{ "model": { "rank": 6790, "code": "thing-q204469", "model_id": "vr.tr.cyclotron", "name": "cyclotron", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a cyclotron, assess its beam-production readiness, and identify actions permitted by its configuration, operating limits and authorisations.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q204469/", "tier": 2, "score": 58, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Isochronous Cyclotron", "synchrocyclotron" ], "aliasCount": 2, "merged": 2, "knownIn": 58, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q204469", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204469", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T23:30:44Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 21.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08881-7462-7e11-b356-3b550436e359\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: cyclotron\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 007: 1001 regis", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 64.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08881-746e-7000-a6c0-a3db3f1f7279\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: cyclotron\nRegistry id: vr.tr.cyclotron\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nCont" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q204469", "registryId": "vr.tr.cyclotron", "name": "cyclotron", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q204469/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.cyclotron", "name": "cyclotron", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a cyclotron, assess its beam-production readiness, and identify actions permitted by its configuration, operating limits and authorisations.", "definition": "A cyclotron is a cyclic particle accelerator in which a magnetic field bends charged particles through repeated orbits while a radiofrequency electric field accelerates them across gaps, generally increasing their orbital radius as their momentum rises.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the cyclotron as a kind of cyclic charged-particle accelerator, including its acceleration system, beam handling, machine states and protective controls, while distinguishing the kind from particular designs and installed units.", "in_scope": [ "Cyclotron identity, design variants and boundaries of the accelerator assembly", "Magnetic guidance, radiofrequency acceleration and synchronisation", "Particle generation, injection, circulating beam and extraction", "Beam capability, performance measurements and operating envelopes", "Machine protection, radiation-related interlocks and maintenance readiness" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Complete accelerator facilities, buildings and shielding structures", "Independent downstream beamlines and experimental instruments", "Radionuclide production chemistry, product release and radiopharmaceutical preparation", "Clinical treatment planning and patient dose delivery", "General particle physics and accelerator theory beyond cyclotron recognition and operation", "Manufacturer product families and individual asset records as separate catalogue kinds" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Uses magnetic bending to return charged particles repeatedly through radiofrequency accelerating regions, distinguishing it from a linear accelerator.", "The equilibrium orbit radius generally increases during acceleration, distinguishing its basic geometry from a synchrotron with an approximately fixed reference orbit.", "Recognition requires the relationship between orbit frequency and accelerating-field timing; circular particle motion alone does not establish that a device is a cyclotron.", "Classical, isochronous and synchrocyclotron designs require separate synchronisation descriptions; fixed radiofrequency operation must not be imposed on every variant.", "Accelerates a circulating charged-particle beam; a radioactive source or an X-ray tube alone does not meet the identity test." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Cyclotron design class", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Classical cyclotron, isochronous cyclotron, synchrocyclotron, or documented specialist variant", "why_it_matters": "Determines how magnetic geometry and accelerating-field timing maintain synchronisation." }, { "name": "Accelerated particle and charge state", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Particle or ion species, isotope where relevant, and signed charge state in elementary-charge units", "why_it_matters": "Constrains source compatibility, magnetic rigidity, acceleration settings and extraction options." }, { "name": "Beam energy", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "MeV per particle or MeV/u, with location, species and operating mode", "why_it_matters": "Defines beam capability without confusing total ion energy with energy per nucleon." }, { "name": "Beam current", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "µA or mA, identifying circulating or extracted beam and average or peak value", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of delivered intensity, losses and thermal loading." }, { "name": "Magnetic field configuration", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "T, with spatial field map, magnet excitation and configuration reference", "why_it_matters": "A single field value cannot establish orbit guidance or focusing suitability." }, { "name": "Radiofrequency programme", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "MHz, frequency range or time programme, harmonic number and accelerating voltage in kV", "why_it_matters": "Records the conditions required for repeated acceleration at the intended particle timing." }, { "name": "Beam time structure", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Documented macroscopic continuous or pulsed mode, with bunch structure and duty factor", "why_it_matters": "Prevents average current from concealing peak loading and timing requirements." }, { "name": "Extraction method", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Stripping, electrostatic or other documented extraction; internal-target operation where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Determines delivery interfaces, consumables and important loss mechanisms." }, { "name": "Acceleration-region vacuum", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Pa or mbar, with gauge location, measurement time and operating condition", "why_it_matters": "Supports evaluation of beam interaction with residual gas and equipment readiness." }, { "name": "Machine readiness", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Shutdown, service access, conditioning, ready, beam enabled, inhibited or faulted, using local state definitions", "why_it_matters": "Separates equipment availability from permission to generate or deliver beam." }, { "name": "Authorised operating envelope", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to approved species, energy, current, destination, protection settings and applicable authorisations", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes achievable machine performance from permitted operation." }, { "name": "Installation envelope", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Dimensions in m and mass in kg or t, identifying accelerator-only versus integrated shielding boundaries", "why_it_matters": "Supports installation and access assessment without conflating the machine with the facility." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a candidate accelerator and identify evidence missing from its cyclotron designation.", "Compare a requested particle beam with documented machine capability and authorised operating limits.", "Assess readiness from vacuum, magnet, radiofrequency, cooling and interlock evidence.", "Associate beam degradation or trips with diagnostics and approved investigation procedures.", "Identify maintenance dependencies, consumables and conditions for authorised access.", "Trace a delivered beam setting to its configuration, diagnostics and receiving interface." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "cyclotron-identity", "name": "Cyclotron identity", "description": "Establishes the acceleration architecture and the boundary of the thing being represented.", "rationale": "Circular geometry or an accelerator label alone cannot establish cyclotron identity or variant.", "layers": [ { "id": "acceleration-architecture", "name": "Acceleration architecture", "description": "Identifies orbit development and the means of sustaining acceleration.", "findings": [ { "id": "cyclotron-recognition", "name": "Cyclotron recognition", "description": "Record evidence of repeated radiofrequency acceleration on magnetically guided orbits whose equilibrium radius generally grows with energy.", "questions": [ { "text": "What documented orbit and accelerating-field arrangement establishes that this device is a cyclotron?", "kind": "definition", "id": "cyclotron-recognition-q01" }, { "text": "What distinguishes its architecture from a synchrotron, betatron or other recirculating accelerator?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "cyclotron-recognition-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "variant-and-assembly", "name": "Variant and assembly", "description": "Separates cyclotron design classes from product and installation particulars.", "findings": [ { "id": "design-and-interface-boundary", "name": "Design and interface boundary", "description": "Record the synchronisation variant and which source, extraction and auxiliary assemblies belong to the cyclotron.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cyclotron variant is documented, and which design evidence supports that classification?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "design-and-interface-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "Where does the cyclotron assembly end and an independent injector, beamline, target system or facility begin?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "design-and-interface-boundary-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "magnetic-and-rf-synchronisation", "name": "Magnetic and RF synchronisation", "description": "Connects orbit guidance and focusing with radiofrequency timing and energy gain.", "rationale": "Cyclotron performance depends on the coordinated magnetic and accelerating-field configuration.", "layers": [ { "id": "orbit-guidance-and-focusing", "name": "Orbit guidance and focusing", "description": "Records the magnetic conditions supporting stable acceleration.", "findings": [ { "id": "magnetic-operating-configuration", "name": "Magnetic operating configuration", "description": "Identify the field configuration, focusing arrangement and magnet state required for a supported beam mode.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which field map and magnet configuration apply to the selected species and energy?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "magnetic-operating-configuration-q01" }, { "text": "Which measured magnet conditions and documented tolerances establish readiness for this mode?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "magnetic-operating-configuration-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rf-timing-and-acceleration", "name": "RF timing and acceleration", "description": "Records how accelerating voltage remains appropriately timed to particle passages.", "findings": [ { "id": "synchronisation-programme", "name": "Synchronisation programme", "description": "Represent frequency, harmonic, phase and voltage settings, including any time variation required by the design.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does this design maintain synchronisation as particle energy increases?", "kind": "definition", "id": "synchronisation-programme-q01" }, { "text": "Which RF measurements and acceptance limits must be satisfied before the documented beam mode is enabled?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "synchronisation-programme-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "particle-path-and-delivery", "name": "Particle path and delivery", "description": "Follows particles from their source through capture and acceleration to extraction or an internal target.", "rationale": "Source compatibility, capture and extraction determine which useful beams a cyclotron can actually supply.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-injection-and-capture", "name": "Source, injection and capture", "description": "Describes particle supply and entry into accelerating trajectories.", "findings": [ { "id": "particle-supply-compatibility", "name": "Particle supply compatibility", "description": "Record supported species and charge states, source placement and the injection or central-region arrangement.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which particle species and charge states are supported by the installed source and capture arrangement?", "kind": "definition", "id": "particle-supply-compatibility-q01" }, { "text": "What measurements distinguish inadequate source output from poor injection or capture?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "particle-supply-compatibility-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "extraction-and-destination", "name": "Extraction and destination", "description": "Defines how accelerated particles leave their circulating orbit and reach a receiving system.", "findings": [ { "id": "beam-handoff", "name": "Beam handoff", "description": "Record the extraction mechanism or internal-target mode and the accepted beam conditions at the delivery boundary.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which extraction or internal-target arrangement applies, and does it change the particle charge state?", "kind": "definition", "id": "beam-handoff-q01" }, { "text": "Which receiving-system readiness signals and beam limits must be satisfied before delivery?", "kind": "action", "id": "beam-handoff-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "beam-performance-and-diagnostics", "name": "Beam performance and diagnostics", "description": "Makes beam capability and degradation assessable from appropriately located measurements.", "rationale": "Nominal energy and current do not establish delivered beam quality or acceptable losses.", "layers": [ { "id": "qualified-beam-envelope", "name": "Qualified beam envelope", "description": "Records demonstrated beam modes and the meaning of their reported performance.", "findings": [ { "id": "beam-capability-evidence", "name": "Beam capability evidence", "description": "Associate energy, current, time structure and relevant quality measures with a species, location and qualification record.", "questions": [ { "text": "What energy and current combinations have been demonstrated for each supported species and destination?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "beam-capability-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Where were those quantities measured, and do they describe extracted or circulating beam and average or peak values?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "beam-capability-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "loss-and-stability-assessment", "name": "Loss and stability assessment", "description": "Connects beam diagnostics with departures from qualified operation.", "findings": [ { "id": "beam-degradation-evidence", "name": "Beam degradation evidence", "description": "Record transmission, loss indications and stability trends with diagnostic calibration and interpretation limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which diagnostics reveal capture loss, extraction loss, energy drift or unstable delivered current?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "beam-degradation-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which observed deviations require beam inhibition or an approved diagnostic procedure?", "kind": "action", "id": "beam-degradation-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "protected-operation-and-maintenance", "name": "Protected operation and maintenance", "description": "Connects machine services, access conditions and protection evidence to permitted actions.", "rationale": "A cyclotron can be technically operable while access, beam generation or maintenance remains unauthorised.", "layers": [ { "id": "services-and-maintenance-readiness", "name": "Services and maintenance readiness", "description": "Records dependencies that sustain vacuum, fields, thermal control and extraction reliability.", "findings": [ { "id": "support-system-condition", "name": "Support-system condition", "description": "Track vacuum, cooling, electrical supplies, applicable cryogenic services and design-specific wear items.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which service measurements and equipment states are prerequisites for the selected operating mode?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "support-system-condition-q01" }, { "text": "Which source components, extraction foils or other installed consumables require inspection or replacement under approved procedures?", "kind": "action", "id": "support-system-condition-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-and-authorisation", "name": "Protection and authorisation", "description": "Records the evidence governing beam permission, fault recovery and maintenance access.", "findings": [ { "id": "permitted-state-transitions", "name": "Permitted state transitions", "description": "Associate operating transitions with interlock status, personnel authority, radiation survey requirements and applicable regulatory records.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which verified interlocks and authorisations permit beam enablement, fault reset or service access?", "kind": "action", "id": "permitted-state-transitions-q01" }, { "text": "Which jurisdictional requirements, standards and issuing bodies govern this installation, and where is compliance evidence recorded?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "permitted-state-transitions-q02" }, { "text": "What survey, cooldown and energy-isolation evidence is required before work on potentially activated components?", "kind": "action", "id": "permitted-state-transitions-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The listed kinds overlap: one machine can be isochronous, superconducting and designed for negative ions.", "The numerical ranges describe selected common applications and designs, not limits of the cyclotron class; heavy-ion energies are often specified in MeV per nucleon.", "This is recall without source verification; applicable regulations and installation-specific performance require checking." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of cyclotron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Classical fixed-frequency cyclotron", "Isochronous cyclotron", "Synchrocyclotron", "Separated-sector cyclotron", "Superconducting cyclotron", "Negative-ion cyclotron" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of cyclotron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "IAEA General Safety Requirements Part 3 (GSR Part 3), Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards.", "National radiation-protection and accelerator-licensing requirements imposed by the competent regulatory authority; requirements depend on jurisdiction and intended use." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of cyclotron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Production of medical radionuclides, including fluorine-18 for positron emission tomography.", "Acceleration of protons for radiotherapy.", "Nuclear-physics experiments using proton and ion beams.", "Irradiation of materials and electronic components for radiation-effects studies.", "Production of research and industrial radionuclides." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of cyclotron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Extracted proton kinetic energy in compact medical-isotope cyclotrons", "typical_range": "Approximately 10-30", "unit": "MeV" }, { "quantity": "Proton kinetic energy supplied by cyclotrons for proton therapy", "typical_range": "Approximately 230-250 before downstream energy adjustment", "unit": "MeV" }, { "quantity": "Main magnetic-field strength in conventional compact cyclotrons", "typical_range": "Approximately 1-2; superconducting designs can operate substantially higher", "unit": "T" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of cyclotron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Prompt ionizing radiation, including secondary neutrons, requires shielding, controlled access and functioning beam interlocks.", "Activation of targets and accelerator components creates residual radiation hazards after the beam is switched off.", "Vacuum degradation, radiofrequency faults or magnetic-field errors can destabilize acceleration and cause beam loss and local heating.", "Target-window or cooling-system failure can damage targets and release radioactive material.", "High voltages, strong magnetic fields and, in superconducting machines, cryogenic systems create electrical, magnetic and oxygen-displacement hazards." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of cyclotron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Accelerator authorization, radiation-worker protection and radioactive-waste requirements vary by jurisdiction.", "Radionuclides produced for patient use are also subject to regional pharmaceutical manufacturing and quality requirements." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of cyclotron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Particle accelerator", "difference": "The broader class includes linear and cyclic machines; a cyclotron uses repeated magnetically curved orbits with radiofrequency acceleration and generally increasing orbital radius." }, { "name": "Synchrotron", "difference": "A synchrotron keeps the beam near a fixed reference orbit by varying the bending field with particle momentum; a cyclotron generally uses a time-independent bending field and increasing orbital radius." }, { "name": "Linear accelerator", "difference": "A linear accelerator accelerates particles along a substantially straight path rather than repeatedly circulating them through the acceleration region." }, { "name": "Betatron", "difference": "A betatron accelerates electrons through the electric field induced by changing magnetic flux, rather than through cyclotron-style radiofrequency accelerating gaps." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of cyclotron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the existing world-model catalogue already cover cyclotrons or an accelerator model that should be extended or linked instead of duplicated?", "Which specialist cyclotron variants require additional distinctions beyond classical, isochronous and synchrocyclotron designs?", "Which authoritative sources establish representative energy, current, dimensions and mass ranges for each major cyclotron application and design class?", "Which standards, issuing bodies and licensing requirements apply across intended jurisdictions and uses, and which are installation-specific?", "Which diagnostic thresholds, component failure modes and maintenance criteria are supported by manufacturer documentation or operating evidence rather than transferable assumptions?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 29 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a cyclotron, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise a cyclotron, assess its beam-production readiness, and identify actions permitted by its configuration, operating limits and authorisations.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Isochronous Cyclotron, synchrocyclotron.", "2 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 58 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a cyclotron, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Isochronous Cyclotron", "synchrocyclotron" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 58 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 2 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one cyclotron from another, and a cyclotron from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a cyclotron sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a cyclotron from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a cyclotron is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a cyclotron is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a cyclotron is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a cyclotron is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a cyclotron is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a cyclotron is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a cyclotron passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a cyclotron between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a cyclotron, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a cyclotron is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What cyclotron is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does cyclotron perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise cyclotron, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How cyclotron is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does cyclotron have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does cyclotron need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about cyclotron is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about cyclotron hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern cyclotron, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a cyclotron came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a cyclotron and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a cyclotron is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a cyclotron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a cyclotron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a cyclotron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }