{ "model": { "rank": 7074, "code": "thing-q207320", "model_id": "vr.tr.paramilitary-organization", "name": "paramilitary organization", "purpose": "Let an agent explain what paramilitary organisations are and how they are classified, describe their legal status under national and international law, present historical and contemporary cases with attribution, and avoid operational detail.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Society, people and institutions", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "SOC", "domain": "SOC.ORG", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q207320/", "tier": 2, "score": 57, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "maquis", "death squad", "National Militia", "organized militia", "National Militia of FET and JONS", "Schwarze Scharen", "military association", "Free Corps", "paramilitary organization of the United States", "Nazi paramilitary organisation", "Saalschutz", "Colectivo", "Joint State Political Directorate", "Palestinian militant group", "stay-behind", "Wehrsportgruppe", "Fascist paramilitary", "Citizens' Defense", "Police tactical units of China", "Freikorps", "Auxiliary Units" ], "aliasCount": 21, "merged": 21, "knownIn": 57, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q207320", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207320", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T00:11:07Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 2, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q207320", "registryId": "vr.tr.paramilitary-organization", "name": "paramilitary organization", "version": "0.2.0-wave.2", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "SOC.ORG" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q207320/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.paramilitary-organization", "name": "paramilitary organization", "purpose": "Let an agent explain what paramilitary organisations are and how they are classified, describe their legal status under national and international law, present historical and contemporary cases with attribution, and avoid operational detail.", "definition": "An armed organisation that is organised on military lines but is not part of the regular armed forces of a state, including state-sponsored militias and gendarmerie-like bodies, party militias, resistance movements such as the maquis, and irregular groups; such organisations are studied in political science and history, are regulated or prohibited by national and international law, and are described here neutrally with attribution and without operational detail.", "what_it_is_for": "Armed organisations outside regular forces.", "affordances": [ "explain the concept and types", "describe legal status", "present cases with attribution", "maintain neutrality and safety limits" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Military organisation", "Irregular status", "Varied legality", "Political context" ], "appearance": "Not physical as a category; organised armed groups.", "visual_identification": [ "Organised on military lines", "Not regular armed forces", "Regular armies and police are state forces" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "state-sponsored militias and auxiliaries", "party and movement militias", "resistance and partisan movements", "private and irregular armed groups", "historical paramilitary bodies" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "irregular military", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "army", "why": "regular forces contrast" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "mercenary", "why": "other irregular actors" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "judiciary", "why": "legal accountability" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "National laws on armed groups and militias", "International humanitarian law on combatant status", "Sanctions and designation regimes" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Violence against civilians", "Partisan labelling of groups", "Providing operational or recruitment information" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What paramilitary means.", "rationale": "Definitions.", "layers": [ { "id": "concept", "name": "Concept", "description": "Concept and types.", "findings": [ { "id": "concept-finding", "name": "Concept", "description": "Concept.", "questions": [ { "text": "What defines a paramilitary organisation, and how do scholars classify militias, resistance movements and irregular groups?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the request seeking operational, recruitment or targeting information, which must be declined?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "specific", "name": "Specific", "description": "A specific organisation.", "findings": [ { "id": "specific-finding", "name": "Specific", "description": "Specific.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is documented about this organisation, its history and its status, according to historians and official sources?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral and attributed where designations are contested?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "law", "name": "Law", "description": "Legal status.", "rationale": "Law.", "layers": [ { "id": "national", "name": "National", "description": "National law.", "findings": [ { "id": "national-finding", "name": "National", "description": "National law.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do national laws regulate or prohibit paramilitary organisations?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits a specific legal framework?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "international", "name": "International", "description": "International law.", "findings": [ { "id": "international-finding", "name": "International", "description": "International law.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does international humanitarian law treat members of irregular armed groups, and how are war crimes addressed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits international humanitarian law?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "Historical cases.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "cases", "name": "Cases", "description": "Historical cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "cases-finding", "name": "Cases", "description": "Cases.", "questions": [ { "text": "How have historians described paramilitary organisations in different periods, such as resistance movements and state militias?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "society", "name": "Society", "description": "Effects on societies.", "findings": [ { "id": "society-finding", "name": "Society", "description": "Society.", "questions": [ { "text": "What effects on civilians and states are documented, according to research and human rights bodies?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is an emergency or threat present, requiring authorities?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "learn", "name": "Learn", "description": "Teaching and research.", "rationale": "Education.", "layers": [ { "id": "teach", "name": "Teach", "description": "Teaching.", "findings": [ { "id": "teach-finding", "name": "Teach", "description": "Teaching.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can the topic be taught neutrally in political science and history?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which misconceptions arise?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "research", "name": "Research", "description": "Research.", "findings": [ { "id": "research-finding", "name": "Research", "description": "Research.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which datasets and scholarly resources document armed groups?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits conflict research?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each organisation be a separate entry?", "How should legal frameworks be linked?", "How should contested designations be attributed?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organisation or institution", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a paramilitary organization, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain what paramilitary organisations are and how they are classified, describe their legal status under national and international law, present historical and contemporary cases with attribution, and avoid operational detail.", "characteristics": { "substance": "social", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "collective" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: maquis, death squad, National Militia, organized militia, National Militia of FET and JONS, Schwarze Scharen, military association, Free Corps, paramilitary organization of the United States, Nazi paramilitary organisation, Saalschutz, Colectivo.", "21 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 57 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a paramilitary organization, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a social arrangement between people", "physicalCharacter": [ "Acts through people, and only through them.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. Recognised by name, register entry and the people acting in its name, and those change while it stays the same body." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "maquis", "death squad", "National Militia", "organized militia", "National Militia of FET and JONS", "Schwarze Scharen", "military association", "Free Corps", "paramilitary organization of the United States", "Nazi paramilitary organisation", "Saalschutz", "Colectivo" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 57 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 21 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one paramilitary organization from another, and a paramilitary organization from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a paramilitary organization, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a paramilitary organization, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a paramilitary organization is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a paramilitary organization, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a paramilitary organization, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a paramilitary organization is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a paramilitary organization sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a paramilitary organization, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a paramilitary organization, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a paramilitary organization is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a paramilitary organization from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a paramilitary organization, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a paramilitary organization, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a paramilitary organization is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a paramilitary organization passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a paramilitary organization between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a paramilitary organization, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a paramilitary organization, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a paramilitary organization is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a paramilitary organization, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a paramilitary organization is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a paramilitary organization, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a paramilitary organization, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a paramilitary organization is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "people-and-responsibility", "name": "People, roles and responsibility", "description": "Who stands in what relation to a paramilitary organization.", "rationale": "Social things are defined by the relations people hold to them, and those relations change without the thing changing.", "layers": [ { "id": "roles-and-parties", "name": "Roles and parties", "description": "The roles that exist around a paramilitary organization and who fills them.", "findings": [ { "id": "role-assignments", "name": "Role assignments and their validity", "description": "Who holds which role over a paramilitary organization, from when, and on whose authority.", "questions": [ { "id": "role-assignments-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a role over a paramilitary organization, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "role-assignments-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a role over a paramilitary organization, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "role-assignments-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a role over a paramilitary organization is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "ownership-and-accountability", "name": "Ownership and accountability", "description": "Who answers for a paramilitary organization and who may decide about it.", "findings": [ { "id": "accountability", "name": "Accountability and decision rights", "description": "Where responsibility for a paramilitary organization sits when something goes wrong.", "questions": [ { "id": "accountability-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes responsibility for a paramilitary organization, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "accountability-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about responsibility for a paramilitary organization, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "accountability-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once responsibility for a paramilitary organization is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "legal-identity", "name": "Legal identity and mandate", "description": "What paramilitary organization is in law and what it exists to do.", "rationale": "Legal identity survives changes of name, address, staff and premises, which is exactly why it must be recorded separately from all of them.", "layers": [ { "id": "registration", "name": "Legal form and registration", "description": "Form, register, identifiers and jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "registration-record", "name": "Registration and identifiers", "description": "What names this body unambiguously in law.", "questions": [ { "id": "registration-record-q01", "text": "What legal form does paramilitary organization take, in which register, under which identifier?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "registration-record-q02", "text": "What survives a rename, a merger or a move of premises, and what does not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "mandate", "name": "Mandate and governing instrument", "description": "The purpose it is bound to and the document that binds it.", "findings": [ { "id": "mandate-record", "name": "Mandate and its source", "description": "What it may do, and the instrument that says so.", "questions": [ { "id": "mandate-record-q01", "text": "What is the mandate of paramilitary organization, and which founding or governing instrument grants it?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "mandate-record-q02", "text": "What lies outside the mandate, and what should an agent do when asked for it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "governance-and-membership", "name": "Governance, membership and decision rights", "description": "Who decides in paramilitary organization and who belongs to it.", "rationale": "Authority inside an organisation is held by roles, not people, and an agent needs to know which role can commit it.", "layers": [ { "id": "decision-rights", "name": "Decision rights", "description": "Bodies, offices and what each may bind.", "findings": [ { "id": "authority-map", "name": "Who may bind the organisation", "description": "The offices that can commit it and their limits.", "questions": [ { "id": "authority-map-q01", "text": "Which bodies or offices of paramilitary organization may take which decisions, and up to what limit?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "authority-map-q02", "text": "What evidence shows that a given person currently holds that office?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "membership", "name": "Membership and affiliation", "description": "Who counts as part of it and on what terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "membership-rules", "name": "Membership and its evidence", "description": "Classes of member, how membership starts and ends.", "questions": [ { "id": "membership-rules-q01", "text": "What kinds of membership or affiliation does paramilitary organization have, and how does each begin and end?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "membership-rules-q02", "text": "What may a member do in its name, and what may they not?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a paramilitary organization came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a paramilitary organization and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a paramilitary organization, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a paramilitary organization, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a paramilitary organization is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a paramilitary organization is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a paramilitary organization, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a paramilitary organization, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a paramilitary organization is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }