219 - office equipment with printing function (German Environment Agency / RAL)", "EN 301 549 and U.S. Section 508 - ICT accessibility requirements that apply to walk-up copy devices (ETSI / U.S. Access Board)", "IEEE Std 2600 - hardcopy device and system security (IEEE)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of photocopier this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Walk-up office copying from a glass platen or automatic document feeder, often as one function of a networked MFP that also prints, scans and faxes.", "Pay-per-copy in libraries, universities, hotels and retail copy shops (including self-service kiosks).", "High-volume reproduction of contracts, medical records, exam papers and government forms on departmental or production machines.", "Wide-format copying of architectural and engineering drawings in print rooms.", "Managed print services in which a vendor owns the copier, supplies toner and bills by click.", "Home and micro-office use of small desktop copiers or inkjet MFPs used as copiers." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of photocopier this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Copy speed (A4 or Letter, 1:1)", "typical_range": "12-80 office; 80-150 production", "unit": "pages/min" }, { "quantity": "First-copy-out time", "typical_range": "4-15", "unit": "s" }, { "quantity": "Addressable resolution", "typical_range": "600-1200", "unit": "dpi" }, { "quantity": "Recommended monthly volume", "typical_range": "1000-100000 office; higher on production engines", "unit": "pages/month" }, { "quantity": "Typical Electricity Consumption (ENERGY STAR TEC)", "typical_range": "0.3-5", "unit": "kWh/week" }, { "quantity": "Sleep / networked-standby power", "typical_range": "0.4-50", "unit": "W" }, { "quantity": "Copying-mode sound pressure", "typical_range": "50-72", "unit": "dB(A)" }, { "quantity": "Fuser temperature", "typical_range": "160-220", "unit": "°C" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of photocopier this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Paper jams in the feeder, transfer path or fuser, including double-feeds and mis-separations.", "Image defects: background fog, ghosting from a worn drum, streaks from dirty charge/clean rollers, colour misregistration.", "Toner scatter, cartridge leaks and dirty interiors; respiratory irritation from toner and ultrafine particles generated in the fuser.", "Fuser failure: cold/offset prints, melted rollers, burns from the hot roller, and rare overheating or fire.", "Ozone from older corona-wire (corotron) chargers; modern charge-roller machines emit much less.", "Electrical shock and enclosure/interlock failures on a mains-powered, high-voltage charger system.", "Residual documents and stored scans on an MFP hard disk (information leakage).", "Networked-device security failures (open admin interfaces, unauthenticated scan-to-email or SMB).", "Mechanical injury from the ADF, paper drawers or moving optics if covers are bypassed." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of photocopier this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "United States and Canada: everyday name is often \"copy machine\"; paper path is Letter/Legal; ENERGY STAR is the usual energy mark.", "Most other markets: A4/A3 (ISO 216); A3 departmental copiers are far more common in Japanese and many European offices than in U.S. offices.", "Genericized trademark: \"to xerox\" in English; Russian ксерокс (kseroks) for any copier; vendors still police \"Xerox\" as a brand.", "Europe additionally uses Blue Angel, Nordic Swan and the imaging-equipment ecodesign voluntary agreement; U.S. practice leans on ENERGY STAR and Section 508.", "In much of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa the copier is encountered mainly as a street-level copy-shop service rather than as a staffed office MFP." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of photocopier this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Laser printer", "difference": "A copier can make a walk-up hardcopy from a platen or ADF with no host computer; a printer cannot. Digital copiers and laser printers share the same marking engine and are often the same MFP." }, { "name": "Inkjet multifunctional device", "difference": "Copies with liquid ink and no toner-fuser path; consumable is an ink tank or cartridge, not a toner bottle, and the output is not heat-fused thermoplastic powder." }, { "name": "Document scanner", "difference": "Produces a digital file only; it has no toner, drum or fuser and cannot put marks on paper." }, { "name": "Facsimile machine", "difference": "Primary path is transmission of a raster over a telephone or IP channel; local copying, if present, is secondary." }, { "name": "Digital duplicator (e.g. Risograph)", "difference": "Burns a stencil master and prints with drum ink, not electrophotographic toner fused by heat; economical only at higher run lengths." }, { "name": "Diazo / blueprint copier", "difference": "Exposes diazo-coated paper to UV and develops with ammonia or pressure; no photoconductor and no toner." }, { "name": "Offset duplicator or small offset press", "difference": "Uses a printing plate, fountain solution and paste ink; not a single-pass toner image of an original." }, { "name": "Thermal (Thermo-Fax-type) copier", "difference": "Forms the copy by infrared heat on specially coated paper; no electrostatic drum or toner." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of photocopier this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the existing Vercy catalogue already contain a photocopier or multifunction-device model that should be reused as the single source of truth?", "Should the registry scope include specialised or historical physical copying mechanisms, and what recognition tests cover them without assuming digital capture or toner?", "Which manufacturer documentation and device observations will establish actual media limits, copy modes, consumables and operator service boundaries?", "What task-specific criteria determine acceptable copy fidelity, especially for colour distinctions, fine detail and scale-sensitive originals?", "How should copy-function ownership be shared with neighbouring printer, scanner and data-storage models when they describe the same multifunction machine?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 33 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a photocopier, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a photocopier, assess its copying readiness and determine which copying, replenishment, recovery or service actions are appropriate.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Copyflo, Rotator, thermal copier, Photostat machine, Xerox 914, mimeograph, roneo machine.", "7 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 63 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a photocopier, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Copyflo", "Rotator", "thermal copier", "Photostat machine", "Xerox 914", "mimeograph", "roneo machine" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 63 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 7 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one photocopier from another, and a photocopier from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a photocopier sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a photocopier from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a photocopier is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a photocopier is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a photocopier is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a photocopier is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a photocopier is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a photocopier is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a photocopier passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a photocopier between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a photocopier, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a photocopier is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What photocopier is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does photocopier perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise photocopier, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How photocopier is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does photocopier have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does photocopier need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about photocopier is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about photocopier hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern photocopier, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a photocopier came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a photocopier and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a photocopier is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a photocopier, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a photocopier, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a photocopier is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }