{ "model": { "rank": 6530, "code": "thing-q211387", "model_id": "vr.tr.soldering-or-brazing", "name": "soldering or brazing", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a soldering or brazing operation, assess whether its joint and process evidence meet the intended requirements, and determine whether the operation may proceed, requires correction, or must be held.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q211387/", "tier": 2, "score": 60, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "brazing", "wave soldering", "Induction brazing", "reflow soldering", "soldering", "selective soldering", "Ultrasonic soldering" ], "aliasCount": 7, "merged": 7, "knownIn": 60, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q211387", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211387", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T15:08:31Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.04436644, "turns": 2, "seconds": 156.3, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 73.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c67-8c5f-78c2-9377-8ad09fa471f2\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: soldering or brazing\nRegistry id: vr.tr.soldering-or-brazing\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into thi" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q211387", "registryId": "vr.tr.soldering-or-brazing", "name": "soldering or brazing", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q211387/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.soldering-or-brazing", "name": "soldering or brazing", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a soldering or brazing operation, assess whether its joint and process evidence meet the intended requirements, and determine whether the operation may proceed, requires correction, or must be held.", "definition": "Soldering and brazing are capillary joining processes that coalesce materials by heating them with a filler metal whose liquidus is below the solidus of the parent metals (so the parents are not melted); by AWS and ISO convention the two names are split only on filler liquidus, soldering at or below 450 °C and brazing above it.", "scope_statement": "This model owns an instance of joining with molten filler while the base materials remain solid, including process classification, joint preparation, execution, inspection and disposition; soldering and brazing remain variants of this single registry entry.", "in_scope": [ "The operation's joint, workpieces, intended service and acceptance requirements", "Classification as soldering or brazing and identification of the joining mechanism", "Selection and compatibility of base materials, filler, flux or protective atmosphere", "Joint preparation, fit-up, heating, filler placement and cooling", "Evidence of joint condition, inspection results, rework and release decisions" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Fusion welding operations that intentionally melt the base materials", "Adhesive bonding, mechanical fastening and solid-state joining operations", "Standalone manufacture and inventory management of fillers, fluxes and workpieces", "General design and lifecycle management of the assembled product", "Maintenance and calibration of heating equipment beyond its suitability for this operation" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "The intended joining mechanism melts a filler while keeping the base materials solid; intentional base-material melting indicates a different process boundary.", "A soldering or brazing label must be supported by filler melting-range evidence and the classification rule applicable to the operation, rather than by the heat source alone.", "Molten filler must establish the specified bond with the joint surfaces; a deposit that merely rests on a surface does not establish an acceptable joint.", "The operation must distinguish intended capillary filling from surface deposition or another filler-flow mechanism, especially where braze welding or coating could be confused with the registered thing." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Process classification", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "soldering | brazing | unresolved, with classification basis", "why_it_matters": "Determines which process rules and acceptance requirements apply without splitting the registry entry." }, { "name": "Joint and service requirement", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "linked joint, workpieces and required mechanical, electrical, thermal or sealing functions", "why_it_matters": "A joint can satisfy one function while failing another." }, { "name": "Material combination", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "base materials, surface finishes, filler identity and flux or atmosphere", "why_it_matters": "Compatibility governs whether the proposed joining route is credible." }, { "name": "Filler melting range", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "solidus and liquidus in °C, with source and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Supports classification and evaluation of the proposed thermal cycle." }, { "name": "Joint clearance", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mm or µm at a stated temperature, with tolerance or estimate", "why_it_matters": "Fit-up and thermal expansion affect access and filler movement through the intended joint." }, { "name": "Surface readiness", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "unverified | preparation required | prepared | compromised, with evidence", "why_it_matters": "Contamination or unsuitable surface condition can prevent the intended bond." }, { "name": "Thermal exposure", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "temperature versus time in °C and s, with measurement location and method", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes equipment settings from evidence of what the joint and nearby components experienced." }, { "name": "Filler distribution", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "unassessed | meets specified distribution | insufficient | excessive | unintended bridging | indeterminate", "why_it_matters": "Connects observed filler placement to required coverage and prohibited flow." }, { "name": "Operation disposition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "planned | ready | executing | awaiting inspection | accepted | held | rework required | rejected", "why_it_matters": "Controls which next actions are justified by the available evidence." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a proposed joining operation and flag unresolved process boundaries.", "Check whether the selected material combination and joint fit-up support the intended joining route.", "Compare preparation and thermal evidence with the applicable procedure before advancing the operation.", "Identify missing evidence where appearance alone cannot establish the required joint function.", "Recommend a hold, further inspection or an authorised rework route when deviations occur.", "Assemble a traceable acceptance record linking this operation to its joint, procedure and inspection evidence." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "ewi-solder-braze-2014", "title": "Should you Solder it or Braze it?", "url": "https://ewi.org/should-you-solder-it-or-braze-it/", "what_it_supports": "AWS liquidus split at 450 °C; \"silver solder\" as a misnomer for BAg brazing fillers; AWS A5.8 BAg-x designation pattern; typical use domains.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "aws-soldering-handbook", "title": "Soldering Handbook, 3rd edition (preview)", "url": "https://pubs.aws.org/Download_PDFS/SHB-3rd-EdPV.pdf", "what_it_supports": "Filler-metal joining versus fusion welding; soldering vs brazing defined solely by filler liquidus below/above 450 °C / 842 °F.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "iso-9453-2020", "title": "ISO 9453:2020 Soft solder alloys - Chemical compositions and forms", "url": "https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/?_escaped_fragment_=iso:std:78822:en", "what_it_supports": "ISO definition of soft solder; alloy numbering and melting data (e.g. Sn63Pb37 eutectic 183 °C).", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "iso-4063-2023", "title": "ISO 4063:2023 Welding, brazing, soldering and cutting - Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers", "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/67225.html", "what_it_supports": "International process numbering; brazing, soldering and weld brazing as named process families (main group 9).", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "aws-a3-process-chart", "title": "Brazing and soldering processes classification chart (from AWS A3.0:2001)", "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brazing_and_soldering_processes_-_AWS_A3.0_2001.svg", "what_it_supports": "Named AWS process kinds: torch, furnace, induction, dip, resistance, infrared, iron, wave, ultrasonic, diffusion brazing/soldering.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "ipc-j-std-001j", "title": "IPC J-STD-001J Requirements for Soldered Electrical and Electronic Assemblies", "url": "https://www.ipc.org/TOC/IPC-J-STD-001J_TOC.pdf", "what_it_supports": "Electronics soldering as a controlled manufacturing process; environmental bands; common SnPb and SAC alloys.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "linbraze-flux-standards", "title": "Brazing Fluxes: Complete Guide to AWS A5.31, ISO & EN Standards", "url": "https://www.linbraze.com/en/blog-fluxes/brazing-fluxes-standards-guide/", "what_it_supports": "Governing filler and flux standards: ISO 17672, ISO 857-2, ISO 3677, AWS A5.8, AWS A5.31, EN 1045.", "url_status": "unverified" }, { "id": "iec-tr-60068-3-15", "title": "IEC TR 60068-3-15:2024 (excerpt defining reflow soldering via ISO 857-2)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "ISO 857-2 cited for reflow soldering as a process with solder liquidus of 450 °C or less; voiding as a joint-quality issue." } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "joining-intent-and-boundary", "name": "Joining intent and boundary", "description": "Establishes what joint is being made, what it must do and why the operation belongs to this registered thing.", "rationale": "An agent must distinguish a qualifying joining operation from neighbouring processes and judge success against the actual joint function.", "layers": [ { "id": "process-identity", "name": "Process identity", "description": "Records the physical joining mechanism and the basis for its classification.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-basis", "name": "Classification basis", "description": "Record whether soldering or brazing is intended, the filler melting-range evidence and the governing classification rule.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which applicable definition and filler data support classifying this operation as soldering or brazing?", "kind": "definition", "id": "classification-basis-q01" }, { "text": "Does the proposed operation intentionally melt any base material, or use a deposition mechanism whose inclusion requires a boundary decision?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "classification-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "joint-duty", "name": "Joint duty", "description": "Connects the operation to the functions and constraints of the specific joint.", "findings": [ { "id": "required-joint-performance", "name": "Required joint performance", "description": "Record the required joining functions and the evidence by which each will be accepted.", "questions": [ { "text": "Must this joint carry load, conduct electricity or heat, contain fluid, or satisfy a combination of these functions?", "kind": "definition", "id": "required-joint-performance-q01" }, { "text": "Which drawing, procedure or service requirement establishes the acceptance criteria for each required function?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "required-joint-performance-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "materials-and-joint-readiness", "name": "Materials and joint readiness", "description": "Records whether the material combination, surfaces and fit-up are suitable for the intended joining operation.", "rationale": "Heating alone cannot compensate for an incompatible material combination or an unsuitable joint condition.", "layers": [ { "id": "joining-material-system", "name": "Joining material system", "description": "Relates base materials and surface finishes to filler and oxide-control choices.", "findings": [ { "id": "compatibility-evidence", "name": "Compatibility evidence", "description": "Record the selected materials and the evidence supporting their use together under the intended service conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the identified base materials, surface finishes and filler, and which records establish those identities?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "compatibility-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What procedure or qualification evidence supports this combination, including the selected flux, atmosphere or fluxless route?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "compatibility-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "Which unresolved compatibility issue would require a trial, substitution or hold before joining?", "kind": "action", "id": "compatibility-evidence-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "surface-and-fit-up", "name": "Surface and fit-up", "description": "Captures preparation, clearance, access and restraint before heat is applied.", "findings": [ { "id": "prepared-joint-condition", "name": "Prepared joint condition", "description": "Record evidence that the joining surfaces and assembled geometry meet the selected procedure.", "questions": [ { "text": "What cleaning, oxide removal or surface treatment was performed, and has subsequent handling compromised it?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "prepared-joint-condition-q01" }, { "text": "What are the joint clearance, overlap and alignment, and at what temperature were they measured or estimated?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "prepared-joint-condition-q02" }, { "text": "Can the filler reach the required surfaces and displaced gas escape while the fixture maintains the required geometry?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "prepared-joint-condition-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "heat-and-filler-execution", "name": "Heat and filler execution", "description": "Records how heat, oxide control, filler delivery and cooling were managed during the operation.", "rationale": "The agent needs evidence of joint formation and thermal exposure to assess execution and choose justified interventions.", "layers": [ { "id": "thermal-control", "name": "Thermal control", "description": "Distinguishes the prescribed heating conditions from the thermal exposure actually supported by evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "thermal-cycle-conformance", "name": "Thermal cycle conformance", "description": "Record the heating method, applicable limits and observed thermal history of the joint and vulnerable nearby features.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which procedure establishes the heating, dwell and cooling limits for this joint and its neighbouring materials?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "thermal-cycle-conformance-q01" }, { "text": "What temperature-time evidence exists, where was it measured, and how well does it represent the joining interface?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "thermal-cycle-conformance-q02" }, { "text": "What observed limit breach or loss of heat control requires stopping or holding the operation?", "kind": "action", "id": "thermal-cycle-conformance-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "wetting-flow-and-solidification", "name": "Wetting, flow and solidification", "description": "Captures whether filler reached the intended surfaces and remained controlled while the joint formed.", "findings": [ { "id": "joint-formation-evidence", "name": "Joint formation evidence", "description": "Record filler delivery, observed wetting and flow, oxide-control conditions and restraint during solidification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where and how was filler supplied, and what observations support wetting and the intended distribution?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "joint-formation-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence shows that the required flux or atmosphere conditions were maintained during joining?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "joint-formation-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "What evidence permits releasing the fixture or handling the assembly without disturbing the newly formed joint?", "kind": "action", "id": "joint-formation-evidence-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "joint-evidence-and-disposition", "name": "Joint evidence and disposition", "description": "Connects post-joining condition and inspection evidence to acceptance, further investigation or rework.", "rationale": "A completed heating cycle and a plausible-looking fillet do not by themselves establish every required joint function.", "layers": [ { "id": "post-join-verification", "name": "Post-join verification", "description": "Records final surface condition, inspection coverage and the limitations of the available evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "acceptance-evidence", "name": "Acceptance evidence", "description": "Record required residue treatment and inspection results against the joint's specific acceptance criteria.", "questions": [ { "text": "What residue removal or retention requirement applies to the selected flux and intended service, and was it met?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "acceptance-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What inspection or functional-test results establish compliance for coverage, integrity and the required joint functions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "acceptance-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "Which internal regions or failure modes remain unassessed by the methods used?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "acceptance-evidence-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "release-and-rework", "name": "Release and rework", "description": "Determines the permitted next step while preserving evidence of deviations and repeated heating.", "findings": [ { "id": "justified-next-action", "name": "Justified next action", "description": "Record the disposition, its supporting evidence and any authorised limits on corrective work.", "questions": [ { "text": "Do the available results justify acceptance, or must the joint be held, inspected further, reworked or rejected?", "kind": "action", "id": "justified-next-action-q01" }, { "text": "If rework is proposed, what procedure permits it and how does it account for previous heating, material removal and nearby component exposure?", "kind": "action", "id": "justified-next-action-q02" }, { "text": "Which operation record links this joint to the materials used, procedure revision, deviations, inspection results and disposition authority?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "justified-next-action-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Soft soldering (filler liquidus ≤450 °C)", "Brazing (filler liquidus >450 °C)", "Silver brazing (AWS BAg fillers; trade name \"silver solder\")", "Copper-phosphorus brazing of copper (self-fluxing BCuP)", "Aluminium-silicon brazing (BAlSi, often furnace/CAB)", "Nickel and other high-temperature vacuum/furnace brazing (BNi and related)", "Electronics mass soldering (wave, reflow, vapour-phase)", "Torch/flame and iron processes (HVAC/plumbing pipe joints, hand rework)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of soldering or brazing this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "ISO 4063 process number", "value_or_pattern": "9 (brazing and soldering); 91 local-heat brazing, e.g. 911 infrared, 912 flame/torch, 913 laser; designation ISO 4063 - ", "note": "ISO/TC 44 nomenclature; soldering and weld-brazing occupy further group numbers under 9. Only 9/91/911-913 were read in full in this pass." }, { "scheme": "AWS A5.8 filler-metal classification", "value_or_pattern": "B-, e.g. BAg-1, BAg-8, BCuP-x, BAlSi-x, BNi-x, BAu-4, BCu-1", "note": "\"B\" marks a brazing filler metal; composition number is unique within the family." }, { "scheme": "ISO 3677 filler designation", "value_or_pattern": "B-, e.g. B-Ag45CuZn", "note": "Used with ISO 17672 to name brazing (and some soldering) fillers." }, { "scheme": "ISO 9453 alloy number", "value_or_pattern": "three-digit group number plus short composition, e.g. 101 / Sn63Pb37", "note": "Soft-solder chemical composition classes." }, { "scheme": "ICS", "value_or_pattern": "25.160.01", "note": "Welding, brazing and soldering in general." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of soldering or brazing this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "AWS A3.0M/A3.0:2025 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions - American Welding Society (ANS glossary for soldering and brazing)", "ISO 857-2:2005 Welding and allied processes - Vocabulary - Part 2: Soldering and brazing processes - ISO/TC 44", "ISO 4063:2023 Welding, brazing, soldering and cutting - Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers - ISO/TC 44", "ISO 9453:2020 Soft solder alloys - Chemical compositions and forms - ISO/TC 44/SC 12", "ISO 9454-1 Soft soldering fluxes - Classification, labelling and packaging - ISO", "ISO 17672 Brazing - Filler metals - ISO (2016 cited; 2024 revision reported)", "ISO 3677:2024 Filler metals for soldering and brazing - Designation - ISO", "AWS A5.8 Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding - American Welding Society", "AWS A5.31M/A5.31:2022 Specification for Fluxes for Brazing and Braze Welding - American Welding Society", "AWS C3.12M/C3.12:2024 Specification for Furnace Soldering - American Welding Society", "EN 1045 brazing fluxes - CEN (European counterpart to AWS flux classes)", "IPC J-STD-001J Requirements for Soldered Electrical and Electronic Assemblies - IPC, with companion IPC-A-610 acceptability" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of soldering or brazing this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Printed-board assembly: solder paste reflow of SAC or SnPb alloys, wave soldering of through-hole leads, and iron rework under IPC J-STD-001.", "HVAC/R and copper pipework: torch brazing of refrigerant lines with BCuP or BAg fillers; domestic plumbing soft-soldered with tin-based alloys.", "Automotive heat exchangers: controlled-atmosphere furnace brazing of aluminium with Al-Si fillers.", "Aerospace and gas-turbine hardware: vacuum furnace brazing with nickel, gold or palladium fillers on nickel-base alloys.", "Cutting tools and carbide tips brazed to steel shanks; cookware and utensils with brazed joints.", "Jewellery and architectural metalwork using silver brazing alloys under the trade name hard/silver soldering." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of soldering or brazing this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Filler-metal liquidus that splits soldering from brazing", "typical_range": "threshold 450 (soldering ≤, brazing >)", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "Eutectic Sn63Pb37 melting temperature", "typical_range": "183", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "Near-eutectic SAC305 (Sn96.5Ag3Cu0.5) solidus-liquidus", "typical_range": "217-220", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "Sn96.5Ag3.5 eutectic melting temperature", "typical_range": "221", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "Brazing filler liquidus by family (Al/Mg; Cu-P; Ag; Au/Cu; Ni/Co/Pd)", "typical_range": "about 600; 700-800; 700-900; 900-1100; 950-1200", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "Homologous temperature of 63Sn-37Pb at 25 °C", "typical_range": "0.65", "unit": "1 (T/T_solidus, absolute)" }, { "quantity": "Electronics assembly room temperature (J-STD-001)", "typical_range": "18-30", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "Electronics assembly relative humidity (J-STD-001)", "typical_range": "30-70", "unit": "% RH" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of soldering or brazing this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Incomplete wetting or dewetting when oxides, soil or exhausted flux prevent the filler from spreading on the parent metal.", "Capillary starvation from excessive joint gap, poor fit-up, or (for eutectic fillers) insufficiently tight clearance.", "Cold or unsoldered joints when the joint never reaches about 25 °C above filler liquidus.", "Macrovoids in solder joints that cut mechanical integrity and thermal paths (electronics).", "Brittle intermetallic growth and microstructural coarsening of solders, which already sit at high homologous temperature even at room conditions.", "Base-metal grain growth, erosion/dissolution, and unwanted filler-parent reaction at high brazing temperatures.", "Corrosive flux residues, especially halide-activated electronics and plumbing fluxes left uncleaned.", "Toxic exposure: lead in older solders; cadmium-bearing BAg-1 fumes; zinc and other metal-fume from torch work.", "Thermal damage to heat-sensitive components, board warp, and cracked joints from overly steep reflow or cooling ramps.", "Mis-selection of \"silver solder\" (actually a braze) onto assemblies that cannot tolerate brazing heat." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of soldering or brazing this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "English-speaking trades still call silver brazing \"silver solder\" or \"hard solder\"; AWS treats those alloys as brazing filler metals (BAg), not solders.", "US sources quote the split as 450 °C / 840 °F or 842 °F; ISO 857-2 / ISO 9453 use 450 °C and phrase soldering as \"usually\" below that liquidus.", "French standards name soldering brasage tendre (ISO 9454-1) versus brazing as brasage fort.", "The official Russian rendering of ISO 4063 contrasts высокотемпературная пайка (brazing) with низкотемпературная пайка (soldering) under the same пайка heading.", "Lead-bearing SnPb remains specified in some aerospace/military electronics, while consumer electronics practice has shifted to SAC and other lead-free ISO 9453 alloys." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of soldering or brazing this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Fusion welding", "difference": "Welding intentionally melts the parent metals; soldering/brazing keep parents below their solidus and join only with a lower-melting filler." }, { "name": "Braze welding / weld brazing (ISO 4063)", "difference": "A groove is filled with a bronze or similar rod without relying on capillary distribution between close-fitted faying surfaces." }, { "name": "Diffusion (solid-state) welding", "difference": "Coalescence by pressure, temperature and time without bulk melting of a capillary filler." }, { "name": "Adhesive bonding", "difference": "The interlayer is a polymer, not a metallic filler that wets and metallurgically bonds the parents." }, { "name": "Soldering versus brazing (internal split)", "difference": "Same process physics; the only defining test is filler-metal liquidus at or below 450 °C (solder) versus above 450 °C (braze)." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of soldering or brazing this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative process definitions and temperature classification convention should Vercy adopt for this entry?", "Does the registry intend this entry to include braze welding, solder-based repair deposits and transient-liquid-phase variants, or should those be linked to neighbouring entries?", "Which process-specific extensions are needed for electronics soldering, pipe joining and furnace brazing without creating duplicate models?", "Which qualification and acceptance sources should govern different service contexts, and how should conflicting requirements be resolved?", "What evidence is sufficient to assess concealed joints, and which material systems require explicit limits on repeated heating or rework?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 30 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a soldering or brazing, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a soldering or brazing operation, assess whether its joint and process evidence meet the intended requirements, and determine whether the operation may proceed, requires correction, or must be held.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: brazing, wave soldering, Induction brazing, reflow soldering, soldering, selective soldering, Ultrasonic soldering.", "7 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 60 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a soldering or brazing, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "brazing", "wave soldering", "Induction brazing", "reflow soldering", "soldering", "selective soldering", "Ultrasonic soldering" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 60 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 7 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one soldering or brazing from another, and a soldering or brazing from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a soldering or brazing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a soldering or brazing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a soldering or brazing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a soldering or brazing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a soldering or brazing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a soldering or brazing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a soldering or brazing sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a soldering or brazing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a soldering or brazing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a soldering or brazing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a soldering or brazing from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a soldering or brazing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a soldering or brazing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a soldering or brazing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a soldering or brazing passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a soldering or brazing between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a soldering or brazing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a soldering or brazing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a soldering or brazing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a soldering or brazing, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a soldering or brazing is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a soldering or brazing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a soldering or brazing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a soldering or brazing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a soldering or brazing proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a soldering or brazing, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a soldering or brazing and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a soldering or brazing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a soldering or brazing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a soldering or brazing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a soldering or brazing consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a soldering or brazing takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a soldering or brazing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a soldering or brazing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a soldering or brazing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What soldering or brazing is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of soldering or brazing are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is soldering or brazing operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of soldering or brazing and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of soldering or brazing?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as soldering or brazing?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a soldering or brazing came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a soldering or brazing and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a soldering or brazing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a soldering or brazing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a soldering or brazing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a soldering or brazing is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a soldering or brazing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a soldering or brazing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a soldering or brazing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }