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Research draft

aflatoxins

vr.tr.aflatoxins · PHY.MAT

Let an agent explain aflatoxins, relay their source, health effects, contamination and regulation from food safety and toxicology sources, describe the named forms, route suspected poisoning, and distinguish aflatoxins from other mycotoxins, bacterial toxins and food additives, without any production guidance.

Thing Registry Physical world and living systems

Research draft, second pass

A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.

written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify

Researched by: Claude

Purpose and description

Let an agent explain aflatoxins, relay their source, health effects, contamination and regulation from food safety and toxicology sources, describe the named forms, route suspected poisoning, and distinguish aflatoxins from other mycotoxins, bacterial toxins and food additives, without any production guidance.

A group of toxic and carcinogenic compounds produced by moulds of the genus Aspergillus, especially Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, that contaminate crops such as maize, groundnuts, tree nuts and spices, particularly in warm humid conditions; forms the registry aliases name include aflatoxin B1, the most potent, its metabolites aflatoxin M1 and M2 found in milk, aflatoxin G2 and derivatives. Aflatoxins are classified as human carcinogens, cause liver cancer and acute poisoning, and are regulated with strict limits in food and feed; the model gives no guidance on producing toxins and focuses on food safety.

What it is for: Not applicable; toxic mould metabolites, described for food safety.

It can be explain source and effects; relay contamination and regulation; describe named forms; route suspected poisoning.

Distinguishing features

Aspergillus origin

Potent carcinogen

Crop contamination

Strictly regulated

What it looks like

Not visible to the eye at toxic levels; produced by moulds on crops, detected by laboratory tests.

Physical character

main producers: Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus note

IARC classification: Group 1 carcinogen note - aflatoxins

registry parents: mycotoxins, polyketide note

How it is recognised

Carcinogenic mould toxins on crops

Aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin M2, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin B1 dialcohol

Other mycotoxins include ochratoxin and fumonisin; bacterial toxins come from bacteria; food additives are intentional

Related models

is a kind of - in registry terms

mycotoxin

is produced by -

Aspergillus flavus

contaminates -

maize

is contrasted with -

ochratoxin

In practice

Families and kinds

aflatoxin B1 and B2

aflatoxin G1 and G2

aflatoxin M1 and M2 in milk

Standards and regulation

EU and Codex maximum limits for aflatoxins in food and feed

IARC carcinogen classification

HACCP food safety systems

Failure modes and hazards

Liver cancer from chronic exposure

Acute aflatoxicosis

Contaminated food and feed

Also called

14-hydroxy-11-methoxy-6,8,19-trioxapentacyclo[10.7.0.0²,⁹.0³,⁷.0¹³,¹⁷]nonadeca-1,4,9,11,13(17)-pentaene-16,18-dioneaflatoxin M1aflatoxin M2aflatoxin G21H,12H-Furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]pyrano[3,4-c][1]benzopyran-1,12-dione, 3,4,7a,10a-tetrahydro-5-methoxy-, (7aR-cis)-aflatoxin B1 dialcoholAflatoxin GM112-Methoxy-5,7,9,20-tetraoxahexacyclo[11.7.0.02,10.03,8.04,6.014,18]icosa-1,10,12,14(18)-tetraene-17,19-dioneaflatoxin B₂aflatoxin Q1aflatoxin G1aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxideaflatoxin B1 8,9-dihydrodiolaflatoxin B1 dialdehydeAflatoxicolaflatoxin P1LSM-36909aflatoxin G2aaflatoxicol H12,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyaflatoxin b1 3-chlorobenzoate8,9-dihydro-9-hydroxy-aflatoxin B1(+/-)-demethoxyaflatoxin b2aflatoxin B1 endo-8,9-epoxideaflatoxin B₁(±)-aflatoxin G1aflatoxin B1 triolaflatoxin M1 8,9-epoxide(3S,5R,7S)-5-hydroxy-11-methoxy-6,8,19-trioxapentacyclo[10.7.0.02,9.03,7.013,17]nonadeca-1,9,11,13(17)-tetraene-16,18-dione(3S,7R)-11-methoxy-3,7-dimethyl-6,8,16,20-tetraoxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.03,7.013,18]icosa-1,4,9,11,13(18)-pentaene-17,19-dioneDihydroaflatoxin G1aflatoxin B2(6aS,9aS)-4-Methoxy-2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione(6aR,9aS)-4-[(¹³C)Methyloxy](¹³C₁₆)-2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione(6aR,9aS)-4-[(¹³C)Methyloxy](¹³C₁₆)-2,3,6a,8,9,9a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione(7aR,10aS)-5-[(¹³C)Methyloxy](¹³C₁₆)-3,4,7a,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1H,12H-furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]pyrano[3,4-c][1]benzopyran-1,12-dione(7aR,10aS)-5-[(¹³C)Methyloxy](¹³C₁₆)-3,4,7a,10a-tetrahydro-1H,12H-furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]pyrano[3,4-c][1]benzopyran-1,12-dione(6aR,9aS)-4-Hydroxy-2,3,6a,8,9,9a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione8,9-Dibromo-4-methoxy-2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione4,9a-Dihydroxy-2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione8,9-Dichloro-4-methoxy-2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione

+23

Where this came from

wikidata · CC0 1.0

Source repository Registry entry point

Drafted structure

Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions.

Understand What aflatoxins are.

Attribution.

Definition

Definition.

Definition

Definition.

  1. Is there suspected aflatoxin poisoning from mouldy food, in which case seek medical advice and do not eat visibly mouldy nuts or grains? boundary
  2. What are aflatoxins, and how do they differ from other mycotoxins, bacterial toxins and food additives? definition

Forms

Named forms.

Forms

Forms.

  1. What are aflatoxin B1, M1, M2 and G2? definition
  2. Which entry fits the specific form? action
Toxicology Health effects.

Science.

Cancer

Liver cancer.

Cancer

Cancer.

  1. How do aflatoxins cause liver cancer, as agencies report? provenance
  2. Which references are standard? provenance

Acute

Acute poisoning.

Acute

Acute.

  1. What is acute aflatoxicosis? provenance
  2. Which sources are cited? provenance
Food Contamination.

Regulation.

Crops

Affected crops.

Crops

Crops.

  1. Which crops are prone to aflatoxin contamination and why? provenance
  2. Which entry fits Aspergillus flavus? action

Control

Prevention and testing.

Control

Control.

  1. How is aflatoxin contamination prevented and tested? provenance
  2. Is the information current? boundary
Context Regulation.

Regulation.

Limits

Regulatory limits.

Limits

Limits.

  1. What limits do regulators set for aflatoxins in food and feed? provenance
  2. Is the information current? boundary

Milk

Aflatoxin M1.

Milk

Milk.

  1. How does aflatoxin M1 appear in milk from contaminated feed? provenance
  2. Is the presentation neutral and attributed? boundary

What the second pass must settle

  • Should aflatoxin M1 in milk be a separate entry?
  • How should regulatory limits be linked and kept current?
  • How should testing methods be documented?
Draft as JSON