{ "model": { "rank": 6793, "code": "thing-q188078", "model_id": "vr.tr.declension", "name": "declension", "purpose": "Let an agent handle declension as a grammatical system with cases, classes and paradigms that vary by language.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.REL", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q188078/", "tier": 2, "score": 58, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "n-declension", "declension in Hindi", "Swedish declension", "case inflection", "Ancient Greek declension", "German declension", "ÕS type 2", "ÕS type 22", "ÕS type 24", "ÕS type 26", "Slovak declension", "Latvian declension", "Lithuanian declension", "third masculine declension", "fourth masculine declension", "Russian declension", "Polish declension", "grammatical cases in Kyrgyz language", "Czech declension", "Attic declension", "Caland system", "Gothic declension", "Latin declension", "Irish declension", "second declension", "declension in Portuguese", "adjectival declension in Russian", "pronoun declension in Russian", "declension of Greek nouns in Latin", "first declension", "fourth declension", "third adjectival declension", "third declension" ], "aliasCount": 33, "merged": 34, "knownIn": 58, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q188078", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188078", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T05:22:06Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q188078", "registryId": "vr.tr.declension", "name": "declension", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.REL" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q188078/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.declension", "name": "declension", "purpose": "Let an agent handle declension as a grammatical system with cases, classes and paradigms that vary by language.", "definition": "In grammar, the inflection of nouns, pronouns and adjectives for case, number and gender, and the classes (declensions) into which such words fall according to their patterns.", "what_it_is_for": "Marking grammatical relations such as subject and object in languages with case systems.", "affordances": [ "decline a word, into its forms", "identify its declension class", "analyse texts, by case", "teach and learn paradigms" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Inflection of nominals, not verbs (that is conjugation)", "Case systems vary from none to many cases", "Words fall into declension classes", "Some languages mark case with particles instead" ], "appearance": "Tables of word forms by case and number, or endings in text.", "visual_identification": [ "Paradigm tables with cases such as nominative, genitive, dative, accusative", "Endings that change with case", "Class names such as n-declension" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "Latin and Greek declensions", "German declension", "Slavic declensions", "Hindi and other Indo-Aryan declension", "strong, weak and mixed adjective declension" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "inflection", "why": "grammatical process" }, { "relation": "marks", "target": "grammatical case", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is confused with", "target": "conjugation", "why": "verb inflection" }, { "relation": "is studied by", "target": "linguistics", "why": "morphology" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "Universal Dependencies feature", "value_or_pattern": "Case=Nom|Gen|Dat|Acc...", "note": "annotation" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Universal Dependencies", "Leipzig Glossing Rules" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Assuming case systems from another language", "Wrong forms in machine translation", "Confusing declension classes" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "system", "name": "System", "description": "Cases and numbers.", "rationale": "The case inventory defines the system.", "layers": [ { "id": "cases", "name": "Cases", "description": "Inventory.", "findings": [ { "id": "cases-finding", "name": "Case inventory", "description": "Cases distinguished.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cases does this language distinguish?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which are marked on this word class?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "agreement", "name": "Agreement", "description": "Gender and number.", "findings": [ { "id": "agreement-finding", "name": "Agreement", "description": "Agreement features.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do gender and number interact with case?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which words must agree?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classes", "name": "Classes", "description": "Declension classes.", "rationale": "Class decides the endings.", "layers": [ { "id": "class", "name": "Class", "description": "Which declension.", "findings": [ { "id": "class-finding", "name": "Class", "description": "The declension class.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which declension class does this word belong to?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How is it determined?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "irregular", "name": "Irregular forms", "description": "Exceptions.", "findings": [ { "id": "irregular-finding", "name": "Irregulars", "description": "Irregular forms.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the word have irregular forms?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Where are they documented?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "paradigm", "name": "Paradigm", "description": "The forms.", "rationale": "Paradigms are the practical content.", "layers": [ { "id": "forms", "name": "Forms", "description": "Case forms.", "findings": [ { "id": "forms-finding", "name": "Paradigm", "description": "The full paradigm.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are all the forms of this word?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "From which grammar or dictionary?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "usage", "name": "Usage", "description": "Which form when.", "findings": [ { "id": "usage-finding", "name": "Usage", "description": "When each form is used.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which form is needed in this sentence?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "What governs the case here?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "technology", "name": "Technology", "description": "Annotation and generation.", "rationale": "Tools must handle declension correctly.", "layers": [ { "id": "annotation", "name": "Annotation", "description": "Case features.", "findings": [ { "id": "annotation-finding", "name": "Annotation", "description": "Annotation scheme.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is case annotated in this corpus?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How accurate is automatic tagging?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "generation", "name": "Generation", "description": "Producing forms.", "findings": [ { "id": "generation-finding", "name": "Generation", "description": "Generating forms.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the system generate correct case forms?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Where does it fail?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should declension systems be separate entries per language?", "How should paradigms be stored?", "How should irregular forms be handled?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a declension, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle declension as a grammatical system with cases, classes and paradigms that vary by language.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: n-declension, declension in Hindi, Swedish declension, case inflection, Ancient Greek declension, German declension, ÕS type 2, ÕS type 22, ÕS type 24, ÕS type 26, Slovak declension, Latvian declension.", "34 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 58 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a declension, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "n-declension", "declension in Hindi", "Swedish declension", "case inflection", "Ancient Greek declension", "German declension", "ÕS type 2", "ÕS type 22", "ÕS type 24", "ÕS type 26", "Slovak declension", "Latvian declension" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 58 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 34 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one declension from another, and a declension from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a declension, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a declension, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a declension is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a declension, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a declension, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a declension is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a declension sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a declension, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a declension, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a declension is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a declension from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a declension, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a declension, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a declension is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a declension passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a declension between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a declension, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a declension, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a declension is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a declension, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a declension is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a declension, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a declension, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a declension is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What declension is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of declension are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is declension operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of declension and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of declension?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as declension?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a declension came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a declension and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a declension, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a declension, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a declension is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a declension is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a declension, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a declension, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a declension is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }