{ "model": { "rank": 7373, "code": "thing-q191072", "model_id": "vr.tr.cadastre", "name": "cadastre", "purpose": "Let an agent explain cadastres, relay functions, types, history and modern systems from land administration and legal sources, describe the named registers, and distinguish cadastres from land registers of title where separate, deeds registration, maps without legal status and census records.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.KNW", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q191072/", "tier": 2, "score": 55, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "land register", "Torrens title", "kenchichō", "Ōtabumi", "land registration", "water cadastre", "road cadastre", "catasto", "forest cadastre", "Catastro of Ensenada", "tahrir", "fish scale map register", "Geotope register", "Geotope register in Saxony", "Geotope register in Bavaria" ], "aliasCount": 15, "merged": 15, "knownIn": 55, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q191072", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191072", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T23:00:42Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q191072", "registryId": "vr.tr.cadastre", "name": "cadastre", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.KNW" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q191072/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.cadastre", "name": "cadastre", "purpose": "Let an agent explain cadastres, relay functions, types, history and modern systems from land administration and legal sources, describe the named registers, and distinguish cadastres from land registers of title where separate, deeds registration, maps without legal status and census records.", "definition": "An official register of land parcels recording their location, boundaries, area, ownership or rights and sometimes value, used for taxation, land administration and securing property rights, often linked to a land register that records legal title, such as systems based on the Torrens title developed in South Australia in 1858, where registration itself confers title; historical examples the registry aliases name include Japanese land surveys and registers such as the kenchicho, land survey books from Toyotomi Hideyoshi s surveys, and otabumi, provincial land registers of medieval Japan, and specialised registers such as water cadastres recording water rights. Modern cadastres are increasingly digital and linked to geographic information systems.", "what_it_is_for": "Recording land parcels and rights.", "affordances": [ "explain functions and types", "relay history", "describe named registers", "relay modern digital systems" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Parcel-based", "Official record", "Tax and title functions", "Increasingly digital" ], "appearance": "Maps and registers of parcels, today often in online GIS portals.", "visual_identification": [ "Official register of land parcels", "Land register, Torrens title, kenchicho, otabumi, land registration, water cadastre", "Title registers record legal ownership; deeds registration records documents; ordinary maps lack legal status; censuses count people" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "Torrens title introduced", "typical_range": "1858", "unit": "year", "note": "South Australia" }, { "quantity": "Napoleonic cadastre", "typical_range": "from 1807", "unit": "note", "note": "France" }, { "quantity": "Taiko kenchi surveys", "typical_range": "1582-1598", "unit": "years", "note": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "fiscal cadastres", "legal cadastres and title registers", "multipurpose cadastres", "historical land surveys", "water and mining cadastres" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "register", "why": "in registry terms, and property record" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "land registration", "why": "" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "Torrens title", "why": "system" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "deed", "why": "" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model", "National cadastral and land registration laws", "FIG Cadastre 2014 principles" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Giving legal advice on property disputes", "Outdated or inaccurate records", "Land grabbing where rights are unregistered" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What a cadastre is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is a cadastre, and how does it differ from title registers, deeds registration, ordinary maps and censuses?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question general, or about a property dispute, which needs a lawyer or land registry?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "registers", "name": "Registers", "description": "Named registers.", "findings": [ { "id": "registers-finding", "name": "Registers", "description": "Registers.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are land registers, Torrens title, kenchicho, otabumi, land registration and water cadastres?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific register?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "systems", "name": "Systems", "description": "Systems.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "torrens", "name": "Torrens", "description": "Torrens title.", "findings": [ { "id": "torrens-finding", "name": "Torrens", "description": "Torrens.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does the Torrens system make registration confer title?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "ladm", "name": "LADM", "description": "Land Administration Domain Model.", "findings": [ { "id": "ladm-finding", "name": "LADM", "description": "LADM.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does ISO 19152 standardise for land administration?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "rationale": "Sources.", "layers": [ { "id": "europe", "name": "Europe", "description": "European cadastres.", "findings": [ { "id": "europe-finding", "name": "Europe", "description": "Europe.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did the Napoleonic and Habsburg cadastres shape European land records?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits Napoleonic cadastre?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "japan", "name": "Japan", "description": "Japanese land surveys.", "findings": [ { "id": "japan-finding", "name": "Japan", "description": "Japan.", "questions": [ { "text": "What were Hideyoshi s land surveys and medieval otabumi registers?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits Taiko kenchi?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Development.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "rights", "name": "Land rights", "description": "Land rights.", "findings": [ { "id": "rights-finding", "name": "Land rights", "description": "Land rights.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do development agencies and researchers argue about land titling and tenure security, with positions attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral and attributed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "digital", "name": "Digital", "description": "Digital cadastres.", "findings": [ { "id": "digital-finding", "name": "Digital", "description": "Digital.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are cadastres digitised and linked to GIS?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits geographic information system?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should kenchicho and otabumi be moved to Japanese history entries?", "Should water cadastre be a separate entry?", "How should national cadastral portals be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "discipline or field of knowledge", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a cadastre, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain cadastres, relay functions, types, history and modern systems from land administration and legal sources, describe the named registers, and distinguish cadastres from land registers of title where separate, deeds registration, maps without legal status and census records.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: land register, Torrens title, kenchichō, Ōtabumi, land registration, water cadastre, road cadastre, catasto, forest cadastre, Catastro of Ensenada, tahrir, fish scale map register.", "15 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 55 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a cadastre, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says" ], "howItIsRecognised": [], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "land register", "Torrens title", "kenchichō", "Ōtabumi", "land registration", "water cadastre", "road cadastre", "catasto", "forest cadastre", "Catastro of Ensenada", "tahrir", "fish scale map register" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 55 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 15 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one cadastre from another, and a cadastre from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a cadastre, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a cadastre, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a cadastre is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a cadastre, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a cadastre, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a cadastre is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a cadastre sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a cadastre, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a cadastre, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a cadastre is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a cadastre from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a cadastre, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a cadastre, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a cadastre is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a cadastre passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a cadastre between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a cadastre, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a cadastre, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a cadastre is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a cadastre, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a cadastre is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a cadastre, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a cadastre, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a cadastre is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a cadastre says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a cadastre contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a cadastre, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a cadastre, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a cadastre is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a cadastre and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a cadastre, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a cadastre, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a cadastre is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "subject-and-method", "name": "Subject matter and method", "description": "What cadastre studies and how it establishes anything.", "rationale": "A field is identified by its questions and its methods, and those are what distinguish it from the fields next to it.", "layers": [ { "id": "subject", "name": "Subject matter", "description": "The questions it takes as its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "subject-record", "name": "Questions and objects of study", "description": "What it is about, stated so a neighbouring field can be told apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "subject-record-q01", "text": "What questions and objects does cadastre take as its own?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "subject-record-q02", "text": "Which questions does it share with a neighbouring field, and who claims them?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "method", "name": "Method and evidence", "description": "How claims are established and what counts as evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-record", "name": "Methods and standards of evidence", "description": "The methods used and what they are taken to establish.", "questions": [ { "id": "method-record-q01", "text": "By what methods does cadastre establish claims, and what counts as sufficient evidence?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "method-record-q02", "text": "What kind of claim can this field not settle, and where should an agent look instead?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "institutions-and-classification", "name": "Institutions and classification", "description": "Where cadastre is practised and how catalogues place it.", "rationale": "The institutional footprint is the evidence that a field exists as a field rather than as a topic.", "layers": [ { "id": "institutions", "name": "Institutional markers", "description": "Societies, journals, degrees and departments.", "findings": [ { "id": "institution-record", "name": "Bodies and venues", "description": "Where the field organises itself.", "questions": [ { "id": "institution-record-q01", "text": "Which societies, journals or degrees mark cadastre as an established field?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "institution-record-q02", "text": "What would show that it is emerging or dissolving rather than established?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification", "name": "Classification schemes", "description": "Where library and research classifications put it.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-record", "name": "Codes and their disagreements", "description": "The classification codes that place it, and where they differ.", "questions": [ { "id": "classification-record-q01", "text": "Which classification schemes place cadastre, under what codes?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classification-record-q02", "text": "Where do those schemes disagree about its scope?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a cadastre came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a cadastre and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a cadastre, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a cadastre, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a cadastre is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a cadastre is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a cadastre, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a cadastre, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a cadastre is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }