{ "model": { "rank": 4430, "code": "thing-q215414", "model_id": "vr.tr.foam", "name": "foam", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise foam, assess its cellular structure and current condition, and determine whether it is suitable for a proposed use or intervention.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q215414/", "tier": 2, "score": 75, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "culinary foam", "tofu skin", "fu zhu", "Biofoams", "PORON", "two-dimensional foam", "medicated foam", "reticulated foam", "aqueous film forming foam", "sea foam", "spray foams", "acoustic foam", "barm", "polyethylene foam", "convoluted acoustical foam", "aphron", "Floral foam", "metal foam", "fire-fighting foam", "liquid foam", "aluminium foam sandwich" ], "aliasCount": 21, "merged": 21, "knownIn": 75, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.foam", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q215414", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215414", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T20:12:05Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 21.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087cb-904e-7d10-afcf-5e16ef6e6b62\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: foam\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.MAT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 695 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 registered ", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 66, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087cb-9050-7b02-ab4f-646be2703753\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: foam\nRegistry id: vr.tr.foam\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext for th" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q215414", "registryId": "vr.tr.foam", "name": "foam", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q215414/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.foam", "name": "foam", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise foam, assess its cellular structure and current condition, and determine whether it is suitable for a proposed use or intervention.", "definition": "A foam is a cellular material in which gas bubbles or cells are dispersed through a continuous liquid or solid phase, with its properties determined by the matrix, gas fraction and cell architecture.", "scope_statement": "This model owns foam as a material structure containing gas cells within a liquid, solid or solidifying continuous phase, including composition, cell architecture, formation, persistence and performance under stated conditions.", "in_scope": [ "Liquid, solid and solidifying foams, with the continuous phase and gas identified where known", "Cell size, connectivity, gas fraction and spatial variation", "Formation, stabilisation, curing, collapse and degradation", "Mechanical, transport and interfacial behaviour relevant to the intended use", "Constituent-dependent hazards and conditions for handling, reuse or disposal" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Bulk gases, liquids and solids considered independently of their foam structure", "Emulsions, aerosols and granular beds without an identified foam structure", "Complete products such as mattresses, insulation panels and firefighting systems", "Foam-generating equipment and manufacturing plant", "Detailed molecular models of surfactants, polymers and other constituents", "Jurisdiction-specific compliance determinations for finished products" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Establish that the dispersed cells contain gas rather than liquid droplets or solid particles.", "Identify liquid films or a solid cellular framework separating gas cells; distinguish this from gas occupying gaps between loose particles.", "Record whether a cellular region constitutes the material being assessed or is merely incidental bubbles within another material.", "Determine whether the continuous phase flows, has solidified or is undergoing a transition; the word foam alone does not resolve this.", "For a porous solid, establish whether its cellular architecture supports classification as foam and record the evidence used to distinguish it from other porous materials." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Continuous-phase identity and state", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Composition or formulation reference; liquid, solidifying, solid or unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Determines which stability, deformation and handling assessments apply." }, { "name": "Gas identity", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Gas species or mixture; measured, declared or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Supports interpretation of gas exchange, expansion and constituent-specific hazards." }, { "name": "Gas volume fraction", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Dimensionless fraction or % by volume, at stated temperature, pressure and age", "why_it_matters": "Describes how much of the material is cellular void space and supports comparisons between samples." }, { "name": "Bulk density", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "kg/m³, with moisture content and measurement conditions", "why_it_matters": "Supports mass, loading and material-efficiency assessments without treating density as a complete description of structure." }, { "name": "Cell-size distribution", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "µm or mm; distribution and measurement method", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes foams with similar density but different cellular architecture." }, { "name": "Cell connectivity", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Open-cell, closed-cell, mixed or unresolved; quantitative connected fraction where available", "why_it_matters": "Helps assess fluid access, permeability and the relevance of sealed-cell behaviour." }, { "name": "Structural anisotropy", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Cell aspect ratio and orientation relative to a declared axis", "why_it_matters": "Allows directional differences in performance to be assessed." }, { "name": "Liquid-foam persistence", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "s, min or h to a defined drainage, volume-loss or collapse endpoint", "why_it_matters": "Makes stability claims meaningful by tying them to an endpoint and test conditions." }, { "name": "Compression response", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Stress in Pa or kPa versus strain; loading rate, cycles and recovery time", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessments of cushioning, load support and irreversible damage." }, { "name": "Foam condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Fresh, draining, coarsening, curing, stable within an observation interval, damaged or collapsed", "why_it_matters": "Separates the material's present state from its nominal type." }, { "name": "Formulation and production record", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to constituent identities, batch, generation method and curing history", "why_it_matters": "Connects observed structure and behaviour to traceable material and process evidence." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a sample by continuous-phase state and observed cellular architecture.", "Select and interpret measurements of density, cell structure, drainage or compression under declared conditions.", "Compare a foam's measured behaviour with the requirements of a specific application.", "Assess whether generation, stabilisation, curing or defoaming is an appropriate intervention.", "Track structural change during storage, loading, wetting or environmental exposure.", "Determine which constituent and product records are needed before handling, reuse or disposal." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "foam-identity-and-composition", "name": "Foam identity and composition", "description": "Establish what is foamed and where the foam material begins and ends.", "rationale": "Foam names a material structure rather than a single chemical substance, so identity must include phases and formulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "phase-identity", "name": "Phase identity", "description": "Identify the continuous material and the gas occupying its cells.", "findings": [ { "id": "continuous-phase-and-cell-gas", "name": "Continuous phase and cell gas", "description": "Record the phase identities, physical state and evidential basis without assigning one chemical identity to all foams.", "questions": [ { "text": "What liquid or solid forms the continuous phase, and what gas or gas mixture occupies the cells?", "kind": "definition", "id": "continuous-phase-and-cell-gas-q01" }, { "text": "Which observations, formulation records or analyses establish these identities and their uncertainty?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "continuous-phase-and-cell-gas-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "formulation-and-material-boundary", "name": "Formulation and material boundary", "description": "Separate the foam from additives, surface layers and the product containing it.", "findings": [ { "id": "foam-region-and-constituents", "name": "Foam region and constituents", "description": "Identify the assessed foam region and constituents that may control its structure or use.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the assessed sample include a dense skin, coating, reinforcement or substrate, and which parts belong to the foam material?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "foam-region-and-constituents-q01" }, { "text": "Which stabilisers, blowing agents, fillers or residual constituents are documented, and which remain unidentified?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "foam-region-and-constituents-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "cellular-architecture", "name": "Cellular architecture", "description": "Describe the gas cells, their connections and their distribution through the foam.", "rationale": "Composition alone cannot distinguish foams whose cell structures give them different behaviour.", "layers": [ { "id": "cell-geometry-and-fraction", "name": "Cell geometry and fraction", "description": "Measure cell dimensions and the proportion of gas in a representative sample.", "findings": [ { "id": "representative-cell-population", "name": "Representative cell population", "description": "Record distributions and sampling conditions rather than relying on a single typical cell.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the gas fraction and cell-size distribution at the stated temperature, pressure and sample age?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "representative-cell-population-q01" }, { "text": "How were cells sampled, and do surface, interior or height-dependent differences limit representativeness?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "representative-cell-population-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "connectivity-and-structural-variation", "name": "Connectivity and structural variation", "description": "Describe connections between cells and directional or local differences.", "findings": [ { "id": "cell-pathways-and-defects", "name": "Cell pathways and defects", "description": "Distinguish cell interconnection from cracks, damaged membranes and other pathways.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence establishes open, closed or mixed cells, and whether connected pathways reach the sample exterior?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "cell-pathways-and-defects-q01" }, { "text": "Are elongated cells, density gradients, ruptured walls or large voids present, and where are they located?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "cell-pathways-and-defects-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "formation-and-persistence", "name": "Formation and persistence", "description": "Track how the foam formed and how its cellular structure changes with time.", "rationale": "A fresh liquid foam, a curing foam and an aged solid foam require different interpretations of stability.", "layers": [ { "id": "generation-and-setting", "name": "Generation and setting", "description": "Connect current structure with gas introduction and any subsequent setting process.", "findings": [ { "id": "foaming-and-solidification-history", "name": "Foaming and solidification history", "description": "Record generation and setting history where known, including unresolved process details.", "questions": [ { "text": "Was the foam formed by gas injection, agitation, gas release, expansion or another documented route?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "foaming-and-solidification-history-q01" }, { "text": "If the continuous phase sets or cures, what evidence establishes its present stage and the remaining conditions needed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "foaming-and-solidification-history-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "structural-evolution", "name": "Structural evolution", "description": "Assess drainage, changing cell sizes, rupture, shrinkage and collapse as applicable.", "findings": [ { "id": "persistence-and-failure-endpoints", "name": "Persistence and failure endpoints", "description": "Define observable endpoints for structural change and distinguish observed mechanisms from hypotheses.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which changes in liquid distribution, cell size, foam volume or integrity are observed over a stated interval?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "persistence-and-failure-endpoints-q01" }, { "text": "What measured endpoint triggers stabilisation, curing adjustment, replacement or deliberate foam collapse?", "kind": "action", "id": "persistence-and-failure-endpoints-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "mechanical-and-transport-response", "name": "Mechanical and transport response", "description": "Characterise how the foam responds to loading and transfers fluids or heat.", "rationale": "Foam suitability depends on behaviour under application conditions rather than on the foam label or density alone.", "layers": [ { "id": "loading-and-recovery", "name": "Loading and recovery", "description": "Assess flow or deformation using tests appropriate to the continuous-phase state.", "findings": [ { "id": "state-appropriate-mechanical-response", "name": "State-appropriate mechanical response", "description": "Record relevant mechanical behaviour while keeping liquid-flow and solid-load tests distinct.", "questions": [ { "text": "For the present phase state, which flow, compression, shear or recovery measurement represents the intended loading?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "state-appropriate-mechanical-response-q01" }, { "text": "Under what loading direction, rate and cycle count does unacceptable flow, permanent deformation or cell damage occur?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "state-appropriate-mechanical-response-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "fluid-and-heat-transfer", "name": "Fluid and heat transfer", "description": "Assess transport across the cellular material under defined exposure conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "transport-through-cell-structure", "name": "Transport through cell structure", "description": "Record relevant permeability, uptake and thermal measurements with their conditioning history.", "questions": [ { "text": "What gas permeability, liquid uptake or drainage behaviour has been measured for the relevant fluid and pressure conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "transport-through-cell-structure-q01" }, { "text": "If thermal performance matters, what conductivity was measured at the relevant density, temperature, moisture content and age?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "transport-through-cell-structure-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-conditions-and-interventions", "name": "Use conditions and interventions", "description": "Connect measured foam properties to acceptable uses, handling and end-of-use decisions.", "rationale": "Useful foam in one setting may be unwanted or unsuitable in another, and hazards depend on the actual material.", "layers": [ { "id": "application-fit", "name": "Application fit", "description": "Specify the foam's intended function and the evidence required to support it.", "findings": [ { "id": "functional-acceptance-envelope", "name": "Functional acceptance envelope", "description": "Tie acceptance to a declared application and measurable limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the foam intended for cushioning, insulation, separation, a barrier, processing or another function, and which measurements establish success?", "kind": "definition", "id": "functional-acceptance-envelope-q01" }, { "text": "What limits on temperature, pressure, wetting, chemical exposure and service duration are supported by evidence?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "functional-acceptance-envelope-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-end-of-use", "name": "Handling and end of use", "description": "Determine appropriate actions from formulation, contamination, condition and applicable requirements.", "findings": [ { "id": "material-specific-action-evidence", "name": "Material-specific action evidence", "description": "Require evidence specific to the foam before selecting handling, removal, reuse or disposal actions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which formulation-specific records establish hazards from constituents, residual agents, dust, heating or combustion for the proposed activity?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "material-specific-action-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Given its composition, contamination and cellular condition, what evidence supports defoaming, cleaning, reuse, recycling or disposal?", "kind": "action", "id": "material-specific-action-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The sense is inferred as the general material structure, covering liquid and solid foams rather than a particular commercial formulation.", "Foam has no single CAS number, chemical formula, melting point or hazard classification; these require identification of its constituents and formulation.", "The named standards apply to specific solid-foam categories; current editions and jurisdiction-specific requirements have not been checked." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of foam this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Liquid foams", "Solid foams", "Open-cell foams", "Closed-cell foams" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of foam this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "ISO 845, issued by ISO, specifies determination of apparent density for cellular plastics and rubbers.", "ASTM D3574, issued by ASTM International, covers testing of flexible cellular materials made from slab, bonded and molded urethane foams." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of foam this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Cushioning, packaging and impact absorption", "Thermal insulation in buildings, appliances and equipment", "Sound absorption using suitable porous foams", "Food texture and aeration", "Fire suppression using application-specific foam formulations" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of foam this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Apparent density", "typical_range": "No universal range; depends on matrix composition and gas fraction.", "unit": "kg/m³" }, { "quantity": "Cell size", "typical_range": "Application-dependent; normally described by a distribution rather than a single value.", "unit": "µm or mm" }, { "quantity": "Gas volume fraction", "typical_range": "No universal typical range; changes with foam formulation and processing.", "unit": "dimensionless or %" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of foam this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Liquid foams can lose stability through drainage, bubble coalescence and gas-driven coarsening.", "Solid foams can crush, creep or develop permanent compression set under load.", "Water uptake in connected pores can impair insulation and other intended performance.", "Combustible polymer foams can contribute to fire growth and release hazardous smoke; behavior depends on composition and test conditions.", "Some firefighting foam formulations contain persistent fluorinated substances; this is formulation-specific rather than a property of all foams." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of foam this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Fire-performance requirements and accepted test methods for foam products vary by jurisdiction and intended use.", "Restrictions on fluorinated firefighting foam ingredients vary by jurisdiction." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of foam this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Emulsion", "difference": "An emulsion disperses liquid droplets in another liquid; a foam disperses gas cells in a liquid or solid." }, { "name": "Aerosol", "difference": "An aerosol has a continuous gas phase containing solid particles or liquid droplets; foam has a continuous liquid or solid matrix surrounding gas cells." }, { "name": "Porous material", "difference": "Porous material is the broader category; solid foam specifically has a cellular architecture, whereas porous materials can have interparticle or other noncellular voids." }, { "name": "Polyurethane", "difference": "Polyurethane identifies a polymer family that can be foamed or unfoamed; foam identifies a physical structure that many materials can form." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of foam this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend foam to cover both liquid and solid cellular materials, and how should it relate to any existing models for froth, sponge and cellular solids?", "Which operational criteria should distinguish a foam from a liquid with incidental bubbles or a porous solid with a different architecture?", "Which measurement methods provide comparable cell-size and connectivity results across the foam families included in scope?", "Which stability and failure endpoints are appropriate for each continuous-phase state and intended function?", "Which formulation-specific sources and application requirements must be researched before making claims about hazards, service limits or end-of-use options?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a foam, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise foam, assess its cellular structure and current condition, and determine whether it is suitable for a proposed use or intervention.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: culinary foam, tofu skin, fu zhu, Biofoams, PORON, two-dimensional foam, medicated foam, reticulated foam, aqueous film forming foam, sea foam, spray foams, acoustic foam.", "21 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 75 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a foam, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "culinary foam", "tofu skin", "fu zhu", "Biofoams", "PORON", "two-dimensional foam", "medicated foam", "reticulated foam", "aqueous film forming foam", "sea foam", "spray foams", "acoustic foam" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 75 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 21 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one foam from another, and a foam from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a foam sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a foam from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a foam is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a foam is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a foam is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a foam is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a foam is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a foam is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a foam passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a foam between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a foam, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a foam is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a foam and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a foam is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a foam performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a foam.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a foam at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a foam there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What foam is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name foam unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of foam exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How foam behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of foam, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is foam incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How foam can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is foam classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover foam, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a foam came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a foam and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a foam is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a foam, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a foam, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a foam is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }