{ "model": { "rank": 4736, "code": "thing-q186676", "model_id": "vr.tr.stuttering", "name": "stuttering", "purpose": "Let an agent explain stuttering and its causes respectfully from speech-language and research sources, describe therapy and support, present genetic and neurological research with attribution, and route personal questions to speech-language professionals.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.STA", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q186676/", "tier": 2, "score": 73, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Developmental dysfluency", "STUT1", "STUT2", "STUT3", "STUT4" ], "aliasCount": 5, "merged": 5, "knownIn": 73, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q186676", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186676", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T03:46:20Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q186676", "registryId": "vr.tr.stuttering", "name": "stuttering", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.STA" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q186676/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.stuttering", "name": "stuttering", "purpose": "Let an agent explain stuttering and its causes respectfully from speech-language and research sources, describe therapy and support, present genetic and neurological research with attribution, and route personal questions to speech-language professionals.", "definition": "A speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions, prolongations and blocks, most often beginning in early childhood as developmental dysfluency with genetic and neurological contributions including loci designated STUT1 to STUT4, persisting into adulthood in about one percent of people, and distinct from acquired stuttering after neurological injury; stuttering is managed with speech therapy, support and self-help, and people who stutter advocate acceptance and accommodation.", "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a speech condition.", "affordances": [ "explain the condition", "relay therapy and support", "relay research", "route personal questions" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Repetitions, prolongations and blocks", "Childhood onset", "Genetic contribution", "Variable course" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; disrupted flow of speech.", "visual_identification": [ "Disruption of speech fluency", "Developmental stuttering; genetic loci STUT1 to STUT4; acquired stuttering", "Cluttering is rapid disorganised speech; articulation disorders affect sounds; normal dysfluency is common in toddlers" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "children who stutter at some point", "typical_range": "about 5-8", "unit": "percent", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "adults who stutter", "typical_range": "about 1", "unit": "percent", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "onset", "typical_range": "about 2-5", "unit": "years", "note": "typical" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "developmental stuttering", "persistent stuttering in adults", "acquired neurogenic stuttering", "psychogenic stuttering", "genetic forms linked to loci STUT1 to STUT4 and genes such as GNPTAB" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "articulation disorder", "why": "in registry terms, though clinicians classify it as a fluency disorder" }, { "relation": "is treated by", "target": "speech-language pathology", "why": "through therapy" }, { "relation": "is distinguished from", "target": "cluttering", "why": "another fluency disorder" }, { "relation": "is studied through", "target": "genetics", "why": "and neuroimaging" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "ICD-11", "value_or_pattern": "6A01.1", "note": "developmental speech fluency disorder" }, { "scheme": "MeSH", "value_or_pattern": "D013342", "note": "stuttering" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Clinical guidelines of speech-language associations", "Disability accommodation laws", "International Stuttering Awareness Day on 22 October" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Agents giving personal therapy advice", "Stigma and mockery", "Presenting unproven cures", "Confusing with normal childhood dysfluency" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What stuttering is.", "rationale": "Clinical.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition and features.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is stuttering, and how do repetitions, prolongations and blocks present?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about stuttering, cluttering or normal childhood dysfluency?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "causes", "name": "Causes", "description": "Causes.", "findings": [ { "id": "causes-finding", "name": "Causes", "description": "Causes.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do genetics including STUT loci and neuroscience say about causes, with findings attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific gene or locus?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "support", "name": "Support", "description": "Therapy and support.", "rationale": "Clinical.", "layers": [ { "id": "therapy", "name": "Therapy", "description": "Therapy.", "findings": [ { "id": "therapy-finding", "name": "Therapy", "description": "Therapy.", "questions": [ { "text": "What therapies exist for children and adults, and what evidence supports them, per professional guidelines?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the user asking about their own or a child speech, which needs a speech-language professional?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "selfhelp", "name": "Self-help", "description": "Self-help and community.", "findings": [ { "id": "selfhelp-finding", "name": "Self-help", "description": "Self-help.", "questions": [ { "text": "What self-help groups and organisations support people who stutter?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "society", "name": "Society", "description": "Society.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "acceptance", "name": "Acceptance", "description": "Acceptance and rights.", "findings": [ { "id": "acceptance-finding", "name": "Acceptance", "description": "Acceptance.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do people who stutter say about acceptance, accommodation and identity, in their own words?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation respectful?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "media", "name": "Media", "description": "Media portrayal.", "findings": [ { "id": "media-finding", "name": "Media", "description": "Media.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is stuttering portrayed in media, and how has that changed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "History and research.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How has stuttering been understood and treated historically?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of speech therapy?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "research", "name": "Research", "description": "Research.", "findings": [ { "id": "research-finding", "name": "Research", "description": "Research.", "questions": [ { "text": "What current research explores brain networks, genes and new treatments?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits fluency disorder research?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should acquired stuttering be a separate entry?", "How should clinical and research sources be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming genetic loci; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a stuttering, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain stuttering and its causes respectfully from speech-language and research sources, describe therapy and support, present genetic and neurological research with attribution, and route personal questions to speech-language professionals.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Developmental dysfluency, STUT1, STUT2, STUT3, STUT4.", "5 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 73 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a stuttering, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Developmental dysfluency", "STUT1", "STUT2", "STUT3", "STUT4" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 73 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 5 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one stuttering from another, and a stuttering from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a stuttering, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a stuttering, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a stuttering is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a stuttering, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a stuttering, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a stuttering is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a stuttering sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a stuttering, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a stuttering, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a stuttering is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a stuttering from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a stuttering, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a stuttering, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a stuttering is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a stuttering passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a stuttering between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a stuttering, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a stuttering, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a stuttering is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a stuttering, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a stuttering is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a stuttering, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a stuttering, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a stuttering is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What stuttering is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of stuttering are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is stuttering operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of stuttering and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of stuttering?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as stuttering?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a stuttering came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a stuttering and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a stuttering, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a stuttering, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a stuttering is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a stuttering is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a stuttering, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a stuttering, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a stuttering is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }