{ "model": { "rank": 6111, "code": "thing-q202805", "model_id": "vr.tr.combination", "name": "combination", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a combination, assess whether its constituents can jointly satisfy a stated intent, and decide whether to form, use, compare or revise it.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q202805/", "tier": 2, "score": 62, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "spork", "die roll", "Couleur", "combination action" ], "aliasCount": 4, "merged": 4, "knownIn": 62, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.combination-3", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q202805", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202805", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T11:35:11Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.0058718, "turns": 1, "seconds": 44.4, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 67.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07ba5-7a23-7c70-9380-c54cd7373d3f\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: combination\nRegistry id: vr.tr.combination\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.REL\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q202805", "registryId": "vr.tr.combination", "name": "combination", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.REL" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q202805/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.combination", "name": "combination", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a combination, assess whether its constituents can jointly satisfy a stated intent, and decide whether to form, use, compare or revise it.", "definition": "A combination is a selection of k distinct elements from a finite set of n elements in which order is irrelevant, so that two selections that differ only by permutation of the same members are the same combination.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the relation by which identifiable constituents are considered or used together under a stated combination rule, including membership, arrangement where relevant, compatibility and joint effects; the registry's intended meaning remains to be confirmed.", "in_scope": [ "Constituents and the rule that makes them one combination", "Whether order, repetition, proportion or arrangement affects identity", "Conditions under which constituents can be combined", "Effects and constraints attributable to constituents acting together", "Permitted substitutions, additions, removals and separations" ], "out_of_scope": [ "The intrinsic properties and lifecycle of each constituent", "The execution history of a process that produces a combination", "The internal architecture of an assembly when independently modelled", "Chemical transformation and the identity of reaction products", "General enumeration of all possible combinations within a search space" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Unlike an arbitrary collection, a combination has an explicit basis for treating its constituents together; merely listing items does not establish that basis.", "To distinguish it from a sequence, test whether exchanging constituent positions changes its identity or effect; record the result rather than assuming order is irrelevant.", "To distinguish it from a composition or assembly, test whether membership alone suffices or whether constituent roles, proportions and connections are essential.", "To distinguish it from a transformation product, test whether the combined constituents remain meaningfully identifiable or whether a new entity requires its own model.", "To distinguish an actual combination from a candidate, check whether the required joint presence or relationship has been established." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Combination basis", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Selection, joint use, mixture, arrangement, or another explicitly defined basis; provisional categories", "why_it_matters": "Determines what it means for constituents to count as combined." }, { "name": "Constituent membership", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Identified constituents with roles and occurrence counts where relevant", "why_it_matters": "Allows an agent to distinguish the combination from its alternatives and detect missing constituents." }, { "name": "Constituent count", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Number of occurrences and number of distinct constituents, counted separately", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes repeated participation from distinct membership." }, { "name": "Identity sensitivity", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "For order, repetition, proportion and arrangement: identity-defining, non-defining, or unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Prevents an agent from treating materially different combinations as interchangeable." }, { "name": "Realisation state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Proposed, partially established, established, dissolved, or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Separates a description of possible joint participation from an existing combination." }, { "name": "Compatibility assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Supported, conditional, conflicting, or unassessed, for a specified context", "why_it_matters": "Controls whether formation or use is justified under the applicable constraints." }, { "name": "Joint effect", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Outcome-specific measure with units, context and a constituent-alone or alternative-combination baseline", "why_it_matters": "Makes claims about the value or consequence of combining constituents assessable." }, { "name": "Separation feasibility", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Feasible, conditionally feasible, infeasible, or unknown under stated recovery criteria", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether the combination can be revised or undone while preserving required constituent properties." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify constituents and explain why they count as a combination", "Compare combinations using explicit identity and equivalence rules", "Assess whether a proposed combination satisfies joint constraints", "Evaluate joint outcomes against stated baselines", "Propose substitutions or membership changes and identify required reassessments", "Determine whether formation, use or separation is supported by available evidence" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "src-stanley-ec1", "title": "Enumerative Combinatorics, Volume 1", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Standard combinatorial definition of k-combinations as unordered subsets and the binomial count C(n,k).", "url_status": "dead" }, { "id": "src-nist-dlmf", "title": "NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, §26.3 Combinatorial Analysis", "url": "https://dlmf.nist.gov/26.3", "what_it_supports": "Authoritative statement of combinations without and with repetition and their generating functions.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "src-fda-combo", "title": "Combination Products", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/combination-products", "what_it_supports": "Regulatory sense of combination as a drug-device, biologic-device, or drug-biologic product.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "src-iso-3534", "title": "ISO 3534-1: Statistics - Vocabulary and symbols - Part 1: General statistical terms and terms used in probability", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Statistical vocabulary distinguishing combinations from permutations in sampling." } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "combination-basis", "name": "Combination basis", "description": "Establishes what togetherness means for this combination and where its boundary lies.", "rationale": "An agent cannot recognise a combination from constituent co-occurrence alone.", "layers": [ { "id": "basis-of-togetherness", "name": "Basis of togetherness", "description": "Defines the selection, relationship or joint use that constitutes the combination.", "findings": [ { "id": "constitutive-rule", "name": "Constitutive rule", "description": "Record the rule under which constituents count as combined and any intent used to interpret it.", "questions": [ { "text": "What makes these constituents a combination rather than an incidental collection?", "kind": "definition", "id": "constitutive-rule-q01" }, { "text": "Who or what establishes this combination rule, and where is it documented?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "constitutive-rule-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "combination-boundary", "name": "Combination boundary", "description": "Separates participating constituents from context, enabling resources and resulting entities.", "findings": [ { "id": "participation-boundary", "name": "Participation boundary", "description": "Record which entities participate and which merely support, surround or result from their combination.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which entities are constituents, and which are only containers, tools, conditions or outputs?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "participation-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "When should the resulting whole be recognised as a separately modelled entity?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "participation-boundary-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "membership-and-equivalence", "name": "Membership and equivalence", "description": "Captures constituent participation and the rules for recognising the same or an equivalent combination.", "rationale": "The same constituent names may describe different combinations when multiplicity, roles or arrangement matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "constituent-participation", "name": "Constituent participation", "description": "Identifies members, repeated occurrences and their contributions.", "findings": [ { "id": "membership-and-roles", "name": "Membership and roles", "description": "Record each constituent's identity, participation count and role where the combination distinguishes roles.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which distinct constituents participate, and can the same constituent participate more than once?", "kind": "definition", "id": "membership-and-roles-q01" }, { "text": "Which roles must be filled, and which members or roles are optional?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "membership-and-roles-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "identity-rules", "name": "Identity rules", "description": "Determines which changes preserve identity or only preserve suitability for a purpose.", "findings": [ { "id": "sameness-and-substitution", "name": "Sameness and substitution", "description": "Record how ordering, proportion, arrangement and substitution affect sameness and functional equivalence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does changing order, repetition, proportion or arrangement produce a different combination?", "kind": "definition", "id": "sameness-and-substitution-q01" }, { "text": "Under what purpose-specific criteria can different constituent selections count as equivalent?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "sameness-and-substitution-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "joint-feasibility", "name": "Joint feasibility", "description": "Assesses whether constituents can participate together under the required conditions.", "rationale": "Constituents that are individually acceptable may conflict when combined, including through interactions involving more than two members.", "layers": [ { "id": "interaction-constraints", "name": "Interaction constraints", "description": "Records exclusions, dependencies and limits created by joint participation.", "findings": [ { "id": "compatibility-conditions", "name": "Compatibility conditions", "description": "Record supported and unresolved compatibility constraints across the full membership.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which constituent pairs or larger subsets conflict, require one another, or impose joint limits?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "compatibility-conditions-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports compatibility of the full combination beyond checks of individual constituents or pairs?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "compatibility-conditions-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "establishment-conditions", "name": "Establishment conditions", "description": "Defines what must hold for a candidate combination to become established and usable.", "findings": [ { "id": "formation-and-readiness", "name": "Formation and readiness", "description": "Record necessary joint presence, connections, proportions or timing and whether they currently hold.", "questions": [ { "text": "What observable conditions distinguish a proposed, partial and established combination?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "formation-and-readiness-q01" }, { "text": "Which unmet conditions must be resolved before this combination can be formed or used?", "kind": "action", "id": "formation-and-readiness-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "joint-outcomes", "name": "Joint outcomes", "description": "Captures what follows from combining these constituents in a specified context.", "rationale": "An agent needs evidence about joint performance and consequences rather than assuming constituent properties simply add together.", "layers": [ { "id": "outcome-comparison", "name": "Outcome comparison", "description": "Makes the intended benefit or consequence of combination explicit and testable.", "findings": [ { "id": "joint-effect-baseline", "name": "Joint effect baseline", "description": "Record the outcome of interest and the baseline against which the combination is judged.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which joint outcome matters, and how is it measured or otherwise assessed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "joint-effect-baseline-q01" }, { "text": "Is the appropriate baseline separate constituent use, omission of a constituent, or another combination?", "kind": "definition", "id": "joint-effect-baseline-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "interaction-evidence", "name": "Interaction evidence", "description": "Separates observed joint effects from predictions and limits their transfer to other conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "effect-support-and-limits", "name": "Effect support and limits", "description": "Record evidence for joint effects, including unintended effects and the conditions within which claims hold.", "questions": [ { "text": "What observations or analysis support the claimed effect of combining these constituents?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "effect-support-and-limits-q01" }, { "text": "Which changes in membership, proportions or context would make that evidence insufficient?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "effect-support-and-limits-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "revision-and-separation", "name": "Revision and separation", "description": "Determines how a combination may change and whether its constituents can be recovered.", "rationale": "Changing one member can alter compatibility, identity and joint effects, while separation may not restore the original constituents.", "layers": [ { "id": "membership-revision", "name": "Membership revision", "description": "Assesses additions, removals, substitutions and changes in participation.", "findings": [ { "id": "permitted-reconfiguration", "name": "Permitted reconfiguration", "description": "Record supported revisions and which combination-level judgments each revision invalidates.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which constituents may be added, removed or substituted while preserving the required combination rule?", "kind": "action", "id": "permitted-reconfiguration-q01" }, { "text": "Which compatibility and outcome assessments must be repeated after each proposed revision?", "kind": "action", "id": "permitted-reconfiguration-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "separation-and-recovery", "name": "Separation and recovery", "description": "Distinguishes ending joint participation from restoring constituent condition.", "findings": [ { "id": "dissolution-conditions", "name": "Dissolution conditions", "description": "Record how the combination can cease to hold and what can be recovered afterward.", "questions": [ { "text": "What action or condition ends this combination's constitutive relationship?", "kind": "action", "id": "dissolution-conditions-q01" }, { "text": "Which constituents can be recovered, in what condition, and what evidence supports that expectation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "dissolution-conditions-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "k-combination (unordered subset of fixed size k)", "combination with repetition (multiset of size k from n types)", "binomial coefficient C(n,k) as the count of k-combinations", "combination lock / mechanical combination (ordered sequence of settings; a misnomer relative to combinatorics)", "pharmaceutical combination product (two or more active ingredients or device-plus-drug in one product)", "statistical combination of evidence (pooling independent results, e.g. Fisher's method)", "logical combination (compound proposition formed by connectives)", "combinatorial combination in games and lotteries (unordered ticket selections)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of combination this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q184191 (combination in combinatorics)", "note": "Distinct from Q5155623 (combination lock) and Q515140 (combination product)." }, { "scheme": "OEIS / binomial", "value_or_pattern": "A007318 (binomial coefficient triangle) / C(n,k)", "note": "The count of k-combinations of an n-set." }, { "scheme": "FDA product type", "value_or_pattern": "combination product (21 CFR 3.2(e))", "note": "US regulatory class, not a combinatorial object." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of combination this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "ISO 3534-1 (ISO): statistical terms distinguishing combination and permutation in sampling", "NIST DLMF Chapter 26 (NIST): combinatorial analysis, including combinations", "21 CFR 3.2(e) and 21 CFR Part 4 (US FDA/HHS): definition and current good manufacturing practice for combination products", "Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007 (EU): advanced therapy medicinal products, including combined ATMPs" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of combination this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Lottery and raffle tickets are sold as unordered k-subsets of a number pool; payout depends on matching a combination, not a permutation.", "Clinical and regulatory dossiers treat a drug-eluting stent or a prefilled injector as one combination product, not two independent articles.", "Hash functions, poker hand rankings, and committee-selection algorithms enumerate or sample combinations rather than ordered tuples.", "A mechanical combination lock is opened by an ordered sequence of disc positions; the everyday name contradicts the combinatorial sense." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of combination this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "number of k-combinations of an n-set", "typical_range": "C(n,k) from 1 (k=0 or k=n) up to C(n, floor(n/2)); e.g. C(52,5)=2,598,960", "unit": "1 (dimensionless count)" }, { "quantity": "combination size k relative to n", "typical_range": "0 ≤ k ≤ n (without repetition); k ≥ 0 unbounded with repetition", "unit": "1 (count of members)" }, { "quantity": "lottery combination space", "typical_range": "C(49,6)=13,983,816 (classic 6/49); C(69,5)×C(26,1) for some multi-pool games", "unit": "1 (tickets / equally likely outcomes)" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of combination this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Confusing combination with permutation overcounts by k! and breaks lottery, sampling, and cryptographic enumerations.", "Combination-with-repetition vs without-repetition: using C(n,k) where C(n+k−1,k) is required (or the reverse) mis-sizes the sample space.", "In regulation, failing to classify a co-packaged or integral drug-device article as a combination product leaves GMP, reporting, and lead-center rules unapplied.", "Mechanical 'combination' locks are vulnerable to decoding, impressioning, and residual-manipulation attacks because the secret is an ordered sequence, not an unordered set." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of combination this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "English 'combination lock' vs combinatorial 'combination': the lock is an ordered code; some languages (e.g. German Zahlenkombination, French combinaison) keep the same ambiguity.", "Lottery naming: UK National Lottery historically 6/49, US Powerball and Mega Millions use two-pool combinations; 'combination bet' in UK/Irish bookmaking is a parlay of multiple selections.", "Pharmaceutical combination products: US FDA 21 CFR 3.2(e) vs EU 'combined advanced therapy medicinal product' and 'fixed-dose combination' (FDC) medicinal-product language." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of combination this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "permutation", "difference": "A permutation of k elements from n is ordered; two sequences with the same members in different order are distinct. Test: if swapping two selected items yields a different object, it is a permutation, not a combination." }, { "name": "arrangement / tuple", "difference": "An arrangement is an ordered selection, often allowing a distinguished position; a combination is the underlying unordered set. Test: does position or sequence matter for identity?" }, { "name": "multiset / combination with repetition", "difference": "A k-combination of an n-set forbids repeated members; a combination with repetition is a multiset of cardinality k. Test: may the same type appear more than once?" }, { "name": "Cartesian product / concatenation", "difference": "A Cartesian product composes ordered pairs from several sets; a combination selects an unordered subset of one set. Test: are the components typed by source set and ordered?" }, { "name": "combination product (regulatory)", "difference": "A regulatory combination product is a single article that combines drug, device, and/or biologic constituents; it is not an unordered k-subset. Test: is the object a marketed medical article under 21 CFR 3.2(e) (or EU analogue), or a combinatorial selection?" }, { "name": "combination lock code", "difference": "The secret is an ordered sequence of settings (a word in a mixed alphabet), not a combination in the combinatorial sense. Test: does reordering the digits change whether the lock opens?" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of combination this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does this registry entry mean mathematical selection without order, practical joint use, or a broader relation encompassing both?", "Which existing Vercy models own collection, composition, assembly, mixture and conjunction, and where do their boundaries place combination?", "Can a valid combination contain zero or one constituent, and does the registry permit repeated constituents?", "Does combination identity depend on constituent types, particular instances, or a context-specific choice between them?", "Should combinations whose constituents lose their independent identity remain within this model or be linked to a transformation or product model?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a combination, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a combination, assess whether its constituents can jointly satisfy a stated intent, and decide whether to form, use, compare or revise it.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: spork, die roll, Couleur, combination action.", "4 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 62 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a combination, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "spork", "die roll", "Couleur", "combination action" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 62 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 4 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one combination from another, and a combination from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a combination, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a combination, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a combination is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a combination, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a combination, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a combination is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a combination sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a combination, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a combination, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a combination is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a combination from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a combination, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a combination, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a combination is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a combination passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a combination between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a combination, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a combination, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a combination is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a combination, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a combination is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a combination, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a combination, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a combination is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What combination is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of combination are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is combination operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of combination and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of combination?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as combination?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a combination came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a combination and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a combination, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a combination, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a combination is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a combination is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a combination, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a combination, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a combination is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }