{ "model": { "rank": 6890, "code": "thing-q188741", "model_id": "vr.tr.pleonasm", "name": "pleonasm", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise candidate pleonasms, explain the redundancy under an explicit interpretation, and decide whether preserving or revising them serves the communicative purpose.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q188741/", "tier": 2, "score": 58, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "tautological place names" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 58, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.pleonasm", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q188741", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188741", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T23:43:04Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 15.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0888c-e728-7ee2-8203-034272d859a1\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: pleonasm\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: XCT.QLT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 007: 1001 regist", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 53.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0888c-e735-79d2-b241-c0cf9070b195\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: pleonasm\nRegistry id: vr.tr.pleonasm\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.QLT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContex" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q188741", "registryId": "vr.tr.pleonasm", "name": "pleonasm", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q188741/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.pleonasm", "name": "pleonasm", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise candidate pleonasms, explain the redundancy under an explicit interpretation, and decide whether preserving or revising them serves the communicative purpose.", "definition": "Pleonasm is the use of words or grammatical elements that repeat information already conveyed within an expression, whether as conventional linguistic redundancy, deliberate rhetorical emphasis, or unnecessary wording.", "scope_statement": "This model owns pleonasm as a context-dependent linguistic construction in which an expression contributes meaning already supplied or entailed elsewhere in the construction, including disputes over whether that redundancy is needless, expressive, or grammatically motivated.", "in_scope": [ "Candidate expressions and the particular words or constructions alleged to be redundant", "Semantic entailment, contextual interpretation, and deletion tests supporting or weakening a pleonasm diagnosis", "Differences between stylistic, rhetorical, and grammatical treatments of pleonasm", "Deliberate emphasis, clarification, rhythm, and other possible functions of redundant wording", "Context-sensitive judgments and revisions that preserve intended meaning" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Logical tautologies considered solely as formulas true under every interpretation", "Verbosity without an identifiable relation of semantic redundancy", "Repetition whose defining feature is recurring wording rather than duplicated meaning", "Grammatical agreement and obligatory marking considered independently of a pleonasm analysis", "General writing quality or speaker competence inferred from one expression" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Identify which component contributes meaning already supplied by another component; length or awkwardness alone does not establish pleonasm.", "Test whether removing the candidate component preserves asserted content under the intended reading, while separately checking emphasis, implication, and grammaticality.", "Allow different words to duplicate meaning: exact verbal repetition is neither necessary nor sufficient.", "Separate redundancy within a linguistic expression from the logical property of being true under every interpretation.", "Check alternative senses and contexts: 'free gift' is a candidate only after establishing what 'gift' means in the particular use and whether 'free' excludes an otherwise live interpretation." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Candidate expression and redundant span", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Expression linked to the alleged redundant component and the component that supplies its meaning", "why_it_matters": "Makes the diagnosis inspectable instead of treating an entire sentence as vaguely excessive." }, { "name": "Redundancy basis", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Lexical entailment; compositional entailment; contextual inference; grammatical marking; disputed", "why_it_matters": "Separates different grounds for calling an expression pleonastic and exposes weaker contextual arguments." }, { "name": "Interpretive dependency", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Relevant word senses, referents, discourse context, language variety, and assumptions", "why_it_matters": "A component may be redundant under one reading and informative under another." }, { "name": "Analytical framework", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Attributed definition or tradition, with its inclusion and exclusion criteria", "why_it_matters": "Prevents one stylistic or linguistic definition from silently governing every judgment." }, { "name": "Deletion outcome", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Content preserved; content changed; grammar impaired; discourse effect changed; unresolved; multiple outcomes permitted", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes informational dispensability from practical interchangeability." }, { "name": "Communicative function", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Possible emphasis; clarification; contrast; rhythm; humour; conventional phrasing; no function established", "why_it_matters": "Redundancy can contribute to communication even when it adds no asserted content." }, { "name": "Diagnosis status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Candidate; supported under stated reading; contested; rejected under stated reading", "why_it_matters": "Keeps an automated detection from becoming an unjustified categorical correction." } ], "affordances": [ "Locate candidate redundant spans and state the semantic relation that makes them candidates.", "Compare diagnoses under different definitions, word senses, and discourse contexts.", "Generate a minimally shortened alternative and evaluate changes in content, grammar, and rhetorical effect.", "Preserve apparently redundant wording when its communicative function justifies it.", "Record an attributed, contestable judgment with examples and counterexamples." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "definition-and-boundaries", "name": "Definition and boundaries", "description": "Establishes which conception of pleonasm governs a diagnosis and where neighbouring phenomena begin.", "rationale": "Pleonasm can be treated as a stylistic fault, a rhetorical resource, or a linguistic redundancy; these treatments need not classify the same cases alike.", "layers": [ { "id": "definitional-commitments", "name": "Definitional commitments", "description": "Makes the criteria and evaluative assumptions of the selected definition explicit.", "findings": [ { "id": "attributed-pleonasm-criterion", "name": "Attributed pleonasm criterion", "description": "Record whether the adopted account requires duplicated meaning, dispensable wording, stylistic excess, or some combination, and attribute that account.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which source or analytical tradition supplies the definition used for this expression?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "attributed-pleonasm-criterion-q01" }, { "text": "Does that definition allow purposeful redundancy to count as pleonasm, or does it require needless excess?", "kind": "definition", "id": "attributed-pleonasm-criterion-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "neighbouring-phenomena", "name": "Neighbouring phenomena", "description": "Separates semantic redundancy from related forms of repetition and logical classification.", "findings": [ { "id": "boundary-with-tautology-and-repetition", "name": "Boundary with tautology and repetition", "description": "Record why the case belongs to pleonasm under the selected account, including overlap with rhetorical tautology and distinctions from logical tautology or mere repetition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What duplicated meaning supports the diagnosis beyond repeated wording or sentence length?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "boundary-with-tautology-and-repetition-q01" }, { "text": "How does the selected source distinguish pleonasm from rhetorical tautology, and does it acknowledge overlap?", "kind": "definition", "id": "boundary-with-tautology-and-repetition-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "semantic-redundancy-analysis", "name": "Semantic redundancy analysis", "description": "Identifies the proposed redundancy and tests whether it holds under the intended interpretation.", "rationale": "A useful pleonasm diagnosis must show what meaning is duplicated and where that meaning is already supplied.", "layers": [ { "id": "meaning-contribution", "name": "Meaning contribution", "description": "Maps the alleged redundant component to its semantic contribution and source of duplication.", "findings": [ { "id": "redundant-component-and-entailment", "name": "Redundant component and entailment", "description": "Represent the exact span, its relevant meaning, and the lexical or compositional relation alleged to make that meaning redundant.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which component is alleged to be redundant, and which other component already supplies its meaning?", "kind": "definition", "id": "redundant-component-and-entailment-q01" }, { "text": "Is the duplication supported by lexical meaning or composition, or only by an assumption about the situation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "redundant-component-and-entailment-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "interpretation-and-counterexamples", "name": "Interpretation and counterexamples", "description": "Tests the diagnosis against ambiguity, contrast, and plausible alternative readings.", "findings": [ { "id": "reading-specific-redundancy", "name": "Reading-specific redundancy", "description": "Attach the redundancy judgment to a particular interpretation and record readings under which the component adds information.", "questions": [ { "text": "Under the intended sense and context, can the alleged redundant component exclude a plausible alternative?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "reading-specific-redundancy-q01" }, { "text": "What example or counterexample would demonstrate that the redundancy judgment fails outside this reading?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "reading-specific-redundancy-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "linguistic-form-and-use", "name": "Linguistic form and use", "description": "Locates the redundancy in linguistic structure and explains its possible role in an actual utterance.", "rationale": "Semantic overlap alone does not establish that wording is optional, accidental, or ineffective.", "layers": [ { "id": "grammatical-and-conventional-status", "name": "Grammatical and conventional status", "description": "Checks whether language structure or established usage constrains the expression.", "findings": [ { "id": "optionality-in-language-variety", "name": "Optionality in the relevant language variety", "description": "Record whether the allegedly redundant material is optional, obligatory, idiomatic, or contested in the language variety and construction being analysed.", "questions": [ { "text": "Can the component be omitted while retaining a grammatical and idiomatic construction in this language variety?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "optionality-in-language-variety-q01" }, { "text": "Does the adopted definition include this kind of grammatical redundancy, or reserve pleonasm for optional wording?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "optionality-in-language-variety-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rhetorical-and-discourse-function", "name": "Rhetorical and discourse function", "description": "Separates informational redundancy from effects on emphasis, interpretation, and audience response.", "findings": [ { "id": "supported-communicative-function", "name": "Supported communicative function", "description": "Record possible functions of the redundant wording and distinguish observed effects from inferred authorial intention.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence suggests that the wording contributes emphasis, clarification, contrast, rhythm, humour, or another discourse effect?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "supported-communicative-function-q01" }, { "text": "Is deliberate use documented, inferred from context, or unknown?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "supported-communicative-function-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "diagnosis-and-revision", "name": "Diagnosis and revision", "description": "Turns the analysis into a qualified judgment and a context-sensitive editing decision.", "rationale": "Recognising pleonasm does not by itself determine whether an agent should remove it.", "layers": [ { "id": "diagnostic-evidence", "name": "Diagnostic evidence", "description": "Combines the explicit definition, semantic analysis, and contextual tests into a reviewable diagnosis.", "findings": [ { "id": "qualified-pleonasm-judgment", "name": "Qualified pleonasm judgment", "description": "State whether the candidate is supported, contested, or rejected under the specified reading, with the evidence and unresolved objections.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which evidence supports the diagnosis, and which alternative interpretation or grammatical fact weakens it?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "qualified-pleonasm-judgment-q01" }, { "text": "Would a different documented definition change the classification of this expression?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "qualified-pleonasm-judgment-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "editing-decision", "name": "Editing decision", "description": "Evaluates a concrete revision against the original communicative task.", "findings": [ { "id": "minimal-revision-and-effects", "name": "Minimal revision and effects", "description": "Compare the original expression with a minimal deletion or reformulation, accounting separately for asserted content, grammar, tone, and discourse effect.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the smallest revision, and what changes in meaning, grammaticality, emphasis, or tone does it produce?", "kind": "action", "id": "minimal-revision-and-effects-q01" }, { "text": "Given the audience, genre, and intended effect, should the wording be retained, revised, or flagged for author review?", "kind": "action", "id": "minimal-revision-and-effects-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The boundary between pleonasm and rhetorical tautology varies among reference works and analytical traditions.", "Semantic, syntactic, and rhetorical labels describe overlapping dimensions rather than a universally accepted classification.", "With no sense recorded, this account assumes the linguistic and rhetorical concept; judgments about individual examples require context." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of pleonasm this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Semantic pleonasm", "Syntactic pleonasm", "Rhetorical pleonasm" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of pleonasm this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Rhetorical emphasis, as in 'I saw it with my own eyes'.", "Literary characterization and imitation of conversational speech.", "Editorial analysis of redundant expressions, such as 'return back'.", "Linguistic analysis of repeated semantic or grammatical information." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of pleonasm this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Unnecessary repetition can make prose cumbersome or obscure the main point.", "Treating every pleonasm as an error can remove useful emphasis or alter voice.", "Judging redundancy without context can mistake a meaningful qualification for surplus wording.", "Applying one language's expectations to another can misclassify conventional or required grammatical repetition." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of pleonasm this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Whether an expression sounds redundant, idiomatic, or emphatic varies across languages, dialects, and registers." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of pleonasm this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "tautology", "difference": "In rhetoric, tautology overlaps with pleonasm but often denotes restating the same idea; in logic, a tautology is true under every interpretation and need not involve redundant wording." }, { "name": "redundancy", "difference": "Redundancy is the broader repetition or predictability of information; pleonasm specifically concerns overlapping information within linguistic expression." }, { "name": "verbosity", "difference": "Verbosity is excessive wordiness; an expression can be verbose without repeating information and pleonastic while remaining short." }, { "name": "repetition", "difference": "Repetition can recur across words, sounds, or structures; pleonasm requires informational overlap and can occur without repeating the same word." }, { "name": "oxymoron", "difference": "An oxymoron combines apparently contradictory terms, whereas pleonasm combines elements whose meanings overlap." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of pleonasm this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which reference works and linguistic traditions provide the most useful competing definitions of pleonasm, and where do their classifications diverge?", "How consistently can lexical entailment be separated from contextual expectations when annotators judge naturally occurring candidate expressions?", "Which forms of grammatical redundancy should this model include, and how should that boundary vary across languages and analytical traditions?", "What evidence can reliably distinguish purposeful rhetorical use from conventional phrasing or unintended excess without attributing undocumented intentions?", "Which evaluation method best tests whether removing a candidate pleonasm preserves both intended content and relevant communicative effects?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 14, "questions": 22 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a pleonasm, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise candidate pleonasms, explain the redundancy under an explicit interpretation, and decide whether preserving or revising them serves the communicative purpose.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: tautological place names.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 58 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a pleonasm, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "tautological place names" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 58 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one pleonasm from another, and a pleonasm from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a pleonasm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a pleonasm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a pleonasm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a pleonasm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a pleonasm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a pleonasm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a pleonasm sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a pleonasm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a pleonasm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a pleonasm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a pleonasm from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a pleonasm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a pleonasm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a pleonasm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a pleonasm passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a pleonasm between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a pleonasm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a pleonasm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a pleonasm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a pleonasm, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a pleonasm is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a pleonasm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a pleonasm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a pleonasm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What pleonasm is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of pleonasm are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is pleonasm operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of pleonasm and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of pleonasm?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as pleonasm?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a pleonasm came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a pleonasm and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a pleonasm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a pleonasm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a pleonasm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a pleonasm is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a pleonasm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a pleonasm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a pleonasm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }