{ "model": { "rank": 5849, "code": "thing-q192190", "model_id": "vr.tr.ilex-aquifolium", "name": "Ilex aquifolium", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise Ilex aquifolium, assess a living specimen's condition and reproductive role, and choose evidence-supported care, propagation, retention or control actions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.LIV", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q192190/", "tier": 2, "score": 64, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "holly tree" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 64, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q192190", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192190", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T09:42:30Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01382814, "turns": 1, "seconds": 168.4, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 115, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b3a-6cda-77d0-a00e-b44f9a778dde\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Ilex aquifolium\nRegistry id: vr.tr.ilex-aquifolium\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.LIV\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q192190", "registryId": "vr.tr.ilex-aquifolium", "name": "Ilex aquifolium", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.LIV" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q192190/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.ilex-aquifolium", "name": "Ilex aquifolium", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise Ilex aquifolium, assess a living specimen's condition and reproductive role, and choose evidence-supported care, propagation, retention or control actions.", "definition": "Ilex aquifolium L. is a dioecious evergreen shrub or small tree in Aquifoliaceae, native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia, with alternate glossy leaves that are typically spinose-margined (often becoming entire high in the crown), tetramerous white axillary flowers, and globose red (rarely yellow) drupes borne only on pistillate plants.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the recognition and assessment of living Ilex aquifolium specimens under vr.tr.ilex-aquifolium in PHY / PHY.LIV, including constituent organs, cultivar evidence and relationships to nearby plants and habitat; it records uncertain identifications without admitting other species or hybrids as confirmed members.", "in_scope": [ "Species identification, cultivar provenance and unresolved hybrid identity.", "Specimen boundaries across trunks, basal shoots and connected rooted growth.", "Evergreen foliage, crown development, root-zone conditions and observed damage.", "Flower sex, flowering overlap, fruit production and regeneration.", "Local ecological role, spread evidence and constraints on specimen management." ], "out_of_scope": [ "Independent models of other Ilex species and interspecific hybrids.", "Whole woodland, hedgerow or garden design and ecosystem assessment.", "Full biological models of pollinators, seed dispersers, pests and pathogens.", "Detached decorative products, processed timber and their supply chains.", "Medical treatment of ingestion and jurisdiction-wide legal or pesticide rules." ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Inspect several shoots for alternate, leathery leaves with glossy upper surfaces and usually wavy, spiny margins; smooth upper-crown leaves do not exclude this species. [Identification account](https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/ilex_aquifolium.htm)", "Against Alchornea ilicifolia, inspect mature fruit: typical Ilex aquifolium fruit is rounded and red, whereas Alchornea fruit becomes brown and three-lobed. [Comparison key](https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/ilex_aquifolium.htm)", "Against Podolobium ilicifolium, check alternate rather than opposite leaves and small pale flowers rather than yellow pea-shaped flowers. [Comparison key](https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/ilex_aquifolium.htm)", "Against Lomatia ilicifolia, check small axillary flowers and fleshy fruit rather than long flower clusters and larger fruits that split open. [Comparison key](https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/ilex_aquifolium.htm)", "For cultivated hollies, require a botanical determination or traceable accession alongside appearance; colour alone is insufficient because Ilex aquifolium includes variegated foliage and yellow- or orange-fruited cultivars. [RHS holly guide](https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/hollies/how-to-grow-hollies)" ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identity determination", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "confirmed Ilex aquifolium | provisional | unresolved Ilex | excluded; evidence and determination date", "why_it_matters": "Prevents species-specific decisions from resting on a common name or a single spiny leaf." }, { "name": "Cultivar and origin", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Cultivar or accession reference; supplier or collection locality; unknown permitted", "why_it_matters": "Connects unusual appearance and reproductive expectations to evidence." }, { "name": "Stem connectivity", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Separate seedling | shared base | root-connected shoot | rooted branch | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Defines what is counted and what must be revisited after intervention." }, { "name": "Leaf variation", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Blade length and width in mm; marginal spine count per leaf; sample size and crown position", "why_it_matters": "Makes identification repeatable without treating one leaf form as universal." }, { "name": "Growth form", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Seedling | shrub | single-stem tree | multi-stem tree | clipped hedge component", "why_it_matters": "Sets the context for crown assessment and maintenance." }, { "name": "Crown dimensions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Height and two crown diameters in m; dated method", "why_it_matters": "Supports clearance decisions and comparison of growth or crown loss." }, { "name": "Observed floral function", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Pollen-bearing | ovule-bearing | apparently mixed | indeterminate | not examined", "why_it_matters": "Separates direct floral evidence from assumptions based on missing fruit." }, { "name": "Seasonal reproductive stage", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "No reproductive structures observed | buds | open flowers | immature fruit | ripe fruit | fruit depleted; date and locality", "why_it_matters": "Supports locally timed pollination, harvesting and spread monitoring." }, { "name": "Fruit abundance", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Fruit count per defined branch sample or estimated whole-crown count; method and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Tracks ornamental output, wildlife resources and potential seed release." }, { "name": "Root-zone moisture", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Dry | moist | saturated | unknown; depth, date and duration", "why_it_matters": "Helps evaluate site stress before attributing decline to a pest or pathogen." }, { "name": "Foliage and crown damage", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Percentage of sampled leaves affected and percentage crown dieback; symptom description", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes limited cosmetic injury from progressive decline." }, { "name": "Local establishment status", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Planted | spontaneous | uncertain origin; native or introduced status recorded separately with geographic evidence", "why_it_matters": "Supports context-dependent retention or containment decisions." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify and document a specimen, retaining uncertainty or referring ambiguous cultivated material for determination.", "Monitor foliage, crown growth, root-zone conditions and symptom progression to select care or diagnostic investigation.", "Assess flowering and fruiting evidence before selecting a pollination partner or investigating poor fruit production.", "Select seed or cutting propagation with recorded parentage, intended outcome and local suitability.", "Plan pruning or decorative foliage collection around specimen condition, wildlife occupancy and access constraints.", "Map seedlings and connected shoots, choose locally justified retention or control, and verify the outcome." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "linnaeus-1753", "title": "Species Plantarum, Ilex aquifolium, p. 125. Laurentius Salvius (Linnaeus, 1753)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Original publication of the accepted binomial and the starting point for the name Ilex aquifolium L." }, { "id": "powo-kew", "title": "Plants of the World Online: Ilex aquifolium L. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Accepted taxonomy, native range (Europe, NW Africa, SW Asia), and distinction from allied Macaronesian Ilex." }, { "id": "stace-flora", "title": "New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press (Stace)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "British status as a native evergreen, dioecy, heterophylly (spiny vs entire leaves), and field separation from planted relatives." }, { "id": "rhs-aquifolium", "title": "Ilex aquifolium horticultural plant profile. Royal Horticultural Society", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Cultivar groups actually grown (variegated, ferox, yellow-fruited, fastigiate, 'J.C. van Tol'), garden use, and hardiness." }, { "id": "iucn-ilex", "title": "Ilex aquifolium. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Global conservation assessment as Least Concern and the native distribution used in the definition." }, { "id": "eppo-ileaq", "title": "EPPO Global Database: Ilex aquifolium (ILEAQ). European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization", "url": "https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ILEAQ", "what_it_supports": "Standard plant-protection code and identity of the taxon in trade and phytosanitary lists.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "usda-ilaq80", "title": "PLANTS Database: Ilex aquifolium L. (ILAQ80). USDA NRCS", "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ILAQ80", "what_it_supports": "North American introduced status and the USDA plants symbol.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wa-noxious-holly", "title": "English holly (Ilex aquifolium) noxious-weed listing. Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Class C listing and the Pacific Northwest invasive use of escaped English holly." }, { "id": "bartschv", "title": "Bundesartenschutzverordnung (BArtSchV), specially protected plants. German Federal Government / Bundesamt für Naturschutz", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Legal special protection of wild Ilex aquifolium in Germany and restriction of wild collection." }, { "id": "wikidata-q185227", "title": "Ilex aquifolium (Q185227). Wikidata", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185227", "what_it_supports": "Stable crosswalk among taxonomic identifiers for this species.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "holly-identity", "name": "Holly identity", "description": "Establish whether the observed plant belongs to this registry entry.", "rationale": "Spiny evergreen foliage is suggestive but insufficient for distinguishing holly lookalikes and cultivated material.", "layers": [ { "id": "diagnostic-observations", "name": "Diagnostic observations", "description": "Preserve the combination of characters supporting identification.", "findings": [ { "id": "whole-shoot-evidence", "name": "Whole-shoot evidence", "description": "Record leaves in position and available reproductive structures, including characters that contradict the proposed identification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Do multiple shoots show the expected leaf arrangement, texture and variable marginal spines?", "kind": "definition", "id": "whole-shoot-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which flowers or mature fruits distinguish this specimen from the locally plausible lookalikes?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "whole-shoot-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "Which dated photographs, specimen or botanical determination supports the identification?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "whole-shoot-evidence-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "cultivar-and-taxon-boundary", "name": "Cultivar and taxon boundary", "description": "Separate documented variation within the species from uncertain horticultural identity.", "findings": [ { "id": "cultivated-identity-evidence", "name": "Cultivated identity evidence", "description": "Keep cultivar attribution and species determination separately supported rather than allowing a nursery name to settle both.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the cultivar attribution traceable to a supplier, accession or authenticated parent plant?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "cultivated-identity-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Does the evidence establish Ilex aquifolium or leave another Ilex species or hybrid unresolved?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "cultivated-identity-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "holly-body-and-condition", "name": "Holly body and condition", "description": "Describe the living specimen's extent and distinguish foliage variation from deterioration.", "rationale": "Connected growth complicates counting, while variable leaf armature complicates visual assessments.", "layers": [ { "id": "connected-growth", "name": "Connected growth", "description": "Determine whether nearby stems belong to one connected plant or separate recruits.", "findings": [ { "id": "rooted-unit-boundary", "name": "Rooted unit boundary", "description": "Holly can spread through suckering and rooted branches; record observed connections without assuming genetic identity from proximity. [Species account](https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/ilex_aquifolium.htm)", "questions": [ { "text": "Which stems share a visible base, root connection or rooted branch, and which remain unresolved?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "rooted-unit-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "What area and number of stems must a subsequent inspection or intervention cover?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "rooted-unit-boundary-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "foliage-and-decline", "name": "Foliage and decline", "description": "Assess damage against the specimen's previous foliage and growth.", "findings": [ { "id": "symptoms-before-diagnosis", "name": "Symptoms before diagnosis", "description": "Record symptom distribution before assigning a cause; reported problems include holly leaf miner, scale insects, leaf blight and root rot. [RHS species profile](https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/9087/ilex-aquifolium/details)", "questions": [ { "text": "How much foliage shows mines, spots, discolouration or loss, and is crown dieback increasing?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "symptoms-before-diagnosis-q01" }, { "text": "What inspection or diagnostic result supports a proposed pest or disease rather than site stress?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "symptoms-before-diagnosis-q02" }, { "text": "Does the observed progression justify monitoring, root-zone investigation or specialist diagnosis?", "kind": "action", "id": "symptoms-before-diagnosis-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "holly-reproduction", "name": "Holly reproduction", "description": "Connect observed flowers, pollination opportunity and fruit production.", "rationale": "A fruitless holly cannot be classified as male or unhealthy from fruit absence alone.", "layers": [ { "id": "floral-function", "name": "Floral function", "description": "Determine reproductive role from observations and cultivar evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "sex-and-fertility-evidence", "name": "Sex and fertility evidence", "description": "Most hollies have separate male and female plants, but reported self-fertile cultivars require allowance for exceptions. Cultivar names do not reliably indicate sex. [RHS holly guide](https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/hollies)", "questions": [ { "text": "What floral structures establish pollen-bearing or ovule-bearing function on this specimen?", "kind": "definition", "id": "sex-and-fertility-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Is any claim of self-fertility supported for this authenticated cultivar?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "sex-and-fertility-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "pollination-and-fruit", "name": "Pollination and fruit", "description": "Assess reproductive outcomes using local seasonal observations.", "findings": [ { "id": "fruit-set-explanation", "name": "Fruit-set explanation", "description": "Record flowering overlap, fruit development and pruning history before choosing an explanation for poor fruiting.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which potential pollen donors flowered concurrently, and was insect visitation observed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "fruit-set-explanation-q01" }, { "text": "How did fruit abundance change between flowering, ripening and later inspections?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "fruit-set-explanation-q02" }, { "text": "Does the evidence support adding a pollen donor, changing pruning practice or observing another season?", "kind": "action", "id": "fruit-set-explanation-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "holly-site-and-ecology", "name": "Holly site and ecology", "description": "Relate specimen performance and regeneration to its actual location.", "rationale": "The same species may be valued habitat vegetation or an unwanted introduced recruit depending on place.", "layers": [ { "id": "root-zone-and-light", "name": "Root zone and light", "description": "Evaluate the growing conditions that can explain establishment or decline.", "findings": [ { "id": "site-fit-evidence", "name": "Site-fit evidence", "description": "Use drainage, moisture and light observations to assess care needs; RHS cultivation guidance favours well-drained conditions in sun or partial shade. [RHS species profile](https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/9087/ilex-aquifolium/details)", "questions": [ { "text": "What light exposure and root-zone moisture conditions occur during the period of poor growth?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "site-fit-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What local evidence supports watering, drainage improvement or relocation for this specimen?", "kind": "action", "id": "site-fit-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "wildlife-and-recruitment", "name": "Wildlife and recruitment", "description": "Assess wildlife use alongside establishment beyond the intended planting.", "findings": [ { "id": "habitat-use", "name": "Habitat use", "description": "Holly can provide nesting cover, floral resources and fruit for wildlife; record actual use before disturbing this specimen. [Woodland Trust account](https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/holly/)", "questions": [ { "text": "Which nests, sheltering animals, flower visitors or fruit consumers have been observed, and when?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "habitat-use-q01" }, { "text": "How should current occupancy affect the timing and extent of pruning or removal?", "kind": "action", "id": "habitat-use-q02" } ] }, { "id": "local-spread-assessment", "name": "Local spread assessment", "description": "Keep local native or introduced status separate from evidence that this particular planting is spreading.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which geographic authority establishes the species' status at this location?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "local-spread-assessment-q01" }, { "text": "How many spontaneous recruits occur beyond the planting, and are they increasing between surveys?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "local-spread-assessment-q02" }, { "text": "Does the local habitat objective justify retention, restricted propagation or containment?", "kind": "action", "id": "local-spread-assessment-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "holly-interventions", "name": "Holly interventions", "description": "Choose and verify actions involving the living plant and material taken from it.", "rationale": "Ornamental use, propagation and control require different outcomes and follow-up evidence.", "layers": [ { "id": "cultivation-and-collection", "name": "Cultivation and collection", "description": "Make propagation and cutting decisions explicit about their intended result.", "findings": [ { "id": "propagation-intent", "name": "Propagation intent", "description": "Distinguish species-level seed propagation from preserving a selected cultivar through vegetative propagation. [RHS growing guide](https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/hollies/how-to-grow-hollies)", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the intended result a seed-derived plant or preservation of an authenticated cultivar?", "kind": "definition", "id": "propagation-intent-q01" }, { "text": "Which parent specimen and propagation method will be recorded, and is introducing more holly appropriate here?", "kind": "action", "id": "propagation-intent-q02" } ] }, { "id": "cutting-and-material-use", "name": "Cutting and material use", "description": "Record the intended use of cut material and exposure controls; holly fruit is poisonous to humans. [Species account](https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/ilex_aquifolium.htm)", "questions": [ { "text": "Which branches can be taken while meeting the specimen's crown, screening and wildlife objectives?", "kind": "action", "id": "cutting-and-material-use-q01" }, { "text": "How will spiny foliage and fruit-bearing material be handled and placed to limit injury or ingestion?", "kind": "action", "id": "cutting-and-material-use-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "retention-or-control", "name": "Retention or control", "description": "Attach management decisions to authority, local objectives and measurable outcomes.", "findings": [ { "id": "intervention-and-follow-up", "name": "Intervention and follow-up", "description": "Record permission, treatment extent and subsequent live growth so an initial cut or removal attempt is not mistaken for a verified outcome.", "questions": [ { "text": "What ownership permission and applicable local restrictions govern the proposed pruning or removal?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "intervention-and-follow-up-q01" }, { "text": "Which locally supported method addresses the mapped stems and connected growth?", "kind": "action", "id": "intervention-and-follow-up-q02" }, { "text": "What follow-up observations will establish survival, regrowth or successful control?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "intervention-and-follow-up-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Wild-type spinose-leaved European holly (the woodland and hedgerow plant)", "Pistillate (berrying) clones grown for fruit display", "Staminate clones grown as pollenizers or for foliage only", "Silver- and gold-variegated leaf cultivars used in gardens and cut greenery", "Nearly spineless fruiting cultivars, typified by 'J.C. van Tol' (often partly self-fertile)", "Hedgehog hollies (f. ferox and cultivars), with spines on the leaf surface as well as the margin", "Yellow-fruited forms (f. bacciflava and named cultivars)", "Fastigiate or columnar cultivars (e.g. 'Pyramidalis') used as sentinels and tight screens" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Ilex aquifolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "scientific name", "value_or_pattern": "Ilex aquifolium L.", "note": "Family Aquifoliaceae; originally published in Species Plantarum (1753)." }, { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q185227", "note": "Item for the species European/English holly." }, { "scheme": "EPPO code", "value_or_pattern": "ILEAQ", "note": "Plant-protection and invasive-species databases." }, { "scheme": "USDA PLANTS symbol", "value_or_pattern": "ILAQ80", "note": "United States plants database; treated there as introduced." }, { "scheme": "NCBI Taxonomy", "value_or_pattern": "4299", "note": "NCBI taxon ID commonly used in sequence records for Ilex aquifolium." }, { "scheme": "ITIS TSN", "value_or_pattern": "27982", "note": "ITIS taxonomic serial number for Ilex aquifolium." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Ilex aquifolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Bundesartenschutzverordnung (BArtSchV): wild Ilex aquifolium is specially protected (besonders geschützt) in Germany; taking from the wild and commercial use of wild-taken material are restricted (German Federal Government / Bundesamt für Naturschutz).", "Washington State Noxious Weed List: English holly is a Class C noxious weed, so control is encouraged and may be required locally (Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board).", "EU/GB plant health: nursery Ilex moving in trade is subject to plant-passport rules under Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 and retained UK plant-health law (European Commission / national plant-health services).", "IUCN Red List: Ilex aquifolium is assessed Least Concern globally (IUCN)." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Ilex aquifolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Cut foliage and berries for Christmas wreaths, church greenery and winter decoration across Europe.", "Evergreen hedges, screens and specimen trees in gardens and parks, including many named cultivars.", "Native woodland understorey and hedgerow tree in Atlantic Europe, providing winter fruit for thrushes and related birds.", "Dense pale hardwood historically used for inlay, engraving blocks, tool handles, walking sticks and small turned objects.", "Escaped ornamental forming invasive thickets in the Pacific Northwest of North America and in some Australasian plantings.", "Wild-collected greenery in parts of continental Europe, now legally constrained in Germany because of past over-harvest." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Ilex aquifolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "mature height", "typical_range": "8-20 (rarely to ~25)", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "leaf lamina length", "typical_range": "5-12", "unit": "cm" }, { "quantity": "drupe diameter", "typical_range": "6-10", "unit": "mm" }, { "quantity": "pyrenes per drupe", "typical_range": "4", "unit": "count" }, { "quantity": "somatic chromosome number", "typical_range": "40", "unit": "2n" }, { "quantity": "cold hardiness (approximate)", "typical_range": "−15 to −20", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "age of large veteran trees", "typical_range": "100-300+", "unit": "years" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Ilex aquifolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Ripe drupes are poisonous to people (saponins and related constituents): nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, especially in children who eat the berries.", "Marginal and surface spines cause puncture wounds when handling greenery or pushing through thickets.", "Bird-dispersed seed establishes invasive understorey stands outside the native range, notably in the Pacific Northwest, shading out native ground flora.", "Dioecy: isolated pistillate plants set little or no fruit without a nearby staminate plant (except a few partly self-fertile cultivars).", "Holly leaf miner (Phytomyza ilicis) blotch-mines leaves and disfigures foliage used for decoration.", "Leaf blight and Phytophthora-associated dieback, plus scale and sooty mould, damage nursery and garden plants.", "Drought and heat stress at the drier or warmer edge of the range cause crown dieback." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Ilex aquifolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "English-speaking horticulture usually says English holly in North America and common or European holly in Britain and Ireland.", "In Germany and neighbouring states the plant is Stechpalme/Hülse and wild cutting is a legal issue; in Britain it is a familiar native not species-protected in the same way.", "Atlantic Europe treats it as a woodland native; Mediterranean occurrences are more local and often confined to humid sites.", "Pacific Northwest USA and British Columbia treat escaped plants as an invasive ornamental, not as a native holly.", "Macaronesia has endemic hollies (Ilex perado and allies) rather than typical I. aquifolium as the wild tree.", "Leaf spininess is environmentally and ontogenetically variable: shaded or high-crown leaves are often entire, which confuses identification by foliage alone." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Ilex aquifolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Ilex opaca (American holly)", "difference": "Leaves are typically duller, more yellowish-green and more densely spined; it is native to eastern North America, whereas I. aquifolium has high-gloss leaves and is the European species used in 'English holly' trade." }, { "name": "Ilex × altaclerensis (Highclere holly)", "difference": "A hybrid with Ilex perado; leaves are generally larger, flatter and less spiny than typical I. aquifolium. Check parentage/cultivar identity rather than treating it as pure aquifolium." }, { "name": "Osmanthus heterophyllus (false holly)", "difference": "Leaves are opposite (holly is alternate) and flowers are small, tubular and fragrant, not four-petalled Ilex flowers in axillary cymes." }, { "name": "Ilex cornuta (Chinese holly)", "difference": "Leaves are typically rectangular with a strong apical spine and prominent basal spines, not the ovate-elliptic European holly outline." }, { "name": "Ilex crenata (Japanese holly)", "difference": "Tiny crenate, essentially unarmed leaves, black fruit and a box-like habit; it is not a large spiny berried holly." }, { "name": "Quercus ilex (holm oak)", "difference": "Shares the epithet ilex but is an oak: look for acorns and clustered buds, not four-seeded drupes and Ilex flowers." }, { "name": "Ilex perado (Madeira holly and allies)", "difference": "Macaronesian species with larger, often weakly spined or entire leaves; it is the other parent of Highclere hollies, not the typical European woodland holly." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Ilex aquifolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which regional botanical keys provide reliable separation from Ilex opaca, Ilex cornuta and cultivated hybrids when flowers or fruit are unavailable?", "How should conflicting cultivar assignments and claims of self-fertility be resolved, particularly for material sold as 'Pyramidalis'?", "Which locality-specific flowering calendars and pollen-compatibility evidence are sufficient to recommend a pollination partner?", "What symptom severity and progression thresholds justify intervention rather than observation across different growing conditions?", "Which local conservation or invasive-species objectives, control methods and monitoring durations should govern retention or removal at the eventual deployment site?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 20, "questions": 37 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organism", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Ilex aquifolium, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise Ilex aquifolium, assess a living specimen's condition and reproductive role, and choose evidence-supported care, propagation, retention or control actions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "living", "origin": "natural", "agency": "autonomous", "mobility": "self-moving" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: holly tree.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Ilex aquifolium, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a living thing", "physicalCharacter": [ "Moves under its own power or of its own accord.", "Acts on its own behalf.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by diagnostic characters, and those differ by life stage - the young of many kinds are mistaken for other kinds entirely. A sighting is settled by characters, a photograph and a place, not by a name alone." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "holly tree" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Ilex aquifolium from another, and a Ilex aquifolium from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Ilex aquifolium sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Ilex aquifolium from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a Ilex aquifolium is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Anatomy, parts and life stage.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and life stages", "description": "The parts of a Ilex aquifolium and the stages it passes through.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a Ilex aquifolium is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a Ilex aquifolium is, how it got there and where it may go (self-moving).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a Ilex aquifolium is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a Ilex aquifolium moves on its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Ilex aquifolium passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Ilex aquifolium between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Ilex aquifolium, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Ilex aquifolium is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-placement", "name": "Taxonomic placement and identification", "description": "What Ilex aquifolium is called scientifically, by whose authority, and how a specimen is recognised.", "rationale": "Names change with revisions while the organism does not, so a name without its authority and date cannot be reconciled later.", "layers": [ { "id": "accepted-name", "name": "Accepted name and synonymy", "description": "The current binomial, its author and date, and the names it replaced.", "findings": [ { "id": "name-and-authority", "name": "Accepted name, authority and synonyms", "description": "What to record so a later revision can be applied without losing the old data.", "questions": [ { "id": "name-and-authority-q01", "text": "What is the accepted scientific name of Ilex aquifolium, with its author and year, and which synonyms does it absorb?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "name-and-authority-q02", "text": "Which taxonomic authority is being followed, and what would a competing authority say?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "field-identification", "name": "Field identification", "description": "The characters that separate Ilex aquifolium from what it is confused with.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters", "name": "Diagnostic characters and confusable kinds", "description": "Features that settle an identification, and those that only suggest it.", "questions": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q01", "text": "Which observable characters distinguish Ilex aquifolium from its closest look-alikes, and at which life stage are they visible?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q02", "text": "What evidence is enough to record an identification as confirmed rather than provisional?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "life-cycle-and-condition", "name": "Life stages, condition and behaviour", "description": "What Ilex aquifolium does over its life and how its state is judged.", "rationale": "Stage and condition change what may be done - handled, treated, harvested, left alone - and both are observations with a time.", "layers": [ { "id": "stages-and-reproduction", "name": "Stages and reproduction", "description": "Development from origin to death, including forms that look like different animals.", "findings": [ { "id": "life-stages", "name": "Life stages and their marks", "description": "The stages worth recording and what tells them apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "life-stages-q01", "text": "What stages does Ilex aquifolium pass through, and what observable change marks each transition?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "life-stages-q02", "text": "Which stages are so unlike the adult that they are mistaken for another kind?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "health-and-condition", "name": "Health and condition", "description": "How condition is assessed and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition assessment", "description": "Signs of health, injury and stress, and who is competent to judge them.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "How is the condition of Ilex aquifolium judged, on what scale, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "What condition obliges an agent to act, and what act is permitted to whom?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "range-and-status", "name": "Habitat, range and conservation status", "description": "Where Ilex aquifolium lives and how threatened it is.", "rationale": "Range and status govern what is lawful, and both are assessments with an assessor and a year rather than facts of nature.", "layers": [ { "id": "habitat-and-range", "name": "Habitat and range", "description": "Native range, introductions and the habitat it needs.", "findings": [ { "id": "range-record", "name": "Range, introductions and habitat", "description": "What to record about where it is found and how it got there.", "questions": [ { "id": "range-record-q01", "text": "What is the native range of Ilex aquifolium, where has it been introduced, and what habitat does it require?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "range-record-q02", "text": "What distinguishes a native record from an introduced or vagrant one?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-status", "name": "Protection and legal status", "description": "Conservation assessments and the rules that follow from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-and-rules", "name": "Conservation status and legal consequence", "description": "The assessment, its date, and what it forbids or requires where.", "questions": [ { "id": "status-and-rules-q01", "text": "What conservation status does Ilex aquifolium hold, under which assessment and year?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "status-and-rules-q02", "text": "What does that status forbid or require of an agent, and in which jurisdiction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Ilex aquifolium came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Ilex aquifolium and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Ilex aquifolium is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Ilex aquifolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Ilex aquifolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Ilex aquifolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }