{ "model": { "rank": 6246, "code": "thing-q190156", "model_id": "vr.tr.carotene", "name": "carotene", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to identify carotene material, assess its composition and condition, and select handling or use actions supported by evidence for that material.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q190156/", "tier": 2, "score": 61, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "δ-carotene", "phytoene", "lycopaoctaene" ], "aliasCount": 3, "merged": 3, "knownIn": 61, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.carotene", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q190156", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190156", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T13:23:33Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.00395896, "turns": 1, "seconds": 56.7, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 87.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c08-8095-7f13-ad31-4fe2d8e4b7a0\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: carotene\nRegistry id: vr.tr.carotene\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Vercy" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q190156", "registryId": "vr.tr.carotene", "name": "carotene", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q190156/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.carotene", "name": "carotene", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to identify carotene material, assess its composition and condition, and select handling or use actions supported by evidence for that material.", "definition": "Carotene is a class of C40 tetraterpenoid hydrocarbon carotenoids (typically C40H56) that are fat-soluble plant pigments and dietary provitamin A precursors, distinguished from oxygenated xanthophylls by the absence of oxygen in the hydrocarbon skeleton.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the identity, composition, physical presentation, condition and use-relevant properties of material recorded under vr.tr.carotene in PHY / PHY.MAT; because the registry supplies no definition, whether the entry denotes the chemical class or a narrower commercial meaning remains unresolved.", "in_scope": [ "Declared carotene identity, molecular structure and confidence in identification", "Individual carotene species, geometric isomers and unresolved mixtures", "Carotene amount, analytical basis and non-carotene constituents", "Physical presentation and relation to a carrier or host matrix", "Condition changes during storage, sampling and processing", "Evidence supporting material handling and application suitability" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Whole plants, foods or organisms containing carotene", "Complete supplement, cosmetic or food formulation models", "Human nutritional status, dosing and clinical treatment decisions", "Xanthophylls and retinoids as independently modelled substances", "Manufacturing equipment and complete extraction processes", "Legal authorization of a finished product" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Establish a carotenoid structure containing only carbon and hydrogen to distinguish carotenes from oxygenated carotenoids; elemental composition alone is insufficient. [IUPAC carotenes](https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/C00857/plain)", "Resolve molecular connectivity before assigning a species: alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene share C40H56, so molecular formula alone cannot distinguish them. [Alpha-carotene](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Alpha-Carotene), [Beta-carotene](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Beta-Carotene), [Lycopene](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lycopene)", "Require analytical evidence for carotene identity rather than accepting yellow-orange appearance, botanical origin or a product name as identification.", "Separate a measured carotene constituent from its extract, carrier or formulation; a carotene-containing preparation is not automatically pure carotene.", "Check whether an assay identifies individual carotene species or reports a broader pigment total before treating its result as carotene content." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identity resolution", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "unspecified carotene; identified species; resolved mixture; unresolved mixture", "why_it_matters": "Controls which species-specific properties and decisions may be applied." }, { "name": "Structural identity", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Structure identifier and chemical reference, including stereochemistry where established", "why_it_matters": "Prevents names and shared molecular formulas from collapsing distinct substances." }, { "name": "Geometric-isomer profile", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Fraction or percentage by named isomer, with mass, molar or detector-area basis", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes composition differences that a single carotene name conceals." }, { "name": "Carotene content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mg/kg, mg/L or mass fraction, with named analytes and sample basis", "why_it_matters": "Supports quantity calculations without confusing preparation mass with carotene mass." }, { "name": "Non-carotene composition", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass fractions or concentrations of identified carriers, other pigments, residues and unknowns", "why_it_matters": "Explains dilution, interference and application constraints." }, { "name": "Material presentation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "isolated solid; solution; suspension; emulsion; encapsulated preparation; native matrix; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Determines how carotene can be sampled, transferred and incorporated." }, { "name": "Matrix association", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Linked carrier or host material and documented mode of incorporation", "why_it_matters": "Separates intrinsic identity from matrix-dependent behaviour." }, { "name": "Optical response", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Absorbance spectrum versus wavelength in nm, with solvent, concentration and path length", "why_it_matters": "Provides comparable pigment evidence without treating colour alone as identification." }, { "name": "Exposure history", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Temperature in °C, duration, light conditions and oxygen conditions where known", "why_it_matters": "Allows condition changes to be evaluated against documented storage and processing." }, { "name": "Composition retention", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Percentage of baseline named carotene content retained over a stated interval", "why_it_matters": "Makes stability judgments traceable to a baseline and comparable methods." }, { "name": "Application qualification", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "unassessed; supported for stated conditions; conditional; unsupported; failed stated criteria", "why_it_matters": "Ties permission to use the material to a particular application and evidence." } ], "affordances": [ "Request identity testing that resolves the carotene species or mixture relevant to the intended use.", "Calculate carotene quantity from measured content and preparation amount using an explicit analyte basis.", "Select sampling and extraction procedures demonstrated to recover carotene from the recorded matrix.", "Set handling conditions from material-specific stability evidence and track subsequent exposure.", "Compare pre-process and post-process composition to assess retention and isomer changes.", "Qualify, hold or reject material against documented application criteria." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "iupac-iubmb-carotenoid-nomenclature", "title": "IUPAC-IUB Nomenclature of Carotenoids", "url": "https://iupac.qmul.ac.uk/carot/", "what_it_supports": "Defines carotenoids as a class, distinguishes carotenes (hydrocarbons) from xanthophylls (oxygenated), and names the principal carotene isomers.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "who-vitamins-minerals", "title": "Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition, 2nd ed.", "url": "https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241546123", "what_it_supports": "Dietary role of provitamin A carotenoids, conversion of beta-carotene to retinol, and public-health use of carotene as a vitamin A source.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "codex-gsfa-carotene", "title": "Codex General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA) - colour additives including beta-carotene", "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/", "what_it_supports": "Regulatory identity of beta-carotene as a food colour (INS 160a) and permitted food-additive uses.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "efsa-beta-carotene", "title": "Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of mixed carotenes (E 160a (i)) and beta-carotene (E 160a (ii)) as a food additive", "url": "https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2593", "what_it_supports": "EU additive specifications, typical intake, and safety/hazard findings for mixed carotenes and synthetic beta-carotene.", "url_status": "blocked" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "carotene-identity", "name": "Carotene identity", "description": "Establish what the carotene designation identifies in this material.", "rationale": "The registry name does not establish a molecular species, mixture or commercial preparation.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-boundary", "name": "Chemical boundary", "description": "Separate chemical membership from informal pigment naming.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-claim", "name": "Identity claim", "description": "Record the claimed carotene identity and evidence distinguishing it from other pigments.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does carotene here denote a chemical class, a named species or a commercial mixture?", "kind": "definition", "id": "identity-claim-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence establishes a hydrocarbon carotenoid structure rather than an oxygenated carotenoid or unrelated colourant?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "identity-claim-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "species-and-isomers", "name": "Species and isomers", "description": "Resolve distinctions hidden by the unspecific carotene label.", "findings": [ { "id": "resolved-composition", "name": "Resolved composition", "description": "Record identified molecular species and geometric isomers without assigning unresolved signals by assumption.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which carotene species and geometric isomers have been distinguished, and which remain unresolved?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "resolved-composition-q01" }, { "text": "Which reference structures, standards and analytical observations support those assignments?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "resolved-composition-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "carotene-content", "name": "Carotene content", "description": "Determine how much identified carotene is present and what the measurement represents.", "rationale": "Total pigment, detector response and preparation mass cannot be substituted for measured carotene amount.", "layers": [ { "id": "analyte-accounting", "name": "Analyte accounting", "description": "Define the constituents and denominator included in a carotene result.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-basis", "name": "Content basis", "description": "Record individual or summed carotene content with explicit units and sample basis.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which named species and isomers are included in the reported carotene total?", "kind": "definition", "id": "content-basis-q01" }, { "text": "What is their content on an as-received, dry-mass or solution-volume basis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "content-basis-q02" }, { "text": "Are other carotenoids or unresolved pigment signals included in the reported result?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "content-basis-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "assay-interpretability", "name": "Assay interpretability", "description": "Establish whether analytical results support the required distinction and quantity.", "findings": [ { "id": "carotene-assay-evidence", "name": "Carotene assay evidence", "description": "Record separation, calibration and recovery evidence for the actual material matrix.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the method separate the relevant carotene species and isomers from interfering constituents?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "carotene-assay-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which calibration standards, response factors and extraction-recovery checks support quantification?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "carotene-assay-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "What uncertainty and detection limits constrain comparison with the intended content requirement?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "carotene-assay-evidence-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "carotene-presentation", "name": "Carotene presentation", "description": "Describe how carotene is physically held and accessed in the supplied material.", "rationale": "An isolated pigment, oil preparation and encapsulated material require different sampling and incorporation decisions.", "layers": [ { "id": "carrier-and-phase", "name": "Carrier and phase", "description": "Identify the preparation surrounding the carotene constituent.", "findings": [ { "id": "physical-incorporation", "name": "Physical incorporation", "description": "Record whether carotene is dissolved, dispersed, encapsulated or retained in a native matrix.", "questions": [ { "text": "In what physical form and carrier is the carotene present at the stated temperature?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "physical-incorporation-q01" }, { "text": "Which parts of the material belong to the carrier or formulation rather than carotene itself?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "physical-incorporation-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "sampling-and-release", "name": "Sampling and release", "description": "Assess access to a representative carotene portion.", "findings": [ { "id": "representative-carotene-recovery", "name": "Representative carotene recovery", "description": "Record how distribution and matrix release affect sampling or transfer.", "questions": [ { "text": "Do settling, crystallization or uneven distribution make the sampled carotene concentration unrepresentative?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "representative-carotene-recovery-q01" }, { "text": "What mixing, dissolution or extraction procedure has demonstrated adequate recovery without materially changing the measured profile?", "kind": "action", "id": "representative-carotene-recovery-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "carotene-condition", "name": "Carotene condition", "description": "Assess changes in carotene amount and composition relative to a documented baseline.", "rationale": "A retained product name or visible colour does not establish that the original carotene composition remains intact.", "layers": [ { "id": "exposure-and-protection", "name": "Exposure and protection", "description": "Connect condition assessment to storage and processing history.", "findings": [ { "id": "stability-context", "name": "Stability context", "description": "Record relevant exposures and the evidence supporting protective conditions for this preparation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What temperature, light and oxygen conditions occurred during storage, opening, sampling and processing?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "stability-context-q01" }, { "text": "Which packaging and handling conditions are supported by stability data for this carotene composition and matrix?", "kind": "action", "id": "stability-context-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-change", "name": "Composition change", "description": "Distinguish measured retention, isomer redistribution and newly detected constituents.", "findings": [ { "id": "change-from-baseline", "name": "Change from baseline", "description": "Record evidence of change without using colour loss or one assay result as a complete diagnosis.", "questions": [ { "text": "How have named carotene content and isomer fractions changed relative to the baseline under comparable analytical conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "change-from-baseline-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes degradation or isomer redistribution from dilution, sampling error or incomplete extraction?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "change-from-baseline-q02" }, { "text": "Which observed changes trigger retesting, restricted use or rejection under the applicable material specification?", "kind": "action", "id": "change-from-baseline-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "carotene-use-fitness", "name": "Carotene use fitness", "description": "Connect measured carotene properties to a defined technical purpose.", "rationale": "Identity and content alone do not establish pigment performance, process compatibility or support for a functional claim.", "layers": [ { "id": "pigment-and-process-performance", "name": "Pigment and process performance", "description": "Assess optical behaviour and incorporation in the intended application.", "findings": [ { "id": "application-performance", "name": "Application performance", "description": "Record performance under the intended matrix, concentration and processing conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What spectrum or colour measurement characterizes this preparation at the intended concentration and in the intended matrix?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "application-performance-q01" }, { "text": "What trial establishes adequate distribution and carotene retention through the proposed process?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "application-performance-q02" }, { "text": "Which addition, mixing and exposure conditions are supported by that trial?", "kind": "action", "id": "application-performance-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "functional-claim-boundaries", "name": "Functional claim boundaries", "description": "Keep material evidence distinct from nutritional or biological conclusions.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-specific-qualification", "name": "Claim-specific qualification", "description": "Attach any proposed functional interpretation to identified constituents, a defined endpoint and supporting evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "If provitamin A or antioxidant function is claimed, which identified constituent and defined endpoint does the evidence address?", "kind": "definition", "id": "claim-specific-qualification-q01" }, { "text": "Does the evidence concern this preparation and use context, or require an unverified extrapolation?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "claim-specific-qualification-q02" }, { "text": "Which decisions require a linked nutrition, toxicology or finished-product model before this material can be qualified?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "claim-specific-qualification-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "beta-carotene", "alpha-carotene", "gamma-carotene", "delta-carotene", "epsilon-carotene", "lycopene", "zeta-carotene", "phytoene" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of carotene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q101497", "note": "carotene (class)" }, { "scheme": "ChEBI", "value_or_pattern": "CHEBI:23042", "note": "carotene" }, { "scheme": "INS / Codex food additive", "value_or_pattern": "160a", "note": "carotenes (beta-carotene and mixed carotenes as colours)" }, { "scheme": "E number (EU)", "value_or_pattern": "E 160a", "note": "mixed carotenes E 160a(i); beta-carotene E 160a(ii)" }, { "scheme": "CAS", "value_or_pattern": "7235-40-7", "note": "beta-carotene specifically; other isomers have distinct CAS numbers" }, { "scheme": "InChIKey (beta-carotene)", "value_or_pattern": "OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N", "note": "all-trans-beta-carotene" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of carotene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature - Nomenclature of Carotenoids (rules for carotene vs xanthophyll and isomer names)", "Codex Alimentarius / FAO-WHO - GSFA: INS 160a carotenes as food colours", "European Union - Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 and Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012: E 160a mixed carotenes and beta-carotene specifications", "JECFA (FAO/WHO) - specifications and ADI for beta-carotene and mixed carotenes", "US FDA - 21 CFR: beta-carotene as color additive (exempt from certification) and nutrient", "EFSA ANS Panel (2012) - re-evaluation of mixed carotenes (E 160a(i)) and beta-carotene (E 160a(ii))" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of carotene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Provitamin A in the diet: orange/yellow vegetables and fruits (carrot, sweet potato, pumpkin) and dark leafy greens, converted in the gut/liver to retinal/retinol", "Food colour (INS/E 160a): colouring fats, oils, margarine, cheese, beverages, and confectionery orange-yellow", "Feed additive for poultry and aquaculture to pigment egg yolk, broiler skin, and salmonid flesh", "Nutritional supplement and fortificant as a vitamin A source, including high-dose capsules and oil suspensions", "Industrial isolation from palm oil, Dunaliella salina, Blakeslea trispora, or chemical synthesis (Wittig) of all-trans-beta-carotene", "Analytical marker of vegetable oil authenticity and of fruit/vegetable processing (HPLC of alpha/beta-carotene)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of carotene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Molecular formula / mass (typical carotene hydrocarbon)", "typical_range": "C40H56; ~536.87", "unit": "g mol^-1" }, { "quantity": "Dietary beta-carotene intake (adults, mixed diets)", "typical_range": "1-5", "unit": "mg day^-1" }, { "quantity": "Retinol activity equivalent conversion (dietary beta-carotene)", "typical_range": "12 µg beta-carotene = 1", "unit": "µg RAE" }, { "quantity": "Visible absorption maximum (all-trans-beta-carotene in hexane/petroleum ether)", "typical_range": "450-453 (with shoulders ~425 and ~478)", "unit": "nm" }, { "quantity": "Food-additive use level (typical colouring)", "typical_range": "2-50", "unit": "mg kg^-1 food" }, { "quantity": "Plasma beta-carotene (fasting, unsupplemented adults)", "typical_range": "0.2-1.0", "unit": "µmol L^-1" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of carotene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Oxidative and photo-degradation: conjugated polyene chain bleaches, isomerizes (trans to cis), and loses colour/provitamin A activity in light, heat, oxygen, and acid", "High-dose supplemental beta-carotene increased lung-cancer incidence in smokers and asbestos-exposed workers (ATBC, CARET trials); food sources do not show this effect", "Hypercarotenemia / carotenodermia: reversible orange skin from very high intake, without true vitamin A toxicity (carotene conversion is feedback-regulated)", "Poor bioavailability from raw plant matrices unless fat is co-consumed and the matrix is cooked or pureed", "Allergen and specification issues in mixed natural carotenes (palm, algal, fungal) vs synthetic all-trans-beta-carotene" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of carotene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "EU labels mixed carotenes and beta-carotene as E 160a(i)/(ii); US uses 'beta-carotene' as a color additive name without an E-number", "Palm-oil-derived mixed carotenes (high alpha + beta) are a major commercial source in Southeast Asia; synthetic and Blakeslea/Dunaliella sources dominate elsewhere", "Dietary vitamin A policy: some countries rely on carotene-rich staples (orange-fleshed sweet potato, red palm oil) rather than preformed retinol fortification", "Japanese and some Asian food-additive lists treat carotene/carotenoid colours under different numbering and natural-colour categories than Codex INS" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of carotene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "xanthophylls (lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, astaxanthin)", "difference": "Carotenes are hydrocarbons (no oxygen); xanthophylls contain oxygen (hydroxy, keto, epoxy). HPLC plus MS or the partition test (epiphasic carotenes vs hypophasic xanthophylls in petroleum ether/aqueous methanol) separates them." }, { "name": "retinol / preformed vitamin A", "difference": "Retinol is a C20 retinoid with an alcohol; carotene is a C40 hydrocarbon. Only some carotenes (those with at least one unsubstituted beta-ionone ring) are provitamin A; retinol is already vitamin A. Distinct UV-Vis and HPLC retention." }, { "name": "lycopene", "difference": "Lycopene is an acyclic carotene (no ionone rings) and is not a provitamin A; beta-carotene is bicyclic. Lycopene is red (lambda_max ~470-473 nm in hexane) vs beta-carotene orange (~450 nm)." }, { "name": "carotenoids (umbrella class)", "difference": "Carotene is the hydrocarbon subclass of carotenoids; 'carotenoid' also includes xanthophylls and apo-carotenoids. Do not treat the class name as a synonym for beta-carotene." }, { "name": "annatto / bixin / norbixin (E 160b)", "difference": "Annatto colours are apo-carotenoids from Bixa orellana, not C40 carotenes; they have different INS numbers, spectra, and solubility (norbixin is water-soluble as a salt)." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of carotene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does vr.tr.carotene represent all hydrocarbon carotenoids, selected conventionally named carotenes, or a commercial carotene ingredient, and how should that scope relate to any separately registered lycopene entry?", "Does an existing Vercy world model already own this concept and require this registry entry to link to it?", "Which analytical methods and reference standards adequately resolve the carotene species and geometric isomers required by the intended applications?", "What material-specific stability data justify storage limits, retest intervals and acceptable composition changes?", "Which intended applications determine impurity limits, performance thresholds and the evidence needed for functional claims?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 33 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a carotene, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to identify carotene material, assess its composition and condition, and select handling or use actions supported by evidence for that material.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: δ-carotene, phytoene, lycopaoctaene.", "3 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 61 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a carotene, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "δ-carotene", "phytoene", "lycopaoctaene" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 61 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 3 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one carotene from another, and a carotene from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a carotene sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a carotene from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a carotene is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a carotene is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a carotene is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a carotene is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a carotene is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a carotene is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a carotene passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a carotene between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a carotene, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a carotene is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a carotene and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a carotene is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a carotene performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a carotene.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a carotene at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a carotene there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What carotene is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name carotene unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of carotene exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How carotene behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of carotene, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is carotene incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How carotene can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is carotene classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover carotene, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a carotene came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a carotene and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a carotene is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a carotene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a carotene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a carotene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }