{ "model": { "rank": 7264, "code": "thing-q209402", "model_id": "vr.tr.nuclear-magnetic-resonance", "name": "nuclear magnetic resonance", "purpose": "Let an agent explain nuclear magnetic resonance and its physics, relay spectroscopy, imaging and advanced techniques from physics and chemistry references, describe applications, and distinguish NMR from electron spin resonance and from MRI as an application.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.PRC", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q209402/", "tier": 2, "score": 56, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Cross-polarization", "electron nuclear double resonance" ], "aliasCount": 2, "merged": 2, "knownIn": 56, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q209402", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T03:52:47Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q209402", "registryId": "vr.tr.nuclear-magnetic-resonance", "name": "nuclear magnetic resonance", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.PRC" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q209402/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.nuclear-magnetic-resonance", "name": "nuclear magnetic resonance", "purpose": "Let an agent explain nuclear magnetic resonance and its physics, relay spectroscopy, imaging and advanced techniques from physics and chemistry references, describe applications, and distinguish NMR from electron spin resonance and from MRI as an application.", "definition": "A physical phenomenon in which atomic nuclei with spin, placed in a strong magnetic field, absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation at a resonant frequency that depends on the nucleus and its chemical environment, discovered in 1938 and 1946, and exploited in NMR spectroscopy for determining molecular structure, in magnetic resonance imaging for medicine, in solid-state techniques such as cross-polarization, in double resonance methods such as electron nuclear double resonance, and in quantum computing; NMR is one of the most important analytical techniques in chemistry.", "what_it_is_for": "Analysing structure and imaging through nuclear spins.", "affordances": [ "explain the physics", "relay spectroscopy and techniques", "describe applications", "distinguish from ESR and MRI" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Nuclear spin resonance", "Chemical shift", "Non-destructive", "Broad applications" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; spectra and images from superconducting magnet instruments.", "visual_identification": [ "Resonant absorption by nuclear spins in a magnetic field", "NMR spectroscopy, solid-state NMR, cross-polarization, ENDOR, MRI", "Electron spin resonance uses electron spins; MRI is the imaging application" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "discovered", "typical_range": "1938 Rabi, 1946 Bloch and Purcell", "unit": "year", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "proton Larmor frequency at 1 T", "typical_range": "about 42.58", "unit": "MHz", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "high-field spectrometers", "typical_range": "up to 1.2", "unit": "GHz", "note": "proton frequency" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "solution NMR spectroscopy", "solid-state NMR including magic angle spinning and cross-polarization", "multidimensional NMR", "double resonance techniques such as ENDOR", "magnetic resonance imaging as an application", "low-field and benchtop NMR", "NMR in quantum information" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "absorption", "why": "in registry terms, of radiofrequency radiation" }, { "relation": "underlies", "target": "magnetic resonance imaging", "why": "in medicine" }, { "relation": "is applied in", "target": "NMR spectroscopy", "why": "for structure determination" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "electron paramagnetic resonance", "why": "using electron spins" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "MeSH", "value_or_pattern": "D009682", "note": "magnetic resonance spectroscopy" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "IUPAC recommendations on NMR nomenclature and chemical shift referencing", "Safety rules for superconducting magnets and cryogens" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Magnet quench and cryogen hazards", "Confusing NMR with ESR or with MRI", "Misinterpreting spectra" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What NMR is.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "physics", "name": "Physics", "description": "Physics.", "findings": [ { "id": "physics-finding", "name": "Physics", "description": "Physics.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do nuclear spins precess and resonate in a magnetic field, and what determines the resonance frequency?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about NMR physics, spectroscopy, MRI or electron spin resonance?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "parameters", "name": "Parameters", "description": "Chemical shift and coupling.", "findings": [ { "id": "parameters-finding", "name": "Parameters", "description": "Parameters.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are chemical shift, spin-spin coupling and relaxation, and what do they reveal?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits chemical shift?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "techniques", "name": "Techniques", "description": "Techniques.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "spectroscopy", "name": "Spectroscopy", "description": "Spectroscopy.", "findings": [ { "id": "spectroscopy-finding", "name": "Spectroscopy", "description": "Spectroscopy.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do one- and multidimensional NMR experiments determine molecular structure?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "solid", "name": "Solid", "description": "Solid-state and double resonance.", "findings": [ { "id": "solid-finding", "name": "Solid", "description": "Solid.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do magic angle spinning, cross-polarization and ENDOR extend NMR to solids and radicals?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits solid-state NMR?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "apply", "name": "Apply", "description": "Applications.", "rationale": "Application.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemistry", "name": "Chemistry", "description": "Chemistry and biology.", "findings": [ { "id": "chemistry-finding", "name": "Chemistry", "description": "Chemistry.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is NMR used in chemistry, structural biology, metabolomics and materials?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "medicine", "name": "Medicine", "description": "Medicine and beyond.", "findings": [ { "id": "medicine-finding", "name": "Medicine", "description": "Medicine.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does NMR underlie MRI and appear in oil exploration, food science and quantum computing?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits magnetic resonance imaging?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "History and instruments.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did Rabi, Bloch, Purcell, Ernst and Wuthrich develop NMR, with Nobel recognition?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of NMR?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "instruments", "name": "Instruments", "description": "Instruments.", "findings": [ { "id": "instruments-finding", "name": "Instruments", "description": "Instruments.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do NMR spectrometers work, and what are the trends in field strength and benchtop instruments?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits NMR spectrometer?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should NMR spectroscopy and solid-state NMR be separate primary entries?", "How should physics and chemistry references be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming techniques; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a nuclear magnetic resonance, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain nuclear magnetic resonance and its physics, relay spectroscopy, imaging and advanced techniques from physics and chemistry references, describe applications, and distinguish NMR from electron spin resonance and from MRI as an application.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Cross-polarization, electron nuclear double resonance.", "2 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 56 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a nuclear magnetic resonance, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Cross-polarization", "electron nuclear double resonance" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 56 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 2 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one nuclear magnetic resonance from another, and a nuclear magnetic resonance from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a nuclear magnetic resonance, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a nuclear magnetic resonance, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a nuclear magnetic resonance is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a nuclear magnetic resonance, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a nuclear magnetic resonance, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a nuclear magnetic resonance is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a nuclear magnetic resonance sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a nuclear magnetic resonance, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a nuclear magnetic resonance, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a nuclear magnetic resonance is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a nuclear magnetic resonance from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a nuclear magnetic resonance, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a nuclear magnetic resonance, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a nuclear magnetic resonance is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a nuclear magnetic resonance passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a nuclear magnetic resonance between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a nuclear magnetic resonance, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a nuclear magnetic resonance, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a nuclear magnetic resonance is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a nuclear magnetic resonance, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a nuclear magnetic resonance is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a nuclear magnetic resonance, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a nuclear magnetic resonance, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a nuclear magnetic resonance is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a nuclear magnetic resonance proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a nuclear magnetic resonance, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a nuclear magnetic resonance and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a nuclear magnetic resonance, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a nuclear magnetic resonance, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a nuclear magnetic resonance is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a nuclear magnetic resonance consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a nuclear magnetic resonance takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a nuclear magnetic resonance, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a nuclear magnetic resonance, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a nuclear magnetic resonance is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What nuclear magnetic resonance is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of nuclear magnetic resonance are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is nuclear magnetic resonance operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of nuclear magnetic resonance and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of nuclear magnetic resonance?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as nuclear magnetic resonance?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a nuclear magnetic resonance came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a nuclear magnetic resonance and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a nuclear magnetic resonance, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a nuclear magnetic resonance, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a nuclear magnetic resonance is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a nuclear magnetic resonance is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a nuclear magnetic resonance, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a nuclear magnetic resonance, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a nuclear magnetic resonance is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }