{ "model": { "rank": 9182, "code": "thing-q189253", "model_id": "vr.tr.french-defence", "name": "French defence", "purpose": "Let an agent explain the French Defence and its main variations, relay strategic ideas, typical plans and theory from chess references, describe its history and notable practitioners, and distinguish the French from other semi-open defences and from unrelated meanings of French defence.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q189253/", "tier": 2, "score": 48, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "French Defence, Réti Gambit", "Diemer–Duhm Gambit", "Baurle Gambit", "French Defence, Classical Variation", "Winawer Variation", "Ticulat Gambit", "Alapin Gambit", "French Defence, Tarrasch Variation", "Carlson Gambit", "Orthoschnapp Gambit", "French Defence, Exchange Variant", "French Defence, Advance Variation", "Franco-Benoni Defence", "Winckelmann Gambit", "French Defence, Sørensen Gambit" ], "aliasCount": 15, "merged": 15, "knownIn": 48, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q189253", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189253", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T05:57:32Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q189253", "registryId": "vr.tr.french-defence", "name": "French defence", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q189253/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.french-defence", "name": "French defence", "purpose": "Let an agent explain the French Defence and its main variations, relay strategic ideas, typical plans and theory from chess references, describe its history and notable practitioners, and distinguish the French from other semi-open defences and from unrelated meanings of French defence.", "definition": "A chess opening beginning with the moves 1.e4 e6, in which Black prepares d5 to challenge the centre while accepting a somewhat restricted light-squared bishop, leading to main lines such as the Advance, Exchange, Tarrasch, Classical and Winawer variations, and to gambit tries including the Reti Gambit, the Diemer-Duhm Gambit and rarer lines such as the Baurle and Ticulat gambits; the French Defence is a solid, counterattacking opening used at all levels since the 19th century.", "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a chess opening.", "affordances": [ "explain the opening and variations", "relay strategic ideas", "describe history and players", "distinguish from other openings" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Pawn chain structures", "Restricted light-squared bishop", "Counterattack on the centre", "Rich theory" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; a position after 1.e4 e6.", "visual_identification": [ "Chess opening 1.e4 e6", "Advance, Exchange, Tarrasch, Classical and Winawer variations; Reti, Diemer-Duhm, Baurle and Ticulat gambits", "The Caro-Kann begins 1.e4 c6; the Sicilian 1.e4 c5; French defence in military terms is unrelated" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "ECO codes", "typical_range": "C00-C19", "unit": "range", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "defining moves", "typical_range": "1.e4 e6", "unit": "moves", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "named after", "typical_range": "a Paris versus London correspondence match", "unit": "note", "note": "1834" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "Advance Variation", "Exchange Variation", "Tarrasch Variation", "Classical Variation including the Steinitz and Burn lines", "Winawer Variation", "gambits such as the Reti Gambit, Diemer-Duhm Gambit, Baurle Gambit and Ticulat Gambit", "minor lines such as the King s Indian Attack against the French" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "Semi-Open Game", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "begins with", "target": "King s Pawn Game", "why": "after 1.e4" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "Caro-Kann Defence", "why": "another solid reply to 1.e4" }, { "relation": "is classified in", "target": "Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings", "why": "codes C00 to C19" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "FIDE laws of chess", "ECO classification conventions" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing variation names", "Outdated theory", "Confusing with unrelated senses of French defence" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What the French Defence is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition and ideas.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the French Defence, and what are Black s strategic ideas and typical pawn structures?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about the chess opening or another sense of French defence?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "variations", "name": "Variations", "description": "Variations.", "findings": [ { "id": "variations-finding", "name": "Variations", "description": "Variations.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do the Advance, Exchange, Tarrasch, Classical and Winawer variations differ, and what are the Reti, Diemer-Duhm and other gambits?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific variation?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "play", "name": "Play", "description": "Playing the French.", "rationale": "Practice.", "layers": [ { "id": "plans", "name": "Plans", "description": "Plans for both sides.", "findings": [ { "id": "plans-finding", "name": "Plans", "description": "Plans.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the typical plans for White and Black in the main lines?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "repertoire", "name": "Repertoire", "description": "Repertoire building.", "findings": [ { "id": "repertoire-finding", "name": "Repertoire", "description": "Repertoire.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do players build a French repertoire, and which lines suit different styles?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "rationale": "Sources.", "layers": [ { "id": "origins", "name": "Origins", "description": "Origins.", "findings": [ { "id": "origins-finding", "name": "Origins", "description": "Origins.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did the French Defence get its name, and how did its theory develop?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of chess openings?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "players", "name": "Players", "description": "Notable players.", "findings": [ { "id": "players-finding", "name": "Players", "description": "Players.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which players are known for the French, from Nimzowitsch and Botvinnik to Korchnoi and modern grandmasters?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific player?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Theory and engines.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "theory", "name": "Theory", "description": "Modern theory.", "findings": [ { "id": "theory-finding", "name": "Theory", "description": "Theory.", "questions": [ { "text": "How have engines and databases changed assessments of French lines?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits chess opening theory?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "comparison", "name": "Comparison", "description": "Comparison.", "findings": [ { "id": "comparison-finding", "name": "Comparison", "description": "Comparison.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does the French compare with the Caro-Kann and Sicilian as replies to 1.e4?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific opening?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should the Winawer and Advance variations be separate primary entries?", "How should chess references be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming variations and obscure gambits; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a French defence, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain the French Defence and its main variations, relay strategic ideas, typical plans and theory from chess references, describe its history and notable practitioners, and distinguish the French from other semi-open defences and from unrelated meanings of French defence.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: French Defence, Réti Gambit, Diemer–Duhm Gambit, Baurle Gambit, French Defence, Classical Variation, Winawer Variation, Ticulat Gambit, Alapin Gambit, French Defence, Tarrasch Variation, Carlson Gambit, Orthoschnapp Gambit, French Defence, Exchange Variant, French Defence, Advance Variation.", "15 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 48 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a French defence, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "French Defence, Réti Gambit", "Diemer–Duhm Gambit", "Baurle Gambit", "French Defence, Classical Variation", "Winawer Variation", "Ticulat Gambit", "Alapin Gambit", "French Defence, Tarrasch Variation", "Carlson Gambit", "Orthoschnapp Gambit", "French Defence, Exchange Variant", "French Defence, Advance Variation" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 48 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 15 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one French defence from another, and a French defence from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a French defence, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a French defence, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a French defence is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a French defence, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a French defence, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a French defence is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a French defence sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a French defence, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a French defence, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a French defence is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a French defence from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a French defence, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a French defence, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a French defence is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a French defence passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a French defence between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a French defence, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a French defence, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a French defence is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a French defence, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a French defence is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a French defence, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a French defence, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a French defence is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What French defence is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of French defence are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is French defence operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of French defence and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of French defence?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as French defence?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a French defence came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a French defence and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a French defence, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a French defence, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a French defence is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a French defence is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a French defence, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a French defence, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a French defence is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }