{ "model": { "rank": 4880, "code": "thing-q190527", "model_id": "vr.tr.alum", "name": "alum", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify material registered as alum, assess its composition and condition, and determine its suitability for a specified use.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q190527/", "tier": 2, "score": 71, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "potassium aluminium sulfate dodecahydrate", "potassium aluminium sulfate", "sodium aluminium sulfate", "ammonium aluminium sulfate", "ferric ammonium sulfate" ], "aliasCount": 5, "merged": 5, "knownIn": 71, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.alum-artifact", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q190527", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190527", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T21:11:45Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 22, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08802-2066-7320-ac00-442cd6657017\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: alum\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.MAT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 registered", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 70.1, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08802-206d-7f00-b6f3-c5e212ab0a5e\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: alum\nRegistry id: vr.tr.alum\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext for th" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q190527", "registryId": "vr.tr.alum", "name": "alum", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q190527/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.alum", "name": "alum", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify material registered as alum, assess its composition and condition, and determine its suitability for a specified use.", "definition": "Alum denotes a family of hydrated double sulfates, typically with formula M⁺M³⁺(SO₄)₂·12H₂O, and commonly means potassium aluminium sulfate dodecahydrate, KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O.", "scope_statement": "This model owns vr.tr.alum in PHY / PHY.MAT as a provisionally scoped alum material entry, requiring explicit chemical species and hydration state rather than assuming every material labelled alum is potassium alum; the registry's intended species-versus-family boundary remains unresolved.", "in_scope": [ "Chemical interpretation of the name alum, including constituent ions and hydration state", "Species-specific identifiers and evidence connecting them to the material", "Grade, assay basis, impurities and batch variability", "Solid condition, dissolution behaviour and aqueous preparation properties", "Suitability, handling constraints and regulatory identity for a specified application" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Finished deodorant blocks, styptic products and other formulations containing alum", "Design and operation of water-treatment or textile-dyeing processes", "Manufacturing equipment and complete alum production workflows", "Clinical efficacy and treatment decisions", "Geological deposits and mineral extraction systems" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Determine the constituent cations and sulfate stoichiometry instead of identifying alum from its trade name or appearance.", "Distinguish potassium alum from other declared alum species by identifying the counterion.", "Distinguish hydrated material from anhydrous or dehydrated material before assigning identifiers or comparing mass-based assays.", "Check whether a product labelled alum contains a double sulfate, aluminium sulfate alone, or a formulation requiring a neighbouring material model.", "Require compositional evidence to distinguish an alum substance from a product containing alum." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Resolved alum species", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Declared chemical name, constituent ions and formula; unresolved permitted", "why_it_matters": "The word alum alone cannot establish which material properties and restrictions apply." }, { "name": "Hydration state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Moles of water per formula unit; measured, declared or unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Hydration affects formula mass, assay interpretation and thermal behaviour." }, { "name": "Chemical identifier mapping", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "CAS number, PubChem CID and EC number linked to a specific species and hydration state", "why_it_matters": "Prevents records for different chemical forms from being combined." }, { "name": "Assay and reporting basis", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% by mass as named hydrate, anhydrous salt, aluminium or another explicitly defined basis", "why_it_matters": "Numerically similar assays may represent different amounts of usable material." }, { "name": "Grade and conformity", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Supplier grade plus named specification, edition and conformity evidence", "why_it_matters": "A grade label must be connected to actual acceptance criteria." }, { "name": "Impurity profile", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mg/kg or % by mass for specified analytes, with method and detection limits", "why_it_matters": "Trace constituents and insoluble matter may control application suitability." }, { "name": "Physical presentation", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Crystals, powder, dehydrated material or identified aqueous preparation; particle size in µm or mm where relevant", "why_it_matters": "Presentation affects sampling, dissolution and handling." }, { "name": "Aqueous concentration and pH", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "g/L or mol/L on a declared basis; pH at specified concentration and temperature", "why_it_matters": "Solution measurements cannot be interpreted without preparation conditions." }, { "name": "Solubility", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "g solute per 100 g water at stated °C, with species and hydrate basis", "why_it_matters": "Supports preparation decisions and interpretation of residual solids." }, { "name": "Thermal transitions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "°C with method, pressure and event assignment: melting, dehydration or decomposition", "why_it_matters": "A reported thermal event must not automatically be treated as a melting or boiling point." }, { "name": "Applicable hazard and exposure record", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Species-specific SDS, jurisdiction, revision, GHS classification and applicable exposure limits with units", "why_it_matters": "Handling decisions require evidence applicable to the actual material." } ], "affordances": [ "Resolve an alum label to a supported chemical identity or flag it as ambiguous.", "Compare batches after normalising assay and hydration bases.", "Select material against application-specific purity and grade requirements.", "Calculate preparation quantities using verified composition and concentration basis.", "Investigate caking, incomplete dissolution or changed hydration before releasing material for use.", "Retrieve handling and disposal requirements tied to the identified species and jurisdiction." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "alum-identity-boundaries", "name": "Alum identity and naming boundaries", "description": "Resolve what the registry name and each supplied material actually denote.", "rationale": "An unresolved alum name can attach the wrong formula, identifiers or use constraints to a material.", "layers": [ { "id": "registry-sense", "name": "Registry sense", "description": "Establish the intended chemical breadth of this entry.", "findings": [ { "id": "species-or-family", "name": "Species or family", "description": "Treat potassium alum as a candidate interpretation, not a settled registry definition. PubChem describes potassium alum as potassium aluminium sulfate, predominantly in dodecahydrate form. [PubChem potassium alum](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/potassium%20aluminum%20sulfate)", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the originating registry record identify potassium alum specifically or a broader alum class?", "kind": "definition", "id": "species-or-family-q01" }, { "text": "Which upstream identifier or source establishes that intended meaning?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "species-or-family-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-name-resolution", "name": "Material name resolution", "description": "Connect labels to chemical evidence and neighbouring entries.", "findings": [ { "id": "label-to-composition", "name": "Label-to-composition match", "description": "Require a supported species assignment before treating a commercial alum label as chemically precise.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cations, sulfate ratio and hydration state are supported by the label, certificate or analysis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "label-to-composition-q01" }, { "text": "Does this material belong here, or is it aluminium sulfate or an alum-containing formulation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "label-to-composition-q02" }, { "text": "Does an existing world model already own the resolved concept?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "label-to-composition-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-hydration-assay", "name": "Composition, hydration and assay", "description": "Establish what a measured quantity of alum contains.", "rationale": "Hydrate water and differing assay conventions can make nominally comparable quantities chemically unequal.", "layers": [ { "id": "hydrate-accounting", "name": "Hydrate accounting", "description": "Connect chemical formula, water content and identifier selection.", "findings": [ { "id": "verified-hydrate-form", "name": "Verified hydrate form", "description": "Record the actual hydrate explicitly; PubChem maintains a separate record for aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate. [PubChem dodecahydrate](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Aluminum%20potassium%20sulfate%20dodecahydrate)", "questions": [ { "text": "What hydration state is declared, and what measurement supports it?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "verified-hydrate-form-q01" }, { "text": "Do the assigned CAS, EC and PubChem identifiers describe that same chemical form?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "verified-hydrate-form-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "assay-comparability", "name": "Assay comparability", "description": "Make purity and dose calculations interpretable.", "findings": [ { "id": "declared-assay-basis", "name": "Declared assay basis", "description": "Keep analytical result, calculation basis and uncertainty together.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the assay expressed as hydrated salt, dried salt, aluminium content or another basis?", "kind": "definition", "id": "declared-assay-basis-q01" }, { "text": "Which analytical method, sample conditioning and uncertainty accompany the result?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "declared-assay-basis-q02" }, { "text": "What conversion is justified before comparing this batch with another alum grade?", "kind": "action", "id": "declared-assay-basis-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "alum-grade-impurities", "name": "Alum grade and impurities", "description": "Determine whether the batch meets the compositional requirements of its intended use.", "rationale": "Chemical identity alone does not establish acceptable impurity levels or grade conformity.", "layers": [ { "id": "grade-evidence", "name": "Grade evidence", "description": "Translate supplier grade claims into inspectable requirements.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification-conformity", "name": "Specification conformity", "description": "Associate a grade with its named specification and batch-specific evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which specification and edition define this alum grade?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "specification-conformity-q01" }, { "text": "Which required tests have passing results for the supplied batch?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "specification-conformity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "impurity-discrimination", "name": "Impurity discrimination", "description": "Identify constituents that affect the proposed use.", "findings": [ { "id": "use-limiting-constituents", "name": "Use-limiting constituents", "description": "Record relevant trace elements, residual salts and insoluble matter without assuming a universal impurity specification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which impurities and insoluble residues must be measured for this application?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "use-limiting-constituents-q01" }, { "text": "Are the analytical detection limits low enough to demonstrate compliance with the selected specification?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "use-limiting-constituents-q02" }, { "text": "Should missing or failing impurity results prevent release for the proposed use?", "kind": "action", "id": "use-limiting-constituents-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "alum-physical-aqueous-state", "name": "Physical and aqueous state", "description": "Describe alum as received and after preparation in water.", "rationale": "Crystal condition, hydration history and preparation conditions affect whether a batch behaves as expected.", "layers": [ { "id": "solid-condition", "name": "Solid condition", "description": "Track observations and changes affecting solid alum.", "findings": [ { "id": "storage-thermal-history", "name": "Storage and thermal history", "description": "Interpret caking, water content and thermal events using the identified chemical form.", "questions": [ { "text": "What particle size, caking, moisture and appearance changes are observed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "storage-thermal-history-q01" }, { "text": "What storage or heating history could have changed the material's hydration state?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "storage-thermal-history-q02" }, { "text": "Does each reported thermal constant represent melting, dehydration or decomposition, and is a boiling point meaningful?", "kind": "definition", "id": "storage-thermal-history-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aqueous-preparation", "name": "Aqueous preparation", "description": "Describe the conditions under which alum is dissolved and evaluated.", "findings": [ { "id": "solution-condition-evidence", "name": "Solution condition evidence", "description": "Tie dissolution, pH and residual solids to an explicit preparation protocol.", "questions": [ { "text": "What concentration basis, water composition and temperature define the preparation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "solution-condition-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What pH, dissolution time and residual solids are measured under those conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "solution-condition-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "Does incomplete dissolution require dilution, additional characterisation or batch rejection?", "kind": "action", "id": "solution-condition-evidence-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "alum-use-handling-constraints", "name": "Use and handling constraints", "description": "Connect identified alum material to justified application and handling decisions.", "rationale": "A familiar substance name does not establish suitability, permission or handling requirements for a particular use.", "layers": [ { "id": "application-qualification", "name": "Application qualification", "description": "Assess the material requirements of a proposed role.", "findings": [ { "id": "role-specific-acceptance", "name": "Role-specific acceptance", "description": "Evaluate proposed roles such as mordant, treatment reagent or formulation ingredient against evidence for the actual species and grade.", "questions": [ { "text": "What chemical role is proposed, and which species, grade and impurity limits does it require?", "kind": "definition", "id": "role-specific-acceptance-q01" }, { "text": "What application test supports acceptance of this batch?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "role-specific-acceptance-q02" }, { "text": "Which performance or formulation decisions belong to the neighbouring process or product model?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "role-specific-acceptance-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-regulatory-fit", "name": "Hazard and regulatory fit", "description": "Resolve handling and legal requirements for the actual material and context.", "findings": [ { "id": "applicable-material-requirements", "name": "Applicable material requirements", "description": "Require current, attributable requirements instead of transferring classifications between alum species or products.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which current SDS and jurisdictional records match this species, hydration state and supplied form?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "applicable-material-requirements-q01" }, { "text": "What GHS classification and exposure limits apply, including units and averaging periods, and which are unestablished?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "applicable-material-requirements-q02" }, { "text": "What handling, storage and disposal actions follow for the intended quantity and use?", "kind": "action", "id": "applicable-material-requirements-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "No sense is recorded: confirm whether the registry means the alum family, potassium alum specifically, or commercial water-treatment alum.", "The identifier and molar mass supplied here apply specifically to potassium alum dodecahydrate.", "Verify grade-specific purity requirements, hazard classifications, permitted uses, and thermal or solubility data for the exact compound and hydration state." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of alum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Potassium alum", "Ammonium alum", "Sodium alum", "Chrome alum (potassium chromium(III) sulfate dodecahydrate)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of alum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "7784-24-9", "note": "Identifies potassium aluminium sulfate dodecahydrate, not the entire alum family or its anhydrous counterpart." }, { "scheme": "Chemical formula", "value_or_pattern": "KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O", "note": "Formula of potassium alum; other alums substitute the monovalent or trivalent cation." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of alum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Potassium and ammonium alums are used as mordants in dyeing.", "Potassium alum is used in styptic and astringent products.", "Potassium alum is used for growing demonstration crystals.", "Aluminium-containing alums can serve as coagulants in water clarification.", "Chrome alum is used in leather tanning." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of alum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Molar mass of potassium alum dodecahydrate", "typical_range": "474.39", "unit": "g/mol" }, { "quantity": "Water of crystallization in the ideal alum formula", "typical_range": "12", "unit": "mol H₂O per mol of formula units" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of alum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Dust or solutions can irritate eyes, skin, or respiratory passages; effects depend on composition and concentration.", "Heating can remove water of crystallization and change the material's phase and properties.", "Incorrect coagulant dosing can alter water pH and leave undesirable residual aluminium.", "Industrial material may contain impurities that make it unsuitable for food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical applications.", "Hazard information for aluminium alums cannot be transferred directly to chromium-containing alums." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of alum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "In water-treatment trade usage, 'alum' often means aluminium sulfate rather than a double sulfate; a supplier's formula and specification establish the identity." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of alum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Aluminium sulfate", "difference": "Al₂(SO₄)₃ lacks the additional monovalent cation required by the conventional alum double-sulfate formula, although it is commercially called alum." }, { "name": "Alumina", "difference": "Alumina is aluminium oxide, Al₂O₃, rather than a hydrated sulfate salt." }, { "name": "Aluminium hydroxide", "difference": "Al(OH)₃ is a hydroxide rather than an alum; vaccine-adjuvant usage of 'alum' may encompass aluminium hydroxide or phosphate preparations." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of alum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does vr.tr.alum denote potassium alum specifically, aluminium-containing alums, or the broader structural family of alum salts?", "Does an existing world model already cover the intended concept, requiring this registry entry to link to it?", "How should commercial uses of alum for aluminium sulfate and dehydrated products be mapped without silently widening this entry?", "Which species-specific identifiers, thermophysical measurements and grade specifications should be adopted as authoritative?", "Which intended applications and jurisdictions determine the relevant impurity limits, hazard classifications and use restrictions?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 35 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a alum, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify material registered as alum, assess its composition and condition, and determine its suitability for a specified use.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: potassium aluminium sulfate dodecahydrate, potassium aluminium sulfate, sodium aluminium sulfate, ammonium aluminium sulfate, ferric ammonium sulfate.", "5 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 71 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a alum, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "potassium aluminium sulfate dodecahydrate", "potassium aluminium sulfate", "sodium aluminium sulfate", "ammonium aluminium sulfate", "ferric ammonium sulfate" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 71 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 5 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one alum from another, and a alum from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a alum sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a alum from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a alum is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a alum is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a alum is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a alum is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a alum is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a alum is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a alum passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a alum between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a alum, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a alum is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What alum is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does alum perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise alum, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How alum is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does alum have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does alum need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about alum is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about alum hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern alum, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a alum came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a alum and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a alum is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a alum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a alum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a alum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }