{ "model": { "rank": 6265, "code": "thing-q191494", "model_id": "vr.tr.digraph", "name": "digraph", "purpose": "Let an agent explain digraphs and how they work, relay examples across scripts and their treatment in orthography and collation from linguistic sources, describe the specific forms the registry aliases name, and distinguish digraphs from ligatures, diphthongs, double letters that represent two sounds and trigraphs.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q191494/", "tier": 2, "score": 61, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "double letter", "ٸ", "Latin-script digraph", "Cyrillic digraphs", "Ու/ու", "ٵ", "ٷ" ], "aliasCount": 7, "merged": 8, "knownIn": 61, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q191494", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191494", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T14:42:13Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q191494", "registryId": "vr.tr.digraph", "name": "digraph", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q191494/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.digraph", "name": "digraph", "purpose": "Let an agent explain digraphs and how they work, relay examples across scripts and their treatment in orthography and collation from linguistic sources, describe the specific forms the registry aliases name, and distinguish digraphs from ligatures, diphthongs, double letters that represent two sounds and trigraphs.", "definition": "A pair of letters used together to represent a single sound or phoneme, as in English sh, th and ch, Latin-script digraphs in many languages, Cyrillic digraphs, the Armenian ou digraph, Arabic-script digraph forms and double letters such as ll and ss; digraphs are a kind of multigraph and are treated in some alphabets as single letters for collation.", "what_it_is_for": "Representing sounds with two letters.", "affordances": [ "explain the concept", "relay examples across scripts", "describe orthographic treatment", "distinguish related concepts" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Two letters one sound", "Script-specific", "Collation treatment", "Historical origins" ], "appearance": "Two letters written together.", "visual_identification": [ "Two letters for one sound", "sh, th, ch, ll; Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian and Arabic-script digraphs", "Ligatures join glyphs; diphthongs are vowel sounds; trigraphs use three letters" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "English consonant digraphs", "typical_range": "sh, th, ch, ph, wh, ng", "unit": "list", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "Spanish ch and ll", "typical_range": "letters until 2010", "unit": "note", "note": "RAE" }, { "quantity": "Armenian ou", "typical_range": "digraph for u", "unit": "note", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "Latin-script digraphs in English, Spanish, Welsh and others", "Cyrillic digraphs", "Armenian and Georgian digraphs", "Arabic-script digraph forms", "double letters as digraphs", "digraphs in romanisation systems" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "multigraph", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "ordered pair", "why": "in registry terms, of letters" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "ligature", "why": "which joins glyphs" }, { "relation": "is exemplified by", "target": "sh", "why": "in English" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Orthographic rules of language academies", "Unicode handling of digraphs and collation standards" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing digraphs with diphthongs or ligatures", "Inconsistent collation across languages", "Registry aliases including specific glyphs" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What a digraph is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is a digraph, and how does it differ from a ligature, a diphthong, a double letter for two sounds and a trigraph?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about the concept, a script, a language or collation?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "examples", "name": "Examples", "description": "Examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "examples-finding", "name": "Examples", "description": "Examples.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are common Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian and Arabic-script digraphs and double letters?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific script?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "orthography", "name": "Orthography", "description": "Orthography.", "rationale": "Sources.", "layers": [ { "id": "rules", "name": "Rules", "description": "Rules.", "findings": [ { "id": "rules-finding", "name": "Rules", "description": "Rules.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do orthographies define digraphs, and how do academies treat them as letters?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "collation", "name": "Collation", "description": "Collation and computing.", "findings": [ { "id": "collation-finding", "name": "Collation", "description": "Collation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are digraphs sorted and encoded, and what problems arise in computing?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "rationale": "Sources.", "layers": [ { "id": "origins", "name": "Origins", "description": "Origins.", "findings": [ { "id": "origins-finding", "name": "Origins", "description": "Origins.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did digraphs arise to represent sounds lacking letters, from Latin borrowings to Slavic scripts?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of the alphabet?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reforms", "name": "Reforms", "description": "Reforms.", "findings": [ { "id": "reforms-finding", "name": "Reforms", "description": "Reforms.", "questions": [ { "text": "How have spelling reforms added or removed digraphs?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits spelling reform?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Teaching and romanisation.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "teaching", "name": "Teaching", "description": "Teaching.", "findings": [ { "id": "teaching-finding", "name": "Teaching", "description": "Teaching.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are digraphs taught in literacy and phonics?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits phonics?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "romanisation", "name": "Romanisation", "description": "Romanisation.", "findings": [ { "id": "romanisation-finding", "name": "Romanisation", "description": "Romanisation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do romanisation systems use digraphs for non-Latin sounds?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits romanization?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should Latin-script digraph and Cyrillic digraph be separate primary entries?", "How should linguistic sources be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming specific glyphs; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a digraph, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain digraphs and how they work, relay examples across scripts and their treatment in orthography and collation from linguistic sources, describe the specific forms the registry aliases name, and distinguish digraphs from ligatures, diphthongs, double letters that represent two sounds and trigraphs.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: double letter, ٸ, Latin-script digraph, Cyrillic digraphs, Ու/ու, ٵ, ٷ.", "8 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 61 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a digraph, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "double letter", "ٸ", "Latin-script digraph", "Cyrillic digraphs", "Ու/ու", "ٵ", "ٷ" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 61 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 8 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one digraph from another, and a digraph from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a digraph, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a digraph, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a digraph is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a digraph, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a digraph, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a digraph is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a digraph sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a digraph, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a digraph, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a digraph is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a digraph from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a digraph, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a digraph, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a digraph is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a digraph passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a digraph between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a digraph, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a digraph, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a digraph is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a digraph, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a digraph is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a digraph, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a digraph, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a digraph is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What digraph is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of digraph are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is digraph operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of digraph and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of digraph?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as digraph?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a digraph came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a digraph and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a digraph, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a digraph, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a digraph is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a digraph is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a digraph, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a digraph, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a digraph is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }