{ "model": { "rank": 2784, "code": "thing-q2126", "model_id": "vr.tr.neutrino", "name": "neutrino", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a neutrino hypothesis, assess its inferred physical state and evidence, and select justified propagation calculations or detection analyses.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q2126/", "tier": 2, "score": 97, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "solar neutrino", "muon neutrino", "tau neutrino", "electron neutrino" ], "aliasCount": 4, "merged": 4, "knownIn": 97, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q2126", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2126", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T11:48:00Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01115336, "turns": 1, "seconds": 136.7, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 95.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07bad-dc94-71d1-9c39-fb86ae9aabae\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: neutrino\nRegistry id: vr.tr.neutrino\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Vercy" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q2126", "registryId": "vr.tr.neutrino", "name": "neutrino", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2126/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.neutrino", "name": "neutrino", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a neutrino hypothesis, assess its inferred physical state and evidence, and select justified propagation calculations or detection analyses.", "definition": "A neutrino is a spin-½ electrically neutral lepton that couples only through the weak interaction and gravity, occurs in three flavours aligned with the charged leptons, and has a non-zero mass whose eigenstates are misaligned with the flavour states, producing flavour oscillation.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the identity, inferred state, production association, propagation and interaction possibilities of neutrinos under vr.tr.neutrino in PHY / PHY.OBJ, distinguishing individual candidates from ensemble descriptions and retaining explicit neutrino versus antineutrino labels without creating separate registry entries.", "in_scope": [ "Active flavour identity and the distinction between flavour and mass descriptions", "Neutrino versus antineutrino assignment and its evidential limits", "Production association, energy, momentum, direction and timing uncertainties", "Propagation context and predicted flavour probabilities", "Possible interactions and evidence supporting a neutrino interpretation", "Mass constraints and explicitly labelled hypotheses beyond the established description" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Engineering and operation of neutrino detectors", "Construction and operation of accelerators, reactors and beamlines", "Internal evolution of stars, supernovae and other astrophysical sources", "Complete models of nuclei, charged leptons and interaction products", "Population flux models and cosmological evolution beyond links needed for the neutrino inference" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require compatibility with a neutral lepton interpretation: neutrality alone does not distinguish a neutrino from a photon or neutron. [CERN Standard Model](https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/standard-model/)", "Distinguish the elementary spin-one-half neutrino hypothesis from a spin-one photon or composite neutron hypothesis; an individual detector event need not measure these properties directly. [PDG neutrino review](https://pdg.lbl.gov/2025/reviews/rpp2025-rev-neutrino-mixing.pdf)", "Test an active-neutrino interpretation through compatible weak-interaction channels and charged-lepton associations; missing momentum alone is insufficient identification. [PDG neutrino review](https://pdg.lbl.gov/2025/reviews/rpp2025-rev-neutrino-mixing.pdf)", "Keep electron, muon and tau flavour labels distinct from mass-state labels and attach flavour assignments to production or detection context. [PDG neutrino review](https://pdg.lbl.gov/2025/reviews/rpp2025-rev-neutrino-mixing.pdf)", "Use production or interaction evidence for neutrino versus antineutrino assignment, preserving an unresolved label when the evidence cannot discriminate." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Representation level", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "particle hypothesis; interaction-associated candidate; ensemble state", "why_it_matters": "Prevents an ensemble probability from becoming a definite property of one particle." }, { "name": "Flavour assignment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "electron; muon; tau; unresolved; probability distribution, with spacetime context", "why_it_matters": "Determines which flavour-dependent production and detection claims are justified." }, { "name": "Neutrino or antineutrino assignment", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "neutrino; antineutrino; unresolved, with evidence", "why_it_matters": "Selects applicable interaction and propagation hypotheses." }, { "name": "Quantum-state description", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "flavour or mass basis; amplitudes or density matrix when supported; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Makes coherence and mixture assumptions available to propagation calculations." }, { "name": "Energy and momentum", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "eV and eV/c with scale prefix, reference frame and joint uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Constrains propagation predictions, accessible interaction channels and source compatibility." }, { "name": "Direction and timing", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "unit vector or angular coordinates; timestamp and time standard; uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Supports source association without claiming an exactly reconstructed trajectory." }, { "name": "Production association", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "linked process or source hypothesis, confidence and alternatives", "why_it_matters": "Supplies the initial-state assumptions used in subsequent inference." }, { "name": "Propagation environment", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "linked path hypothesis with baseline in m and electron number density in m^-3", "why_it_matters": "Identifies the environment used to calculate flavour evolution." }, { "name": "Mass-related constraint", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "identified mass observable in eV/c^2 or squared-mass difference in eV^2/c^4; interval, confidence and assumptions", "why_it_matters": "Prevents different mass observables and limits from being treated as interchangeable." }, { "name": "Interaction interpretation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "charged current; neutral current; unresolved, with target and reaction hypothesis", "why_it_matters": "Connects the inferred incoming particle to observable products." }, { "name": "Evidence status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "simulated; candidate; statistically supported association; rejected; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Controls which identification claims and downstream calculations an agent may make." } ], "affordances": [ "Compare a neutrino candidate with photon, neutron, charged-particle and instrumental background hypotheses.", "Infer source-compatible energy, direction and flavour constraints from linked observations.", "Calculate flavour-transition probabilities under a declared propagation model.", "Estimate interaction probabilities for a specified target, energy range and exposure.", "Select a feasible detection channel and report its identification limits.", "Update or withhold a neutrino assignment when new observations change the evidence." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "pdg-rpp", "title": "Review of Particle Physics (neutrino chapter and Monte Carlo particle numbering scheme)", "url": "https://pdg.lbl.gov/", "what_it_supports": "Flavour and mass-eigenstate taxonomy, PDG codes, oscillation parameters, mass bounds, and the specialist definition of the particle.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "sk-1998", "title": "Evidence for Oscillation of Atmospheric Neutrinos", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.1562", "what_it_supports": "Atmospheric muon-neutrino disappearance as established evidence that neutrinos have mass and oscillate; Super-Kamiokande Collaboration, Physical Review Letters 81, 1562 (1998).", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "sno-2002", "title": "Direct Evidence for Neutrino Flavor Transformation from Neutral-Current Interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.011301", "what_it_supports": "Solar electron-neutrino flavour change versus a solar-model flux error; SNO Collaboration, Physical Review Letters 89, 011301 (2002).", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "nobel-2015", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 (Kajita and McDonald)", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2015/summary/", "what_it_supports": "Canonical statement that neutrino oscillations imply non-zero mass, tying Super-Kamiokande atmospheric and SNO solar results.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "neutrino-identity", "name": "Neutrino identity", "description": "Record what neutrino classification is being asserted and how it is supported.", "rationale": "An agent must separate particle identity, flavour context and particle-versus-antiparticle evidence.", "layers": [ { "id": "neutral-lepton-identification", "name": "Neutral lepton identification", "description": "Set the evidential boundary between a neutrino hypothesis and other neutral or invisible explanations.", "findings": [ { "id": "neutrino-hypothesis-support", "name": "Neutrino hypothesis support", "description": "Require positive compatibility evidence and explicit alternatives before accepting the classification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which production or interaction observations support a neutrino interpretation?", "kind": "definition", "id": "neutrino-hypothesis-support-q01" }, { "text": "Which photon, neutron, unseen charged-particle or instrumental explanations remain viable?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "neutrino-hypothesis-support-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "flavour-and-conjugation", "name": "Flavour and conjugation", "description": "Keep flavour and neutrino-versus-antineutrino assignments tied to their evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "contextual-species-assignment", "name": "Contextual species assignment", "description": "Record each species label with its production or detection context and unresolved alternatives.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the flavour label describe production, detection or a predicted intermediate state?", "kind": "definition", "id": "contextual-species-assignment-q01" }, { "text": "Which parent process or final-state charge measurement supports the neutrino or antineutrino label?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "contextual-species-assignment-q02" }, { "text": "Must the assignment remain probabilistic because the available channel cannot distinguish the alternatives?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "contextual-species-assignment-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "production-and-kinematics", "name": "Production and kinematics", "description": "Establish a defensible initial-state hypothesis and its measurable constraints.", "rationale": "Source assumptions and reconstruction limits determine what can be inferred about an otherwise unobserved incoming neutrino.", "layers": [ { "id": "production-association", "name": "Production association", "description": "Link the neutrino hypothesis to a production process without inheriting unjustified source certainty.", "findings": [ { "id": "parent-process-constraints", "name": "Parent process constraints", "description": "Identify which source evidence constrains the initial flavour, energy and emission time.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which decay, nuclear reaction or collision is proposed to have produced the neutrino?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "parent-process-constraints-q01" }, { "text": "Is the association supported by a tagged parent, beam timing, directional coincidence or a population model?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "parent-process-constraints-q02" }, { "text": "Which alternative sources remain compatible with the timing and direction uncertainties?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "parent-process-constraints-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "kinematic-reconstruction", "name": "Kinematic reconstruction", "description": "Separate reconstructed neutrino quantities from directly observed deposits and tracks.", "findings": [ { "id": "incoming-state-estimate", "name": "Incoming state estimate", "description": "Record energy, direction and timing estimates together with the assumptions that produce them.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is incoming neutrino energy inferred from visible products, missing energy and target recoil?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "incoming-state-estimate-q01" }, { "text": "What joint uncertainties and reaction assumptions accompany the reconstructed energy and direction?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "incoming-state-estimate-q02" }, { "text": "Does the evidence support an individual candidate estimate or only an ensemble distribution?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "incoming-state-estimate-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "flavour-propagation", "name": "Flavour propagation", "description": "Represent state evolution between a proposed production context and a possible interaction.", "rationale": "Flavour predictions require a propagation model rather than a permanently attached flavour label. [PDG neutrino review](https://pdg.lbl.gov/2025/reviews/rpp2025-rev-neutrino-mixing.pdf)", "layers": [ { "id": "state-and-mixing", "name": "State and mixing", "description": "Specify the quantum-state representation and the parameter set used to evolve it.", "findings": [ { "id": "propagation-state-contract", "name": "Propagation state contract", "description": "Make basis, coherence assumptions and mixing inputs explicit before calculating a transition probability.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the initial state represented by flavour amplitudes, mass amplitudes or an incoherent mixture?", "kind": "definition", "id": "propagation-state-contract-q01" }, { "text": "Which dated mixing-parameter fit, mass-ordering assumption and parameter correlations are used?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "propagation-state-contract-q02" }, { "text": "Do production localization, energy resolution and baseline justify coherent evolution or averaging?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "propagation-state-contract-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "path-and-matter", "name": "Path and matter", "description": "Describe the baseline and intervening medium relevant to the prediction.", "findings": [ { "id": "transition-probability-validity", "name": "Transition probability validity", "description": "Bound the calculation by path uncertainty, medium assumptions and the selected evolution approximation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What baseline distribution and electron-density profile describe the proposed path?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "transition-probability-validity-q01" }, { "text": "Are vacuum evolution, ordinary matter effects and coherent propagation sufficient for this regime?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "transition-probability-validity-q02" }, { "text": "Which arrival-flavour probabilities can be calculated, and how must input uncertainties be propagated?", "kind": "action", "id": "transition-probability-validity-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "interaction-and-observation", "name": "Interaction and observation", "description": "Connect a neutrino hypothesis to feasible interactions and the evidence a detector can supply.", "rationale": "An agent needs target-specific interaction reasoning to assess observability and avoid overinterpreting a detector signature.", "layers": [ { "id": "interaction-feasibility", "name": "Interaction feasibility", "description": "Assess candidate reactions for the proposed species, energy and target.", "findings": [ { "id": "channel-and-target-compatibility", "name": "Channel and target compatibility", "description": "Select reaction hypotheses and interaction estimates with an explicit domain of validity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which charged-current or neutral-current reactions are accessible for this energy, species and target?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "channel-and-target-compatibility-q01" }, { "text": "Which cross-section calculation or measurement applies, including target composition and uncertainty?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "channel-and-target-compatibility-q02" }, { "text": "What interaction probability follows from the target column density and applicable cross section?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "channel-and-target-compatibility-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "signature-and-background", "name": "Signature and background", "description": "Determine what an observed event actually establishes about the incoming particle.", "findings": [ { "id": "candidate-identification-strength", "name": "Candidate identification strength", "description": "Link observed products to identification confidence while preserving detector and background limitations.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which tracks, showers, recoil signals or delayed coincidences support the proposed reaction?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "candidate-identification-strength-q01" }, { "text": "What flavour and neutrino-versus-antineutrino discrimination does this signature support?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "candidate-identification-strength-q02" }, { "text": "Should the agent accept, retain as ambiguous or reject the candidate after background and efficiency assessment?", "kind": "action", "id": "candidate-identification-strength-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "mass-and-hypothesis-limits", "name": "Mass and hypothesis limits", "description": "Control the use of mass constraints and departures from the adopted neutrino description.", "rationale": "Mass observables and proposed extensions must remain distinguishable from directly established candidate properties.", "layers": [ { "id": "mass-observable-interpretation", "name": "Mass observable interpretation", "description": "Preserve the meaning and assumptions of each imported mass constraint.", "findings": [ { "id": "mass-constraint-applicability", "name": "Mass constraint applicability", "description": "Require an identified observable before a mass result is used in a decision.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the result constrain an individual mass, a squared-mass difference, an effective decay mass or a cosmological mass sum?", "kind": "definition", "id": "mass-constraint-applicability-q01" }, { "text": "Which confidence convention, dataset and theoretical assumptions accompany the result?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "mass-constraint-applicability-q02" }, { "text": "Which conclusions about this neutrino state are justified by that observable?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "mass-constraint-applicability-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "extension-hypotheses", "name": "Extension hypotheses", "description": "Keep speculative state properties and interactions explicitly conditional.", "findings": [ { "id": "hypothesis-dependent-actions", "name": "Hypothesis-dependent actions", "description": "Separate calculations under an extension from accepted identity claims.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the interpretation require sterile mixing, neutrino decay, a magnetic moment or lepton-number violation?", "kind": "definition", "id": "hypothesis-dependent-actions-q01" }, { "text": "Which evidence constrains the proposed extension, and which competing explanations remain?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "hypothesis-dependent-actions-q02" }, { "text": "Which predictions may be explored conditionally, and which identification claims must remain withheld?", "kind": "action", "id": "hypothesis-dependent-actions-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Electron neutrino (νe)", "Muon neutrino (νμ)", "Tau neutrino (ντ)", "Corresponding antineutrinos (ν̄e, ν̄μ, ν̄τ), distinguished in Dirac theory and in charged-current detection", "Mass eigenstates ν1, ν2, ν3 (the states that propagate)", "Sterile neutrinos (hypothetical flavours with no Standard Model weak coupling)", "Solar, atmospheric, reactor, accelerator, geoneutrino, supernova, and relic/cosmological populations (source classes used in practice)", "Dirac versus Majorana neutrinos (whether neutrino and antineutrino are distinct particles)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of neutrino this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q402", "note": "Item for the neutrino as a particle species; flavour-specific items exist separately." }, { "scheme": "PDG Monte Carlo particle numbering", "value_or_pattern": "12 (νe), 14 (νμ), 16 (ντ); negatives for antineutrinos", "note": "Standard HEP event-generator and detector-simulation codes; charged leptons are the odd numbers 11, 13, 15." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of neutrino this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Particle Data Group Review of Particle Physics (PDG / Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and collaborating labs) - de facto properties, names, and Monte Carlo numbering.", "ISO 80000-10 (ISO) - quantities and units in atomic and nuclear physics, including the notation used for neutrino-related quantities.", "IAEA technical work on reactor antineutrino monitoring - safeguards and non-proliferation applications, not a product safety code for the particle itself." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of neutrino this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Detected as solar, atmospheric, reactor, and accelerator beams in underground and under-ice experiments (Super-Kamiokande, SNO, IceCube, Daya Bay, T2K, NOvA, JUNO, DUNE).", "Reactor electron antineutrinos used or proposed for remote monitoring of reactor power and fissile inventory.", "Geoneutrinos used to constrain radiogenic heat production in the Earth's crust and mantle.", "Astrophysical neutrinos (MeV supernova bursts; TeV-PeV IceCube events) used as messengers that escape dense sources.", "Cosmological relic neutrinos inferred from big-bang nucleosynthesis and CMB/large-scale structure (N_eff and Σmν), not detected as individual particles.", "Background to rare-event searches (dark matter, 0νββ) rather than a tool in those detectors." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of neutrino this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Rest-mass scale (direct kinematic bound on the effective electron-neutrino mass)", "typical_range": "unknown; laboratory upper bound of order 0.45 eV (KATRIN-class tritium beta endpoint)", "unit": "eV/c²" }, { "quantity": "Sum of neutrino masses (cosmological)", "typical_range": "≳ 0.06 (oscillation minimum) to ≲ 0.12 in typical ΛCDM analyses; model-dependent", "unit": "eV/c²" }, { "quantity": "Solar-mass-squared splitting Δm²₂₁", "typical_range": "about 7.4×10⁻⁵ to 7.5×10⁻⁵", "unit": "eV²" }, { "quantity": "Atmospheric-mass-squared splitting |Δm²₃₁|", "typical_range": "about 2.4×10⁻³ to 2.6×10⁻³", "unit": "eV²" }, { "quantity": "Energy of detected neutrinos", "typical_range": "0.1-20 MeV (solar, reactor, geo); 0.1-20 GeV (atmospheric, long-baseline beams); TeV-PeV (astrophysical)", "unit": "eV (quoted in MeV, GeV, or PeV)" }, { "quantity": "Solar neutrino flux at Earth (all pp-chain flavours after oscillation)", "typical_range": "about 6×10¹⁰", "unit": "cm⁻² s⁻¹" }, { "quantity": "Neutrino-nucleon charged-current cross section (order of magnitude)", "typical_range": "about 10⁻³⁸ at E ~ 1 GeV, rising roughly linearly with energy in the deep-inelastic regime", "unit": "cm²" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of neutrino this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "The particle itself is not a practical radiological hazard: interaction probability in tissue is negligible at terrestrial fluxes.", "Flavour oscillation makes a produced flavour disappear and another appear; a beam or reactor monitor that assumes a fixed flavour will mis-count unless oscillation is modelled.", "Misidentification of muons, neutrons, or radioactive backgrounds as neutrino events is the dominant experimental failure mode.", "A nearby core-collapse supernova produces an intense MeV burst that is still not a human health hazard at Earth, but it can saturate neutrino detectors.", "Extra light sterile species would alter N_eff and big-bang nucleosynthesis; that is a cosmological consistency constraint, not an operational hazard.", "Detector plant hazards (cryogens, high voltage, liquid scintillator, underground fire and oxygen deficiency) are those of the apparatus, not of the neutrino." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of neutrino this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "The English name is international (neutrino / ニュートリノ / нейтрино); historical usage sometimes treated \"neutrino\" as the electron flavour only, with muon and tau named later.", "\"Mass hierarchy\" is common in East Asian and older US usage; \"mass ordering\" (normal vs inverted) is now preferred in many global fits.", "Practice clusters by laboratory geology more than by legal jurisdiction: Kamioka (Japan), SNOLAB (Canada), Gran Sasso (Italy), SURF (USA), JUNO (China), IceCube (South Pole)." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of neutrino this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Neutron", "difference": "A neutron is a baryon with mass ~939 MeV that participates in the strong interaction and beta-decays; a neutrino is a lepton with mass ≪ 1 eV that does not bind in nuclei. Track ionization and hadronic showers separate them in detectors." }, { "name": "Photon", "difference": "A photon couples electromagnetically (pair production, Compton, photoelectric); a neutrino does not. Neutral-current neutrino events lack the electromagnetic conversion signature of a photon of the same energy." }, { "name": "Neutralino (or other WIMP)", "difference": "A hypothetical supersymmetric dark-matter fermion, not a Standard Model lepton flavour. Neutrinos are produced in weak decays and oscillate among flavours; WIMP searches look for nuclear recoils without an accompanying charged lepton of definite flavour." }, { "name": "Antineutrino of the same flavour", "difference": "In Dirac theory they carry opposite lepton number; reactor inverse beta decay (ν̄e + p → n + e⁺) tags electron antineutrinos and does not fire on νe. If neutrinos are Majorana, the distinction is not fundamental." }, { "name": "Sterile neutrino", "difference": "An extra state with no Standard Model weak current. Active neutrinos produce charged-current leptons (e, μ, τ) at the appropriate energy; a sterile state does not, except through mixing." }, { "name": "Cosmic-ray muon", "difference": "The usual background in surface and shallow detectors. A muon leaves a long ionizing track; a neutrino is inferred from a vertex with no incoming track, often deep underground or with directional Cherenkov/timing cuts." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of neutrino this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "What absolute neutrino mass constraints and mass-ordering evidence should the completed model adopt after reviewing current results and their assumptions?", "What evidence can distinguish Dirac from Majorana neutrinos, and how should unresolved particle-versus-antiparticle ontology be represented?", "Do current data justify any sterile-state, decay or nonstandard-interaction extension, and within which parameter ranges?", "Which propagation regimes require treatment beyond ordinary matter evolution, including neutrino self-interactions, attenuation or regeneration?", "What minimum evidence and confidence policy should permit an agent to label an individual event as a neutrino candidate and assign flavour or neutrino-versus-antineutrino identity?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 37 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a neutrino, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a neutrino hypothesis, assess its inferred physical state and evidence, and select justified propagation calculations or detection analyses.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: solar neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino, electron neutrino.", "4 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 97 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a neutrino, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "solar neutrino", "muon neutrino", "tau neutrino", "electron neutrino" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 97 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 4 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one neutrino from another, and a neutrino from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a neutrino sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a neutrino from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a neutrino is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a neutrino is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a neutrino is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a neutrino is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a neutrino is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a neutrino is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a neutrino passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a neutrino between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a neutrino, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a neutrino is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What neutrino is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does neutrino perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise neutrino, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How neutrino is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does neutrino have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does neutrino need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about neutrino is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about neutrino hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern neutrino, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a neutrino came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a neutrino and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a neutrino is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a neutrino, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a neutrino, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a neutrino is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }