{ "model": { "rank": 5848, "code": "thing-q194515", "model_id": "vr.tr.ichthyosauria", "name": "Ichthyosauria", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to assess whether fossil evidence belongs to Ichthyosauria, evaluate what it supports about the animal and choose justified identification, interpretation and specimen-handling actions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.LIV", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q194515/", "tier": 2, "score": 64, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Ichthyotitan", "Shastasaurus pacificus", "Merriamosauria" ], "aliasCount": 3, "merged": 3, "knownIn": 64, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q194515", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194515", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T09:42:30Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01406376, "turns": 1, "seconds": 189.9, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 96.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b39-c05e-7792-a443-19c00eb9b8f8\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Ichthyosauria\nRegistry id: vr.tr.ichthyosauria\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.LIV\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q194515", "registryId": "vr.tr.ichthyosauria", "name": "Ichthyosauria", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.LIV" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q194515/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.ichthyosauria", "name": "Ichthyosauria", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to assess whether fossil evidence belongs to Ichthyosauria, evaluate what it supports about the animal and choose justified identification, interpretation and specimen-handling actions.", "definition": "Ichthyosauria is the extinct clade of ichthyopterygian diapsid reptiles more closely related to Mixosaurus and Ichthyosaurus than to basal Early Triassic ichthyopterygians such as Utatsusaurus and Grippia, diagnosed by a fully aquatic, typically fish-shaped bauplan with hydrofoil limbs, a ventrally flexed tail stock supporting a hypocercal caudal fin, and large orbits, and recorded from the Olenekian (Early Triassic) to the Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous).", "scope_statement": "This model owns the recognition criteria, biological interpretations and evidence limits specific to Ichthyosauria under an explicitly cited taxonomic circumscription, anchored to registry entry vr.tr.ichthyosauria in PHY / PHY.LIV.", "in_scope": [ "Taxonomic circumscription and assignment of candidate remains to Ichthyosauria", "Diagnostic combinations of skull, vertebral, limb and tail characters", "Individual size, maturity, pathology and reproductive evidence", "Supported interpretations of swimming, feeding and habitat", "Fossil occurrence, preservation and their effects on biological inference", "Ichthyosaur-specific constraints on examination, reconstruction and sampling" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Complete models of neighbouring marine-reptile clades, fishes or cetaceans", "Independent biological models for every included genus or species", "General stratigraphic frameworks and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions", "Museum accession, ownership and collection-management procedures", "General fossil-preparation methods and laboratory instrument operation", "Modern animal husbandry, population monitoring and conservation management" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Test membership against a cited phylogenetic definition; similarity to an early ichthyosauriform does not by itself establish inclusion in Ichthyosauria. Broader group names require explicit mapping. [Basal ichthyosauriform study](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13866)", "Against sharks and bony fishes, examine the internal limb skeleton for tetrapod forelimb and hindlimb organization rather than treating a streamlined outline as diagnostic.", "Against dolphins, compare preserved cranial bone organization, jaw construction and limb characters; where preserved, test for a dorsoventral tail-fin plane rather than cetacean horizontal flukes.", "Against plesiosaurs and mosasaurs, score the combined skull, cervical series, vertebral centra and paddle architecture against comparative diagnoses; an isolated tooth or paddle silhouette is insufficient.", "Do not require every candidate to have the familiar derived dolphin-like body outline: body and tail proportions vary across early ichthyosaur evolution. [Comparative evolutionary analysis](https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-0779-6)" ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Taxonomic circumscription", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Cited definition, included reference taxa, excluded reference taxa and alternative usages", "why_it_matters": "Determines which fossils and biological claims belong to this registry concept." }, { "name": "Assignment confidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Supported; provisional; indeterminate; excluded, with diagnostic evidence", "why_it_matters": "Prevents fragmentary marine-reptile remains from acquiring unwarranted identification." }, { "name": "Anatomical character combination", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Scored cranial, axial and appendicular characters; unknown and inapplicable distinguished", "why_it_matters": "Supports comparative diagnosis despite convergent aquatic body shapes." }, { "name": "Body size", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Preserved skeletal lengths in mm; estimated total length in m, with method and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Separates direct measurements from reconstructions used in ecological interpretation." }, { "name": "Paddle architecture", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Identified limb, element arrangement, digit count, phalangeal counts and articulation state", "why_it_matters": "Provides taxonomic and functional evidence while exposing incomplete or reconstructed paddles." }, { "name": "Tail architecture", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Caudal vertebral sequence, bend evidence, soft-tissue outline and reconstructed portions", "why_it_matters": "Constrains swimming interpretations without assuming an unpreserved fin." }, { "name": "Dentition and feeding evidence", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Crown form, size, wear, breakage, tooth placement and associated dietary evidence", "why_it_matters": "Separates feeding capability from demonstrated consumption." }, { "name": "Ontogenetic assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Embryonic; immature; mature; indeterminate, with assessment criteria", "why_it_matters": "Helps distinguish growth-related anatomy from taxonomic differences." }, { "name": "Biological anomaly assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Normal variation; suspected pathology; supported pathology; post-mortem damage; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Controls claims about injury, disease and abnormal development." }, { "name": "Occurrence age", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Age interval in Ma, stratigraphic unit and dating or correlation basis", "why_it_matters": "Places the occurrence in time while preserving dating uncertainty." }, { "name": "Anatomical integrity", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Articulated; associated; isolated; composite; restored; uncertain, recorded by region", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether measurements and character combinations describe one animal." } ], "affordances": [ "Compare candidate remains with published diagnoses and assign the narrowest defensible identification.", "Select additional views, measurements or imaging needed to resolve an ichthyosaur identification.", "Reconstruct missing anatomy with explicit comparative references and uncertainty bounds.", "Assess feeding, locomotion, maturity or reproductive interpretations against specimen-level evidence.", "Flag composites, restorations and preservation effects that undermine anatomical claims.", "Recommend examination or sampling targets that preserve diagnostic paddle, skull, tail and associated soft-tissue evidence." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "motani-1999-jvp", "title": "Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Clade bounds of Ichthyosauria versus broader Ichthyopterygia; exclusion of Utatsusaurus and Grippia; the fish-shaped bauplan characters used in the definition." }, { "id": "mcgowan-motani-2003-hph", "title": "Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 8: Ichthyopterygia", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Standard taxonomic survey of families and genera actually distinguished in practice, measurements of body size, and the nomenclatural frame (Blainville 1835; genus Ichthyosaurus)." }, { "id": "motani-2005-areps", "title": "Evolution of fish-shaped reptiles (Reptilia: Ichthyopterygia) in their physical environments and constraints", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Functional morphology of the hypocercal tail and hydrofoil limbs, thunniform versus more elongate grades, and the physical constraints that separate ichthyosaurs from other secondarily marine amniotes." }, { "id": "nicholls-manabe-2004-jvp", "title": "Giant ichthyosaurs of the Triassic - a new species of Shonisaurus from the Pardonet Formation (Norian: Late Triassic) of British Columbia", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Upper end of the body-length range (Shonisaurus sikanniensis on the order of 21 m) and the shastasaur giant morph as a kind people actually name." }, { "id": "fischer-et-al-2016-natcomms", "title": "Extinction of fish-shaped marine reptiles associated with reduced evolutionary rates and global anoxia", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Last occurrence in the Cenomanian rather than at the end-Cretaceous; ophthalmosaurid/platypterygiine character of the terminal radiation." }, { "id": "wikipedia-ichthyosaur", "title": "Ichthyosaur", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosaur", "what_it_supports": "Common identifiers (Wikidata item attached to the taxon), popular and museum encounter paths, and the usual neighbour taxa in public comparison (plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, dolphins).", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "taxonomic-membership", "name": "Taxonomic membership", "description": "Establishes what Ichthyosauria means here and whether particular remains satisfy that meaning.", "rationale": "The registered name has no recorded definition, and inconsistent use of neighbouring clade names can change membership.", "layers": [ { "id": "circumscription", "name": "Circumscription", "description": "Pins membership decisions to an explicit taxonomic treatment.", "findings": [ { "id": "adopted-clade-boundary", "name": "Adopted clade boundary", "description": "Record the selected definition and map competing uses of Ichthyosauria, Ichthyopterygia and Ichthyosauriformes without silently equating them.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which published definition determines inclusion in this model?", "kind": "definition", "id": "adopted-clade-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "Which early taxa change membership under alternative definitions?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "adopted-clade-boundary-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "candidate-assignment", "name": "Candidate assignment", "description": "Tests a fossil identification against preserved evidence and plausible alternatives.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-support", "name": "Diagnostic support", "description": "Record the character combination supporting identification, competing identifications and the resolution justified by the material.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which preserved characters distinguish this material from fishes, cetaceans and other marine reptiles?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "diagnostic-support-q01" }, { "text": "Which comparative specimens or published diagnoses were actually examined?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "diagnostic-support-q02" }, { "text": "Should identification remain above genus or species because diagnostic regions are missing?", "kind": "action", "id": "diagnostic-support-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "anatomy-and-reconstruction", "name": "Anatomy and reconstruction", "description": "Records the anatomical evidence needed to recognize an ichthyosaur and constrain its reconstruction.", "rationale": "Flattening, missing elements and restored paddles can produce misleading character combinations or body proportions.", "layers": [ { "id": "cranial-and-axial-evidence", "name": "Cranial and axial evidence", "description": "Distinguishes observed skull and vertebral anatomy from deformation and inferred completion.", "findings": [ { "id": "skull-and-spine-configuration", "name": "Skull and spine configuration", "description": "Record cranial contacts, jaw and orbital dimensions, identifiable vertebral regions and evidence for an original caudal bend.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which skull dimensions and vertebral features can be measured without correcting for deformation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "skull-and-spine-configuration-q01" }, { "text": "Which apparent bone contacts or tail bends could result from crushing, displacement or restoration?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "skull-and-spine-configuration-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "paddles-and-body-proportions", "name": "Paddles and body proportions", "description": "Constrains limb architecture and whole-animal estimates.", "findings": [ { "id": "appendicular-completeness", "name": "Appendicular completeness", "description": "Record paddle element identities, preserved digit sequences and the basis for estimated body length or missing outlines.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which paddle elements and digit sequences are preserved in demonstrable anatomical association?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "appendicular-completeness-q01" }, { "text": "Which reference animal and scaling assumptions support each reconstructed region?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "appendicular-completeness-q02" }, { "text": "What uncertainty must accompany total length inferred from this incomplete skeleton?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "appendicular-completeness-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "individual-life-history", "name": "Individual life history", "description": "Assesses growth, reproductive associations and biological abnormalities in individual animals.", "rationale": "Ontogeny and injury can imitate taxonomic differences, while associated small skeletons require careful interpretation.", "layers": [ { "id": "growth-and-reproduction", "name": "Growth and reproduction", "description": "Tests maturity and possible reproductive evidence without relying on size alone.", "findings": [ { "id": "maturity-and-associated-young", "name": "Maturity and associated young", "description": "Record maturity indicators and assess whether small associated remains support a reproductive interpretation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which skeletal or histological observations support the maturity assessment independently of body size?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "maturity-and-associated-young-q01" }, { "text": "What anatomical position, identity and preservation distinguish possible embryos from prey or accidental association?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "maturity-and-associated-young-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "injury-and-variation", "name": "Injury and variation", "description": "Separates biological differences from changes introduced after death.", "findings": [ { "id": "anomaly-origin", "name": "Anomaly origin", "description": "Record abnormal bone or tooth features, healing evidence and alternative explanations involving growth, preparation or sediment pressure.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the affected region show remodelling or other evidence that the animal lived with the anomaly?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "anomaly-origin-q01" }, { "text": "Could the feature instead reflect normal variation, crushing or preparation damage?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "anomaly-origin-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "functional-and-occurrence-context", "name": "Functional and occurrence context", "description": "Connects supported biological interpretations to the fossil's temporal and depositional setting.", "rationale": "A marine occurrence and a streamlined reconstruction alone cannot establish diet, swimming performance or preferred habitat.", "layers": [ { "id": "feeding-and-swimming", "name": "Feeding and swimming", "description": "Separates anatomical capability, direct evidence and functional hypotheses.", "findings": [ { "id": "functional-inference-strength", "name": "Functional inference strength", "description": "Record the evidence and assumptions behind proposed prey use and locomotor performance, including whether anatomy is observed or reconstructed.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the feeding interpretation rest on teeth, wear, gut contents or comparative modelling?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "functional-inference-strength-q01" }, { "text": "Which preserved body, paddle and tail measurements constrain the swimming interpretation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "functional-inference-strength-q02" }, { "text": "Which conclusions remain unsupported because soft-tissue shape or other model inputs are unknown?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "functional-inference-strength-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-deposition", "name": "Time and deposition", "description": "Evaluates the occurrence without equating burial location with living habitat.", "findings": [ { "id": "occurrence-reliability", "name": "Occurrence reliability", "description": "Record locality, horizon, age uncertainty and evidence for transport or reworking before using the fossil in distribution or range claims.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which field record and stratigraphic evidence establish the specimen's horizon and age interval?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "occurrence-reliability-q01" }, { "text": "Could transport or reworking separate the animal's living environment or age from its enclosing deposit?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "occurrence-reliability-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-preservation-and-intervention", "name": "Evidence preservation and intervention", "description": "Determines which observations and interventions remain defensible given the fossil's integrity and sensitive anatomical regions.", "rationale": "Preparation or sampling can remove small paddle elements, obscure bone boundaries or destroy associated tissues needed to resolve an ichthyosaur-specific question.", "layers": [ { "id": "association-and-restoration", "name": "Association and restoration", "description": "Checks whether apparent anatomy belongs to one original specimen.", "findings": [ { "id": "specimen-integrity", "name": "Specimen integrity", "description": "Map original bone, matrix, displaced material, added elements and restoration, especially across diagnostic skull, paddle and tail regions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence establishes that the skull, paddles and vertebral column belong to the same individual?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "specimen-integrity-q01" }, { "text": "Which diagnostic regions contain reconstructed, repositioned or externally sourced elements?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "specimen-integrity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "targeted-examination", "name": "Targeted examination", "description": "Chooses an intervention in relation to a specific unresolved anatomical or biological question.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-aware-next-action", "name": "Evidence-aware next action", "description": "Record the question an examination would resolve, the evidence at risk and the applicable specimen permissions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Would imaging or further documentation resolve hidden paddle contacts, skull sutures or associated small remains before physical preparation?", "kind": "action", "id": "evidence-aware-next-action-q01" }, { "text": "If sampling is justified, which location answers the question while retaining diagnostic anatomy and possible soft-tissue evidence?", "kind": "action", "id": "evidence-aware-next-action-q02" }, { "text": "Which specimen authority and preparation record establish what intervention is permitted?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "evidence-aware-next-action-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Basal Early Triassic ichthyopterygians (Utatsusaurus, Grippia, Chaohusaurus), often called ichthyosaurs in the field but excluded from Ichthyosauria in Motani-style clade definitions", "Mixosauria/Mixosauridae - small, heterodont Middle Triassic forms", "Cymbospondylidae - large, elongate Early-Middle Triassic taxa", "Shastasauria - Late Triassic giants with reduced or lost dentition (Shastasaurus, Shonisaurus, Guanlingsaurus)", "Leptonectidae - longirostrine Early Jurassic forms (Leptonectes, Eurhinosaurus, Excalibosaurus)", "Early Jurassic parvipelvians of the Ichthyosaurus-Stenopterygius grade, including the classic Holzmaden and Lyme Regis animals", "Ophthalmosauridae - large-eyed Middle Jurassic-Cretaceous thunniform ichthyosaurs", "Platypterygiinae - Cretaceous ophthalmosaurids that include the last members of the clade" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Ichthyosauria this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q189878", "note": "Item for the taxon Ichthyosauria, the usual linked-data hook from the English Wikipedia ichthyosaur article." }, { "scheme": "Linnaean / ICZN name", "value_or_pattern": "Ichthyosauria Blainville, 1835", "note": "Order-group name in conventional use; species- and genus-group names under it are ICZN-governed binomina (type genus Ichthyosaurus)." }, { "scheme": "Paleobiology Database taxon name", "value_or_pattern": "Ichthyosauria", "note": "Occurrence-based palaeontological identifier; numeric taxon_no is assigned by the database and should be read from a live PBDB record, not guessed." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Ichthyosauria this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature - availability, priority, and typification of ichthyosaur genus- and species-group names.", "Regulations on the Protection of Palaeontological Fossils, State Council of the People's Republic of China - excavation, custody, and export of vertebrate fossils, including Triassic ichthyosaurs from the South China marine reptile faunas.", "West Dorset Fossil Collecting Code of Conduct, Jurassic Coast authorities and Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre - collecting, recording, and retention of Early Jurassic ichthyosaur material on the Dorset coast.", "UNESCO World Heritage listing of the Dorset and East Devon Coast, UNESCO - site-level protection of classic ichthyosaur localities, not a taxonomic standard." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Ichthyosauria this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Displayed as articulated skeletons and soft-tissue slabs in museums, especially Holzmaden Posidonia Shale specimens and Lyme Regis/Street material.", "Used as marine Mesozoic biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental markers from Triassic Tethyan basins through Jurassic epicontinental seas.", "Sold and prepared as commercial fossils (Holzmaden, UK Lias; Chinese Triassic material is legally restricted).", "State-fossil and geotourism objects, notably Shonisaurus popularis at Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park, Nevada.", "Research models for live-bearing reproduction, large-eye vision, and thunniform locomotion in secondarily aquatic tetrapods." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Ichthyosauria this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "total body length", "typical_range": "about 0.5-21", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "geologic range (first to last occurrence)", "typical_range": "about 251-90", "unit": "Ma" }, { "quantity": "orbit diameter relative to skull length (ophthalmosaurids at the high end)", "typical_range": "among the largest relative orbits of amniotes; absolute orbit often tens of millimetres to >100", "unit": "mm (absolute) or dimensionless ratio to skull length" }, { "quantity": "estimated mass of the largest shastasaurs", "typical_range": "on the order of 10^4 kg for ~15-21 m animals; not tightly constrained", "unit": "kg" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Ichthyosauria this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Pyrite decay and salt crystallisation destroying pyritised Holzmaden and UK Lias specimens in collections.", "Composite mounts, carved snouts, and other trade fakes mis-sold as complete ichthyosaurs.", "Ontogenetic, sexual, and taphonomic variants published as extra species.", "Isolated disc-like centra misassigned to or from other marine reptiles.", "Outline stains and microbial films over-read as fins, skin colour, or soft organs.", "Illegal excavation and export of Chinese Triassic marine reptiles.", "Heavy matrix slabs as crush and handling hazards in preparation labs." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Ichthyosauria this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "English-language phylogenetics after Motani (1999) often restricts Ichthyosauria and keeps Utatsusaurus/Grippia in Ichthyopterygia; older British usage (McGowan and many museum labels) treats those basal forms as ichthyosaurs.", "German practice centres on Holzmaden Posidonienschiefer names (Stenopterygius, 'Fischsaurier') and preparation style.", "South China literature is organised around Chaohu, Panxian/Luoping, and Guanling faunas, with genera that European catalogues historically under-used.", "North American popular and statutory use is dominated by Shonisaurus (Nevada) rather than Ichthyosaurus.", "The dated English popular name 'fish lizard' is obsolete in technical use but still appears in older labels and guidebooks." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Ichthyosauria this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "basal Ichthyopterygia (Utatsusaurus, Grippia)", "difference": "They fall outside node-based Ichthyosauria in Motani's definition: more primitive limb and axial characters, Early Triassic, and not descendants of the Mixosaurus-Ichthyosaurus node." }, { "name": "Hupehsuchia", "difference": "Heavily overlapping osteoderm armour, different skull and paddle construction, and no ichthyosaur-style hypocercal tail stock; a sister or neighbouring ichthyosauromorph, not an ichthyosaur." }, { "name": "Plesiosauria", "difference": "Four wing-like flippers as the main propulsors, no downturned tail stock with a hypocercal caudal fin, and a plesiosaurian pectoral-pelvic girdle rather than an ichthyosaur hydrofoil-plus-tail bauplan." }, { "name": "Mosasauria", "difference": "Squamate skull kinesis and tooth implantation, later (mainly Late Cretaceous) peak, and a different tail and girdle; mosasaurs diversify as ichthyosaurs disappear after the Cenomanian." }, { "name": "Metriorhynchidae (marine crocodyliforms)", "difference": "Crocodyliform skull (antorbital fenestra, different temporal region) and, where a tail fin is present, it is still a crocodyliform axial skeleton, not an ichthyosaurian one." }, { "name": "extant thunniform teleosts (tunas) and sharks", "difference": "Gills and a fish or chondrichthyan skeleton; no diapsid temporal fenestration, gastralia, or ichthyosaurian paddle limb with hyperphalangy." }, { "name": "odontocete cetaceans (dolphins, porpoises)", "difference": "Mammalian ear, horizontal tail flukes on a dorsoventrally oscillating column, no scleral ossicles of the ichthyosaur type, and a Cenozoic not Mesozoic record." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Ichthyosauria this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which published circumscription of Ichthyosauria should the registry adopt, and how should records using broader historical meanings be mapped to it?", "Which character combinations reliably identify fragmentary material across included lineages, especially isolated vertebrae, teeth and paddle elements?", "Which maturity indicators have adequate comparative support across included taxa, rather than being extrapolated from a few well-studied forms?", "Which body-size and locomotor reconstructions remain reliable across different body plans and preservation states?", "What minimum anatomical and taphonomic evidence should support claims about embryos, gut contents or preserved soft tissues?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 32 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organism", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Ichthyosauria, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to assess whether fossil evidence belongs to Ichthyosauria, evaluate what it supports about the animal and choose justified identification, interpretation and specimen-handling actions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "living", "origin": "natural", "agency": "autonomous", "mobility": "self-moving" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Ichthyotitan, Shastasaurus pacificus, Merriamosauria.", "3 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Ichthyosauria, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a living thing", "physicalCharacter": [ "Moves under its own power or of its own accord.", "Acts on its own behalf.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by diagnostic characters, and those differ by life stage - the young of many kinds are mistaken for other kinds entirely. A sighting is settled by characters, a photograph and a place, not by a name alone." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Ichthyotitan", "Shastasaurus pacificus", "Merriamosauria" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 3 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Ichthyosauria from another, and a Ichthyosauria from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Ichthyosauria sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Ichthyosauria from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a Ichthyosauria is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Anatomy, parts and life stage.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and life stages", "description": "The parts of a Ichthyosauria and the stages it passes through.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a Ichthyosauria is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a Ichthyosauria is, how it got there and where it may go (self-moving).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a Ichthyosauria is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a Ichthyosauria moves on its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Ichthyosauria passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Ichthyosauria between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Ichthyosauria, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Ichthyosauria is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-placement", "name": "Taxonomic placement and identification", "description": "What Ichthyosauria is called scientifically, by whose authority, and how a specimen is recognised.", "rationale": "Names change with revisions while the organism does not, so a name without its authority and date cannot be reconciled later.", "layers": [ { "id": "accepted-name", "name": "Accepted name and synonymy", "description": "The current binomial, its author and date, and the names it replaced.", "findings": [ { "id": "name-and-authority", "name": "Accepted name, authority and synonyms", "description": "What to record so a later revision can be applied without losing the old data.", "questions": [ { "id": "name-and-authority-q01", "text": "What is the accepted scientific name of Ichthyosauria, with its author and year, and which synonyms does it absorb?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "name-and-authority-q02", "text": "Which taxonomic authority is being followed, and what would a competing authority say?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "field-identification", "name": "Field identification", "description": "The characters that separate Ichthyosauria from what it is confused with.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters", "name": "Diagnostic characters and confusable kinds", "description": "Features that settle an identification, and those that only suggest it.", "questions": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q01", "text": "Which observable characters distinguish Ichthyosauria from its closest look-alikes, and at which life stage are they visible?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q02", "text": "What evidence is enough to record an identification as confirmed rather than provisional?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "life-cycle-and-condition", "name": "Life stages, condition and behaviour", "description": "What Ichthyosauria does over its life and how its state is judged.", "rationale": "Stage and condition change what may be done - handled, treated, harvested, left alone - and both are observations with a time.", "layers": [ { "id": "stages-and-reproduction", "name": "Stages and reproduction", "description": "Development from origin to death, including forms that look like different animals.", "findings": [ { "id": "life-stages", "name": "Life stages and their marks", "description": "The stages worth recording and what tells them apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "life-stages-q01", "text": "What stages does Ichthyosauria pass through, and what observable change marks each transition?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "life-stages-q02", "text": "Which stages are so unlike the adult that they are mistaken for another kind?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "health-and-condition", "name": "Health and condition", "description": "How condition is assessed and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition assessment", "description": "Signs of health, injury and stress, and who is competent to judge them.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "How is the condition of Ichthyosauria judged, on what scale, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "What condition obliges an agent to act, and what act is permitted to whom?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "range-and-status", "name": "Habitat, range and conservation status", "description": "Where Ichthyosauria lives and how threatened it is.", "rationale": "Range and status govern what is lawful, and both are assessments with an assessor and a year rather than facts of nature.", "layers": [ { "id": "habitat-and-range", "name": "Habitat and range", "description": "Native range, introductions and the habitat it needs.", "findings": [ { "id": "range-record", "name": "Range, introductions and habitat", "description": "What to record about where it is found and how it got there.", "questions": [ { "id": "range-record-q01", "text": "What is the native range of Ichthyosauria, where has it been introduced, and what habitat does it require?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "range-record-q02", "text": "What distinguishes a native record from an introduced or vagrant one?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-status", "name": "Protection and legal status", "description": "Conservation assessments and the rules that follow from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-and-rules", "name": "Conservation status and legal consequence", "description": "The assessment, its date, and what it forbids or requires where.", "questions": [ { "id": "status-and-rules-q01", "text": "What conservation status does Ichthyosauria hold, under which assessment and year?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "status-and-rules-q02", "text": "What does that status forbid or require of an agent, and in which jurisdiction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Ichthyosauria came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Ichthyosauria and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Ichthyosauria is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Ichthyosauria, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Ichthyosauria, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Ichthyosauria is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }