{ "model": { "rank": 6782, "code": "thing-q193970", "model_id": "vr.tr.casein", "name": "casein", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify casein materials, assess their composition and physical state, and determine their suitability for a specified transformation or use.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q193970/", "tier": 2, "score": 58, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 58, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q193970", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193970", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T23:29:42Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 21.3, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08880-a44a-7260-871c-f68ec0b71849\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: casein\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 007: 1001 register", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 55.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08880-a451-72c3-90c4-17e2a2027797\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: casein\nRegistry id: vr.tr.casein\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext fo" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q193970", "registryId": "vr.tr.casein", "name": "casein", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q193970/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.casein", "name": "casein", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify casein materials, assess their composition and physical state, and determine their suitability for a specified transformation or use.", "definition": "Casein is a family of milk phosphoproteins that form colloidal micelles associated with calcium phosphate and constitute the principal protein fraction of bovine milk.", "scope_statement": "This model owns casein as a family of milk phosphoproteins and as a recovered protein material, including its fractions, aggregation state and processing history; it distinguishes native casein, acid casein and rennet casein while recording boundaries with caseinates and formulated products.", "in_scope": [ "Animal source and casein protein fractions represented in a material", "Native micellar, precipitated, dried and reconstituted states", "Acid or enzymatic recovery and subsequent treatment history", "Protein, moisture, mineral and residual milk-component composition", "Hydration, aggregation and application-relevant performance", "Lot condition, traceability and evidence supporting suitability for use" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Whole milk and complete dairy-food formulations", "Whey proteins as a separate protein family", "Caseinate salts as independently specified commercial materials", "Finished casein adhesives, coatings, plastics and other formulations", "Manufacturing equipment and plant operating procedures", "Individual allergy diagnosis and nutritional treatment plans" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Identify casein protein fractions rather than treating every milk-derived protein powder as casein.", "Distinguish acid precipitation from rennet-induced coagulation using process records and evidence of the resulting protein and mineral state.", "Establish whether the material retains native micellar organization; milk origin alone does not establish a micellar state.", "Check whether recovered casein has been neutralized into a named caseinate, requiring a boundary with the corresponding salt material.", "Separate casein protein identity from the identity of a food or industrial formulation that merely contains casein." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Biological source", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Source animal species, milk supply and supporting provenance record", "why_it_matters": "Source affects protein composition and the applicability of reference specifications." }, { "name": "Casein fraction profile", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass fraction of identified casein fractions; analytical method and reporting basis required", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes casein identity, fraction enrichment and changes caused by processing." }, { "name": "Recovery route", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Native micellar separation, acid precipitation, rennet coagulation, other documented route or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Recovery changes mineral association, protein state and subsequent functionality." }, { "name": "Physical and aggregation state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Micellar dispersion, wet coagulum, dried powder, hydrated dispersion or other characterized state", "why_it_matters": "Determines handling requirements and which performance measurements are meaningful." }, { "name": "Protein content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% by mass; as-received or dry basis, method and conversion factor specified", "why_it_matters": "Supports material comparison without confusing moisture differences with protein purity." }, { "name": "Moisture content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% by mass with analytical method", "why_it_matters": "Affects storage condition, dosing and interpretation of composition." }, { "name": "Mineral composition", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Ash, calcium and phosphorus in % by mass or mg/g, with reporting basis", "why_it_matters": "Helps characterize mineral retention and explain differences between recovered casein materials." }, { "name": "Dispersion pH", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "pH at stated solids concentration, temperature and preparation procedure", "why_it_matters": "Supports interpretation of charge-dependent aggregation and hydration behavior." }, { "name": "Hydration and dispersibility", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Hydration time, dispersed fraction or sediment fraction under a defined test", "why_it_matters": "Indicates whether a material can be incorporated into the intended process." }, { "name": "Residual milk components", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Lactose, fat and whey-protein content in % by mass with method and detection limits", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes casein-rich material from broader milk-protein ingredients and constrains use." }, { "name": "Intended-use grade", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Food, technical, laboratory or other documented grade; specification reference required", "why_it_matters": "Prevents suitability for one application from being assumed for another." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a sample as casein, a particular recovered casein form or a neighbouring material requiring another model.", "Compare lots using protein, moisture, mineral and residual-component measurements on compatible bases.", "Select and document hydration or dispersion trials for a stated application.", "Evaluate how acidification, enzymatic treatment or neutralization changes the material and its model boundary.", "Assess suitability for a food or technical formulation against explicit performance and quality requirements.", "Trace a lot and flag missing evidence, deterioration or specification failures before use." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "casein-identity-and-boundaries", "name": "Casein identity and boundaries", "description": "Establishes which casein proteins and material forms the record represents.", "rationale": "Casein denotes a protein family and several recovered materials, so a name alone cannot establish identity or equivalence.", "layers": [ { "id": "biological-and-protein-identity", "name": "Biological and protein identity", "description": "Connects animal source with the measured or documented casein fraction profile.", "findings": [ { "id": "source-and-fraction-evidence", "name": "Source and fraction evidence", "description": "Record species and casein fractions with evidence, distinguishing measurements from supplier declarations.", "questions": [ { "text": "From which animal species and milk source was this casein obtained?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "source-and-fraction-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which casein fractions are identified, and what method or documentation supports that identification?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "source-and-fraction-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "casein-material-boundary", "name": "Casein material boundary", "description": "Separates casein from caseinates, whey-protein materials and products containing casein.", "findings": [ { "id": "named-form-and-neighbours", "name": "Named form and neighbours", "description": "Record the actual material represented rather than deriving its identity solely from a commercial name.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this record describe native micellar casein, acid casein, rennet casein or another evidenced form?", "kind": "definition", "id": "named-form-and-neighbours-q01" }, { "text": "Has neutralization or formulation produced a caseinate or composite product that needs a neighbouring model?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "named-form-and-neighbours-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "recovery-and-composition", "name": "Recovery and composition", "description": "Records the processing history and composition that differentiate casein materials.", "rationale": "Recovery route and retained milk components affect both material identity and functional behavior.", "layers": [ { "id": "separation-and-treatment-history", "name": "Separation and treatment history", "description": "Captures how casein was separated and subsequently modified.", "findings": [ { "id": "recovery-route-record", "name": "Recovery route record", "description": "Document precipitation or separation, washing, heat exposure and drying sufficiently to interpret the resulting material.", "questions": [ { "text": "Was casein recovered by acidification, rennet coagulation, membrane separation or another documented process?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "recovery-route-record-q01" }, { "text": "Which washing, heating, drying or subsequent chemical and enzymatic treatments were applied?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "recovery-route-record-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protein-minerals-and-residues", "name": "Protein, minerals and residues", "description": "Describes casein content alongside moisture, minerals and residual milk constituents.", "findings": [ { "id": "comparable-composition-results", "name": "Comparable composition results", "description": "Keep analytical methods and reporting bases attached to results so lots can be compared meaningfully.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are protein and moisture contents, and on which analytical and mass bases are they reported?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "comparable-composition-results-q01" }, { "text": "What calcium, phosphorus, ash, lactose, fat and whey-protein residues are present?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "comparable-composition-results-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "aggregation-and-functional-response", "name": "Aggregation and functional response", "description": "Connects casein organization and hydration with behavior under specified processing conditions.", "rationale": "Equivalent protein contents do not establish equivalent micellar structure, dispersibility or formulation performance.", "layers": [ { "id": "micelles-particles-and-hydration", "name": "Micelles, particles and hydration", "description": "Distinguishes native organization, powder particles and aggregates formed during reconstitution.", "findings": [ { "id": "state-specific-characterization", "name": "State-specific characterization", "description": "Tie structural and hydration measurements to the actual material state and sample preparation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence establishes whether the material is micellar, precipitated or otherwise aggregated?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "state-specific-characterization-q01" }, { "text": "Under what water composition, temperature, solids loading and mixing conditions was hydration or dispersibility measured?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "state-specific-characterization-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "response-to-processing", "name": "Response to processing", "description": "Records behavior under pH changes, calcium conditions, heating and enzymatic treatment.", "findings": [ { "id": "application-specific-response", "name": "Application-specific response", "description": "Evaluate functional responses in a defined formulation rather than assigning universal performance to casein.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do specified pH, calcium availability, temperature and enzyme exposure affect aggregation or coagulation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "application-specific-response-q01" }, { "text": "Which trial would establish the required emulsifying, binding, film-forming or gel-forming performance for the intended use?", "kind": "action", "id": "application-specific-response-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "casein-use-and-lot-condition", "name": "Casein use and lot condition", "description": "Determines whether a particular casein lot has adequate evidence and condition for a stated use.", "rationale": "Casein can enter food and technical applications whose acceptance criteria differ, while storage can change powder handling and performance.", "layers": [ { "id": "grade-and-use-evidence", "name": "Grade and use evidence", "description": "Links intended application to specifications, traceability and relevant test results.", "findings": [ { "id": "documented-suitability", "name": "Documented suitability", "description": "Record the requirements supporting use, including milk-protein identity where allergen communication applies.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which food, technical or laboratory specification applies to this casein lot and intended application?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "documented-suitability-q01" }, { "text": "Which traceability, milk-allergen declarations and microbiological or contaminant results support acceptance?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "documented-suitability-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "storage-and-condition-change", "name": "Storage and condition change", "description": "Tracks storage exposure and observed changes that may affect casein quality or functionality.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-based-disposition", "name": "Condition-based disposition", "description": "Connect moisture exposure, packaging integrity and observed changes with appropriate retesting or disposition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What storage conditions, packaging breaches, caking, discoloration or odor changes have been recorded?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "condition-based-disposition-q01" }, { "text": "Which condition changes require hydration testing, quality retesting, segregation or rejection under the applicable specification?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-based-disposition-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The name can denote the protein family or an isolated commercial material; no sense was supplied.", "Numerical values describe approximate bovine milk characteristics and vary with biological and processing conditions.", "This is recalled knowledge, not source-verified research; applicable food specifications and regulations remain to be checked." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of casein this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "αs1-casein", "αs2-casein", "β-casein", "κ-casein" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of casein this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "9000-71-9", "note": "Identifies casein as a material, rather than a single protein sequence or chemically uniform compound." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of casein this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Forms the protein network of cheese curd.", "Provides protein and functional properties in food ingredients.", "Used as a binder in casein paints.", "Used in adhesives and paper coatings.", "Used to manufacture casein-formaldehyde plastics." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of casein this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Casein concentration in bovine milk", "typical_range": "Approximately 25-30", "unit": "g/L" }, { "quantity": "Casein share of total bovine milk protein", "typical_range": "Approximately 80", "unit": "%" }, { "quantity": "Isoelectric precipitation pH of bulk bovine casein", "typical_range": "Approximately 4.6", "unit": "dimensionless" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of casein this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Casein proteins can cause allergic reactions in people with milk protein allergy.", "Acidification can destabilize casein micelles and cause unintended precipitation.", "Proteolysis can alter texture and generate bitter peptides.", "Changes in calcium balance, pH and processing conditions can cause unwanted aggregation in formulated products.", "Casein-based adhesives and coatings can lose performance under prolonged moisture exposure." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of casein this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Source animal and local dairy practices affect casein composition; bovine values should not be assumed to describe goat, sheep, buffalo or human milk." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of casein this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "whey proteins", "difference": "Whey proteins largely remain soluble when casein is precipitated from milk near pH 4.6." }, { "name": "caseinates", "difference": "Caseinates are salt preparations made by neutralizing acid casein, commonly with sodium or calcium bases." }, { "name": "lactose", "difference": "Lactose is a milk disaccharide; casein is protein." }, { "name": "casein hydrolysate", "difference": "A hydrolysate contains peptides produced by cleavage of casein proteins." }, { "name": "casein micelle", "difference": "A micelle is the colloidal assembly containing casein proteins and associated minerals, rather than the protein family itself." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of casein this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend casein to cover both the protein family and commercial recovered materials, and where should caseinates, hydrolysates and purified fractions be linked?", "Which species-specific casein fractions and variants need explicit representation beyond the commonly studied bovine materials?", "Which validated measurements distinguish retained native micellar organization from reconstituted aggregates for the materials this catalogue will encounter?", "Which current specifications and acceptance limits apply to acid casein, rennet casein and micellar casein in the intended jurisdictions and applications?", "Which storage and performance thresholds are supported for each casein form, rather than inferred across all casein materials?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 24 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a casein, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify casein materials, assess their composition and physical state, and determine their suitability for a specified transformation or use.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 58 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a casein, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 58 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one casein from another, and a casein from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a casein sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a casein from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a casein is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a casein is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a casein is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a casein is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a casein is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a casein is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a casein passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a casein between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a casein, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a casein is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What casein is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does casein perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise casein, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How casein is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does casein have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does casein need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about casein is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about casein hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern casein, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a casein came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a casein and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a casein is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a casein, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a casein, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a casein is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }