calque
Let an agent explain calques and their kinds, relay examples across languages and research on contact with attribution, and distinguish calques from loanwords, cognates and independent coinages.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify
Researched by: Claude
Purpose and description
Let an agent explain calques and their kinds, relay examples across languages and research on contact with attribution, and distinguish calques from loanwords, cognates and independent coinages.
A word or expression formed by translating the parts of a word or phrase from another language element by element, a loan translation, as English skyscraper rendered into French gratte-ciel or German Wolkenkratzer, and Latin and Greek terms calqued into many languages, including semantic calques that borrow a meaning and etymological calques that reconstruct a form, with documented cases such as Hungarian calques from Turkic; calques are a major channel of language contact alongside direct loanwords.
What it is for: Not applicable; a linguistic process and result.
It can be explain kinds of calque; relay examples; relay contact research; distinguish from loanwords.
Distinguishing features
Translation of components
Hidden borrowing
Many kinds
Hard to prove
What it looks like
Not a visible object; words whose structure mirrors a foreign model.
How it is recognised
Loan translation element by element
Structural, semantic, phraseological and etymological calques
A loanword borrows the form itself; cognates share ancestry; coinages may coincide by chance
Related models
is a kind of - in registry terms, as a type of borrowing
is a kind of - in registry terms
results from - the process
is contrasted with - which borrows the form
In practice
Families and kinds
structural or morphological calques
semantic calques
phraseological calques
syntactic calques
etymological calques
documented sets such as Hungarian-Turkic calques and Latin-derived calques in European languages
Standards and regulation
No regulation; linguistic conventions and etymological dictionaries
Failure modes and hazards
Asserting calques without evidence
Confusing calques with loanwords or cognates
Overstating purist claims about calques
Also called
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions.
Understand What a calque is.
Linguistics.
Definition
Definition and kinds.
Definition
Definition.
- What is a calque, and what kinds exist? definition
- Is the word a calque, a loanword, a cognate or an independent coinage? boundary
Examples
Examples.
Examples
Examples.
- What are well-known calques across languages, with sources? provenance
- Which entry fits the specific language? action
Research Contact and evidence.
Attribution.
Contact
Language contact.
Contact
Contact.
- How do calques arise in language contact, and what do cases such as Hungarian-Turkic calques show? provenance
- Which sources are cited? provenance
Evidence
Establishing calques.
Evidence
Evidence.
- How do etymologists establish that a word is a calque rather than a parallel formation? provenance
- Which references are standard? provenance
Use Purism and translation.
Practice.
Purism
Purism.
Purism
Purism.
- How have language purism movements used calques to avoid loanwords, with attribution? provenance
- Which entry fits linguistic purism? action
Translation
Translation practice.
Translation
Translation.
- When are calques appropriate or problematic in translation? provenance
- Which entry fits translation studies? action
Context History and terminology.
Context.
History
History.
History
History.
- How have calques spread scientific and religious vocabulary historically, such as from Greek and Latin? provenance
- Which entry fits the history of vocabulary? action
Terminology
Terminology.
Terminology
Terminology.
- Where does the word calque come from, and how do terms differ across linguistic traditions? provenance
- Which entry fits contact linguistics? action
What the second pass must settle
- Should semantic calque be a separate entry?
- How should etymological dictionaries be linked?
- The registry entry has merged aliases naming a specific contact set; should it be split off?