{ "model": { "rank": 5497, "code": "thing-q193521", "model_id": "vr.tr.titanium-dioxide", "name": "titanium dioxide", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify titanium dioxide, assess the suitability and condition of a specified material grade, and determine what evidence is needed before its use or handling.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q193521/", "tier": 2, "score": 67, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "akaogiite" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 67, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q193521", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193521", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T22:29:30Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 22.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08849-72a8-7d13-88ff-81176f08dfd3\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: titanium dioxide\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.MAT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 100", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 60.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08849-72ab-7f50-aa57-9c6f01bee16a\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: titanium dioxide\nRegistry id: vr.tr.titanium-dioxide\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry:" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q193521", "registryId": "vr.tr.titanium-dioxide", "name": "titanium dioxide", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q193521/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.titanium-dioxide", "name": "titanium dioxide", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify titanium dioxide, assess the suitability and condition of a specified material grade, and determine what evidence is needed before its use or handling.", "definition": "Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is an inorganic titanium(IV) oxide whose crystalline forms include rutile, anatase and brookite, widely used as a white pigment and as a semiconductor material.", "scope_statement": "This model owns titanium dioxide as the registered chemical substance vr.tr.titanium-dioxide in PHY / PHY.MAT, including its crystalline forms, particle characteristics, purity, surface treatments and grade-dependent suitability; it distinguishes the substance from products containing it and processes producing it.", "in_scope": [ "Chemical identity, composition, purity and trace impurities", "Rutile, anatase, brookite and mixed or insufficiently characterised phase composition", "Particle size distribution, morphology, aggregation and surface treatment", "Measured optical, photocatalytic and thermal behaviour under specified conditions", "Grade, intended-use specifications, exposure characteristics and jurisdiction-specific status" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Complete formulations of paints, cosmetics, plastics, foods or other products containing titanium dioxide", "Design and operation of titanium dioxide manufacturing plants", "Titanium metal and other titanium compounds", "Geological deposits and mining operations supplying titanium-bearing ores", "Finished-product efficacy, environmental assessments or occupational exposure assessments beyond the contribution of the specified titanium dioxide material" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Establish TiO2 identity through composition and phase evidence; a titanium signal alone does not distinguish titanium dioxide from other titanium compounds.", "Identify crystalline phases through an appropriate method such as X-ray diffraction; the formula TiO2 alone does not distinguish rutile, anatase and brookite.", "Distinguish titanium dioxide material from a formulation containing it by identifying the matrix, TiO2 fraction and separately added constituents.", "Distinguish untreated TiO2 from coated or functionalised material by documenting surface composition separately from the TiO2 core.", "Distinguish grades using measured particle distributions, phase composition and surface treatment; a shared substance name does not establish functional interchangeability." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Substance identity and identifier mapping", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "TiO2; verified CAS, EC and PubChem identifiers with source and identity scope", "why_it_matters": "Connects records for the substance while preventing a supplier grade or formulation from being mistaken for the underlying chemical identity." }, { "name": "TiO2 content and impurities", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "TiO2 mass fraction in %; individual impurities in mg/kg; analytical method and dry or as-received basis", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether composition meets a grade specification and whether impurities constrain use." }, { "name": "Crystalline phase composition", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Rutile, anatase and brookite fractions in %; amorphous or unidentified fraction; method and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes materials whose behaviour cannot be inferred from chemical formula alone." }, { "name": "Particle size distribution", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "nm or µm; distribution basis, method, preparation and distinction between constituent particles, aggregates and agglomerates", "why_it_matters": "Supports evaluation of optical behaviour, dispersion, exposure and applicable particle-size definitions." }, { "name": "Specific surface area", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "m²/g with method, pretreatment and sample basis", "why_it_matters": "Helps interpret surface-dependent reactivity and differences between grades." }, { "name": "Surface treatment", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Untreated, inorganic coating, organic treatment, combined treatment or unknown; composition and loading where established", "why_it_matters": "Surface treatments affect compatibility and activity and must not be silently treated as pure TiO2." }, { "name": "Supply and dispersion state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Dry powder, wet cake, slurry or dispersion; carrier, solids fraction, moisture and agglomeration condition", "why_it_matters": "Determines which handling, sampling and processing actions are appropriate." }, { "name": "Optical performance", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Spectral reflectance, transmittance or scattering; refractive index; wavelength, medium, concentration and test geometry", "why_it_matters": "Tests suitability for pigment or UV-related functions under relevant conditions." }, { "name": "Photocatalytic response", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Method-defined reaction rate or conversion; illumination spectrum, irradiance, medium, substrate and controls", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes desired catalytic activity from activity that could impair a surrounding formulation." }, { "name": "Thermal behaviour", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Transition, melting or other observed event in °C or K; pressure, atmosphere, phase and method", "why_it_matters": "Supports processing decisions without treating a condition-dependent thermal value as universal." }, { "name": "Grade and use qualification", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Material lot linked to supplier specification, certificate of analysis, intended use and applicable qualification evidence", "why_it_matters": "Prevents chemical identity from being used as a substitute for application-specific suitability." }, { "name": "Hazard and regulatory applicability", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Material form linked to dated jurisdictional classification, exposure limits, restrictions and supporting records", "why_it_matters": "Makes handling and use decisions conditional on the actual material, exposure route and governing jurisdiction." } ], "affordances": [ "Resolve a supplier material or sample to titanium dioxide and flag ambiguous identity or composition.", "Compare grades for a stated pigment, UV-related or photocatalytic function using relevant measurements.", "Select identity, phase, particle and surface analyses needed to close evidence gaps.", "Assess whether a lot meets a specified composition and performance requirement.", "Identify handling and use constraints requiring current, form-specific evidence.", "Determine whether a proposed grade substitution needs formulation testing or renewed qualification." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "tio2-identity-and-composition", "name": "TiO2 identity and composition", "description": "Establishes what material is present and how its identity relates to the registered substance.", "rationale": "Titanium dioxide identity must remain distinct from titanium-bearing precursors, additives and finished formulations.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Connects the TiO2 designation to analytical evidence and verified identifiers.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-evidence", "name": "Identity evidence", "description": "Record the evidence supporting TiO2 identity and the scope of each identifier.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence establishes titanium dioxide rather than merely the presence of titanium?", "kind": "definition", "id": "identity-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which verified CAS, EC and PubChem records describe this substance, and which supplier identifiers describe only a grade or mixture?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "identity-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-material-boundary", "name": "Composition and material boundary", "description": "Separates TiO2 content from impurities, coatings and carrier materials.", "findings": [ { "id": "core-and-other-constituents", "name": "TiO2 and other constituents", "description": "Record a composition account that distinguishes the substance from the supplied material.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the measured TiO2 content and relevant impurity concentrations, and are they reported on a dry or as-received basis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "core-and-other-constituents-q01" }, { "text": "Which constituents are impurities, deliberate surface treatments or formulation ingredients, and where does the titanium dioxide record end?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "core-and-other-constituents-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "crystal-particle-and-surface", "name": "Crystal, particle and surface", "description": "Describes the physical form that differentiates titanium dioxide grades.", "rationale": "The TiO2 formula does not capture differences in crystalline phase, particle structure or treated surfaces.", "layers": [ { "id": "crystalline-phases", "name": "Crystalline phases", "description": "Records identified phases and the limits of phase characterisation.", "findings": [ { "id": "phase-composition", "name": "Phase composition", "description": "Require evidence for rutile, anatase, brookite and unassigned material.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which crystalline phases are detected, in what proportions, and by which analytical method?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "phase-composition-q01" }, { "text": "What detection limits or uncharacterised fractions prevent a claim that this material is a single TiO2 phase?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "phase-composition-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "particles-and-treated-surfaces", "name": "Particles and treated surfaces", "description": "Connects particle measurements and surface chemistry to the actual supplied grade.", "findings": [ { "id": "particle-and-surface-evidence", "name": "Particle and surface evidence", "description": "Record size, morphology, surface area and treatment without conflating different measurement targets.", "questions": [ { "text": "What particle size distribution and morphology were measured, and does the method resolve constituent particles, aggregates or agglomerates?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "particle-and-surface-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What surface treatments and specific surface area are established, and how were they measured?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "particle-and-surface-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "Does any claimed nanoscale designation follow a stated definition and suitable evidence rather than a product label alone?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "particle-and-surface-evidence-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "functional-and-processing-behaviour", "name": "Functional and processing behaviour", "description": "Links grade-specific behaviour to intended functions and operating conditions.", "rationale": "Pigment performance, light-driven activity and process compatibility require different evidence and cannot be inferred from TiO2 identity alone.", "layers": [ { "id": "optical-and-photocatalytic-performance", "name": "Optical and photocatalytic performance", "description": "Separates light scattering and attenuation from light-driven chemical activity.", "findings": [ { "id": "light-response-for-intended-use", "name": "Light response for intended use", "description": "Record performance under illumination and formulation conditions relevant to the proposed application.", "questions": [ { "text": "What optical measurements demonstrate the required opacity, colour or UV attenuation at the intended concentration and dispersion state?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "light-response-for-intended-use-q01" }, { "text": "Is photocatalytic activity desired or constrained, and what controlled assay establishes the grade's response?", "kind": "action", "id": "light-response-for-intended-use-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "dispersion-and-process-stability", "name": "Dispersion and process stability", "description": "Records how the supplied material behaves during storage, incorporation and thermal processing.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-dependent-processability", "name": "Condition-dependent processability", "description": "Connects physical condition and tested stability to permitted processing actions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence establishes dispersibility and acceptable agglomeration or settling in the intended medium?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "condition-dependent-processability-q01" }, { "text": "Which temperature, atmosphere, pH or illumination conditions change phase, coating integrity or required performance?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "condition-dependent-processability-q02" }, { "text": "What preparation or processing actions are supported for this grade by supplier instructions or validated trials?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-dependent-processability-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-exposure-and-use-qualification", "name": "Grade, exposure and use qualification", "description": "Relates a particular titanium dioxide material to evidence for handling and intended use.", "rationale": "Chemical sameness does not establish equivalent exposure behaviour, regulatory applicability or qualification across grades.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-specific-exposure", "name": "Form-specific exposure", "description": "Evaluates exposure-relevant properties of powders, slurries and dispersions.", "findings": [ { "id": "exposure-and-handling-evidence", "name": "Exposure and handling evidence", "description": "Record the material form and evidence needed to select appropriate controls.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which handling steps can generate airborne titanium dioxide, and what dustiness or exposure measurements describe those steps?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "exposure-and-handling-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which current hazard classifications and exposure limits apply to this form and jurisdiction, with what particle fraction, units and averaging period?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "exposure-and-handling-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "What handling and containment measures follow from the applicable safety data and task-specific exposure assessment?", "kind": "action", "id": "exposure-and-handling-evidence-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "lot-and-application-qualification", "name": "Lot and application qualification", "description": "Links grade claims and proposed uses to traceable, current evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "qualification-and-substitution", "name": "Qualification and substitution", "description": "Require the relevant lot, specification and application evidence before accepting a use or replacement.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which lot-specific results and specifications support the claimed grade and intended application?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "qualification-and-substitution-q01" }, { "text": "What dated jurisdictional evidence establishes whether this material may be used in the proposed product category and conditions?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "qualification-and-substitution-q02" }, { "text": "Which differences in phase, impurities, particle distribution or surface treatment require retesting before substituting this grade?", "kind": "action", "id": "qualification-and-substitution-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This is recalled knowledge; no sources were consulted.", "Check current jurisdiction-specific permissions, hazard classifications and occupational exposure limits before operational use.", "Specify crystal phase, particle-size distribution, purity and surface treatment before assigning performance or hazard data; numerical properties above are approximate." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of titanium dioxide this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Rutile", "Anatase", "Brookite", "Pigment-grade titanium dioxide", "Nanoscale titanium dioxide", "Surface-treated titanium dioxide" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of titanium dioxide this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "13463-67-7", "note": "General substance identifier; it does not specify crystal phase, particle size, purity or surface treatment." }, { "scheme": "EC number", "value_or_pattern": "236-675-5", "note": "European chemical inventory identifier for titanium dioxide." }, { "scheme": "Colour Index", "value_or_pattern": "C.I. Pigment White 6; C.I. 77891", "note": "Identifiers used for titanium dioxide as a colorant." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of titanium dioxide this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "White pigment and opacifier in paints, coatings, plastics, paper and inks.", "Ultraviolet-filtering ingredient in sunscreen formulations.", "Photocatalyst for oxidation reactions and self-cleaning surfaces.", "Component of ceramics and dielectric materials.", "Semiconductor in research and specialized devices, including dye-sensitized solar cells." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of titanium dioxide this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Molar mass", "typical_range": "79.87", "unit": "g/mol" }, { "quantity": "Crystal density near room temperature", "typical_range": "Approximately 3.9 for anatase and 4.2 for rutile; powder bulk density is lower and packing-dependent", "unit": "g/cm³" }, { "quantity": "Optical band gap", "typical_range": "Approximately 3.0 for rutile and 3.2 for anatase; defects and measurement method affect reported values", "unit": "eV" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of titanium dioxide this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Airborne respirable dust can create an inhalation exposure hazard; particle size and exposure conditions matter.", "Photocatalytically active particles can accelerate degradation of organic binders or adjacent materials under ultraviolet illumination.", "Particle agglomeration or poor dispersion can reduce opacity, alter rheology and impair coating uniformity.", "Heating can change crystal phase and promote sintering, altering surface area and functional performance.", "Impurities and surface treatments can affect suitability for sensitive applications; grades are not automatically interchangeable." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of titanium dioxide this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Requirements for food, cosmetic and sunscreen uses depend on jurisdiction, intended use and material grade; a substance identifier alone does not establish authorization." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of titanium dioxide this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Titanium", "difference": "Titanium is the metallic element Ti; titanium dioxide is its oxide with nominal composition TiO₂." }, { "name": "Titanium suboxides", "difference": "Suboxides have a lower oxygen-to-titanium ratio and different oxidation-state distributions and electronic properties." }, { "name": "Rutile", "difference": "Rutile is a particular TiO₂ crystal structure and mineral species; titanium dioxide also includes other crystal structures." }, { "name": "Titanium dioxide-containing paint", "difference": "Paint is a formulated mixture containing binders and other ingredients; titanium dioxide is one possible constituent." }, { "name": "Zinc oxide", "difference": "Zinc oxide has composition ZnO and contains zinc rather than titanium, despite overlapping pigment and ultraviolet-filter uses." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of titanium dioxide this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative identity records and existing Vercy publications should this entry reference to avoid duplicate substance models?", "Which grade families and analytical thresholds are needed to distinguish pigment, UV-related and photocatalytic materials without implying that these categories are mutually exclusive?", "Which thermal constants can be supported for specified TiO2 phases and conditions, and is a reported boiling point meaningful for the proposed use?", "What current jurisdiction-specific hazard classifications, exposure limits and application restrictions apply to each relevant material form?", "What minimum evidence establishes particle-size status, surface-treatment identity and acceptable grade substitution when supplier disclosures are incomplete?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a titanium dioxide, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify titanium dioxide, assess the suitability and condition of a specified material grade, and determine what evidence is needed before its use or handling.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: akaogiite.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 67 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a titanium dioxide, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "akaogiite" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 67 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one titanium dioxide from another, and a titanium dioxide from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a titanium dioxide sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a titanium dioxide from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a titanium dioxide is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a titanium dioxide is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a titanium dioxide is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a titanium dioxide is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a titanium dioxide is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a titanium dioxide is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a titanium dioxide passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a titanium dioxide between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a titanium dioxide, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a titanium dioxide is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a titanium dioxide and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a titanium dioxide is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a titanium dioxide performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a titanium dioxide.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a titanium dioxide at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a titanium dioxide there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What titanium dioxide is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name titanium dioxide unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of titanium dioxide exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How titanium dioxide behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of titanium dioxide, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is titanium dioxide incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How titanium dioxide can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is titanium dioxide classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover titanium dioxide, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a titanium dioxide came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a titanium dioxide and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a titanium dioxide is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a titanium dioxide, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a titanium dioxide, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a titanium dioxide is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }