{ "model": { "rank": 1160, "code": "thing-q2225", "model_id": "vr.tr.electron", "name": "electron", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an electron, describe its physical state and environment, and assess which predictions, measurements or manipulations are justified.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q2225/", "tier": 2, "score": 175, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "valence electron", "Auger electron", "Compton electron", "conversion electron", "conduction electron", "photoelectron", "balance of electrons", "secondary electron", "Runaway electrons", "Back-scattered electron", "core electron", "unpaired electron", "delocalized electron", "Solvated electron", "free electron", "Bonding electron" ], "aliasCount": 16, "merged": 16, "knownIn": 175, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q2225", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T10:16:30Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.00890834, "turns": 1, "seconds": 136.6, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 73.2, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b5b-fde5-70e1-9924-17597e3edb18\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: electron\nRegistry id: vr.tr.electron\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContex" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q2225", "registryId": "vr.tr.electron", "name": "electron", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2225/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.electron", "name": "electron", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an electron, describe its physical state and environment, and assess which predictions, measurements or manipulations are justified.", "definition": "A stable first-generation charged lepton: an elementary spin-½ fermion with electric charge −e, rest mass about 9.109×10⁻³¹ kg (rest energy 511 keV), and lepton number +1, which is a constituent of atoms and the mobile charge carrier of electric current.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the electron particle kind registered as vr.tr.electron in PHY / PHY.OBJ, including the intrinsic properties and contextual quantum states needed to describe free, bound or interacting electrons, while distinguishing particle identity from collective behaviour and material-specific approximations.", "in_scope": [ "Electron identity as an elementary, negatively charged, spin-one-half lepton.", "Intrinsic properties distinguished from state-dependent observables and effective parameters.", "Free, bound, trapped and scattering states, including their preparation and measurement context.", "Electromagnetic interactions, weak-interaction participation and electron-positron processes.", "Indistinguishability, Pauli exclusion and the limits of assigning individual electrons persistent identities." ], "out_of_scope": [ "Positrons, neutrinos, muons and other particle kinds as independent models.", "Complete atomic, molecular or ionic structure beyond the electron's relationship to its host.", "Bulk conductivity, superconductivity and other collective material properties as complete models.", "Holes and other quasiparticles treated as independent physical excitations.", "Electron sources, microscopes, detectors and accelerators as engineered devices." ], "distinguishing_features": [ "An electron has electric charge −e; a positron has +e, while an electron neutrino is electrically neutral.", "An electron is a spin-one-half lepton; a proton is a composite baryon, and a photon is a spin-one particle.", "Negative charge alone does not establish electron identity: a muon is also a negatively charged lepton but has a different rest mass and decay behaviour.", "An electron is treated as elementary in the Standard Model; a negatively charged ion is a composite system with excess electrons.", "A conduction electron is described within a material environment; a hole describes an unoccupied electronic state and is not a positively charged electron." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Particle identity", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Electron; elementary charged lepton", "why_it_matters": "Separates the particle kind from a detector signal, composite charged object or quasiparticle description." }, { "name": "Electric charge", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "−1 in units of elementary charge e; convertible to coulombs", "why_it_matters": "Determines charge accounting and the direction of electromagnetic forces under stated field conditions." }, { "name": "Rest mass", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "kg or eV/c², with reference value and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Supports particle discrimination and energy-momentum calculations without confusing rest mass with a material's effective mass." }, { "name": "Intrinsic spin", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Spin quantum number s = 1/2", "why_it_matters": "Identifies fermionic behaviour and constrains possible spin projections." }, { "name": "Quantum-state description", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "State vector, density operator or justified approximation, with basis and preparation context", "why_it_matters": "Specifies which observable distributions can be predicted and whether coherence or mixedness matters." }, { "name": "Energy and momentum", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Energy in eV or J; momentum in kg·m/s or eV/c; reference frame, energy zero and uncertainty required", "why_it_matters": "Determines accessible transitions, scattering regimes and whether relativistic treatment is needed." }, { "name": "Spin projection or polarisation", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Projection ±ℏ/2 along a specified axis, or ensemble polarisation with stated convention", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes fixed intrinsic spin from preparation-dependent spin observations." }, { "name": "Binding and host relationship", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Free, atom-bound, molecule-bound, material-associated or externally trapped; identify host or confining potential", "why_it_matters": "Establishes the relevant state basis, energy references and permissible manipulation." }, { "name": "State-description granularity", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Single-particle state, reduced state, many-electron state or ensemble distribution", "why_it_matters": "Prevents assigning independent trajectories or pure states when correlations and indistinguishability invalidate them." } ], "affordances": [ "Assess an electron identification using charge-sensitive observations, kinematics and the measurement context.", "Predict electron deflection, confinement or acceleration in specified electromagnetic fields using an appropriate approximation.", "Evaluate whether excitation, ionisation, capture or scattering is accessible from a stated initial state.", "Compare predicted distributions with energy, momentum, position or spin measurements while retaining uncertainty and detector limitations.", "Choose between single-electron, many-electron and effective material descriptions and document their limits.", "Check charge, energy, momentum and other applicable conservation constraints for proposed electron processes." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "pdg-rpp", "title": "Review of Particle Physics", "url": "https://pdg.lbl.gov/", "what_it_supports": "Particle identity (e⁻), quantum numbers, Monte Carlo numbering (11), mass, charge, magnetic moment, lifetime limit, and distinction from muon and positron.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "codata-nist", "title": "CODATA internationally recommended values of the fundamental physical constants", "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/", "what_it_supports": "Electron rest mass, charge-to-mass ratio, Compton wavelength, classical radius, and electron g-factor as recommended constants.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "si-brochure", "title": "The International System of Units (SI Brochure), 9th edition", "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure", "what_it_supports": "Elementary charge e as an exact SI defining constant since 2019, so the electron's charge in coulomb is exact by definition.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "iupac-gold-book", "title": "Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Gold Book), entry electron", "url": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/", "what_it_supports": "Chemical-community definition of the electron as a stable elementary particle with stated charge and rest mass.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "wikidata-q2225", "title": "electron (Q2225)", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225", "what_it_supports": "Registry identifier for this physical-particle sense, as distinct from software and other homonyms.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "electron-identity-and-invariants", "name": "Electron identity and invariants", "description": "Establishes what makes the subject an electron and which properties belong to the particle kind.", "rationale": "Negative charge or an electron-like detector response alone cannot distinguish electrons from other particles or effective excitations.", "layers": [ { "id": "particle-kind-discrimination", "name": "Particle-kind discrimination", "description": "Separates electrons from nearby particle kinds and material excitations.", "findings": [ { "id": "electron-identification-criteria", "name": "Electron identification criteria", "description": "Electron identity combines lepton classification, negative elementary charge, spin one-half and electron rest mass; observations must support the identification within their experimental context.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observations support electron identification, and which alternative particle or excitation interpretations remain possible?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "electron-identification-criteria-q01" }, { "text": "Does the description refer to an electron, a positron, a negative ion or a material quasiparticle?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "electron-identification-criteria-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "intrinsic-and-effective-properties", "name": "Intrinsic and effective properties", "description": "Distinguishes particle constants from properties introduced by an environment or approximation.", "findings": [ { "id": "rest-mass-versus-effective-mass", "name": "Rest mass versus effective mass", "description": "Electron rest mass and intrinsic charge belong to the particle kind; effective mass in a material describes an environment-dependent response and must retain its model context.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which reference and uncertainty support the electron constants used in this description?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "rest-mass-versus-effective-mass-q01" }, { "text": "Is the reported mass the electron rest mass or an effective mass, and what material, band and directional assumptions define it?", "kind": "definition", "id": "rest-mass-versus-effective-mass-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "quantum-state-and-observables", "name": "Quantum state and observables", "description": "Describes electron preparation, observable distributions and measurement-dependent state information.", "rationale": "An electron cannot generally be represented by simultaneously definite classical position, momentum and spin components.", "layers": [ { "id": "state-preparation-and-representation", "name": "State preparation and representation", "description": "Records how the electron state is prepared and which mathematical description is justified.", "findings": [ { "id": "prepared-state-and-mixedness", "name": "Prepared state and mixedness", "description": "A state description needs a basis, preparation context and an account of whether a pure state, mixed state or ensemble approximation is supported.", "questions": [ { "text": "How was the electron state prepared, and what evidence supports the assigned state or distribution?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "prepared-state-and-mixedness-q01" }, { "text": "Does this electron require a reduced density operator because of unresolved preparation variation or entanglement with another system?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "prepared-state-and-mixedness-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "observable-and-spin-measurements", "name": "Observable and spin measurements", "description": "Attaches measurement settings, frames and uncertainties to reported electron observables.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurement-context-and-compatible-observables", "name": "Measurement context and compatible observables", "description": "Energy, position, momentum and spin results require specified measurement context; intrinsic spin one-half does not imply a definite projection along every axis.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observable was measured, with what reference frame, spin axis where applicable, resolution and uncertainty?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "measurement-context-and-compatible-observables-q01" }, { "text": "Which subsequent measurements or manipulations are justified by the prepared state and the disturbance associated with the measurement?", "kind": "action", "id": "measurement-context-and-compatible-observables-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "binding-occupancy-and-indistinguishability", "name": "Binding, occupancy and indistinguishability", "description": "Locates the electron within a potential or many-electron system without treating quantum-state labels as permanent particle identities.", "rationale": "Bound electrons, conduction electrons and isolated electrons need different state descriptions, while all remain subject to fermionic statistics.", "layers": [ { "id": "host-potential-and-bound-states", "name": "Host potential and bound states", "description": "Relates the electron to its host or trap and the available bound and continuum states.", "findings": [ { "id": "binding-reference-and-transition-thresholds", "name": "Binding reference and transition thresholds", "description": "Binding and release thresholds depend on the host, initial state and energy reference; an atomic orbital describes a quantum state rather than a classical path.", "questions": [ { "text": "What atom, molecule, material or external potential binds or confines the electron, and which state labels are meaningful there?", "kind": "definition", "id": "binding-reference-and-transition-thresholds-q01" }, { "text": "What measured or calculated energy difference governs the proposed excitation, ionisation or escape process?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "binding-reference-and-transition-thresholds-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "fermionic-occupancy-and-correlations", "name": "Fermionic occupancy and correlations", "description": "Addresses Pauli exclusion, exchange and the limits of independent-electron descriptions.", "findings": [ { "id": "occupation-without-permanent-particle-labels", "name": "Occupation without permanent particle labels", "description": "Electrons are indistinguishable fermions; occupation refers to available quantum states, and persistent individual labels require a justified operational approximation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which complete single-particle states, including spin, define the occupation description and its Pauli constraints?", "kind": "definition", "id": "occupation-without-permanent-particle-labels-q01" }, { "text": "Do exchange, entanglement or electron correlation require a many-electron description instead of independent electron records?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "occupation-without-permanent-particle-labels-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "interactions-and-process-decisions", "name": "Interactions and process decisions", "description": "Connects electron states to field response, scattering, radiation and processes that change electron population.", "rationale": "An agent needs the interaction regime and conservation constraints to judge what can happen to an electron and what an observation establishes.", "layers": [ { "id": "electromagnetic-response-and-transport", "name": "Electromagnetic response and transport", "description": "Supports field manipulation and scattering calculations with explicit approximation limits.", "findings": [ { "id": "field-response-with-regime-limits", "name": "Field response with regime limits", "description": "Electron charge enables field-driven acceleration and deflection, but trajectories, radiation and scattering predictions depend on energy, confinement and the validity of classical, quantum or relativistic approximations.", "questions": [ { "text": "What electric and magnetic fields, electron energies and spatial scales determine the appropriate dynamical approximation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "field-response-with-regime-limits-q01" }, { "text": "Which field change or scattering interaction can produce the intended electron-state change, and what limits its predicted outcome?", "kind": "action", "id": "field-response-with-regime-limits-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "population-changing-processes", "name": "Population-changing processes", "description": "Distinguishes transport and redistribution from reactions that create or remove electrons.", "findings": [ { "id": "electron-accounting-across-processes", "name": "Electron accounting across processes", "description": "Ionisation and ordinary capture redistribute electrons between subsystems; pair processes and weak reactions can change electron number, so accounting must include all relevant participants and conservation constraints.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the event move an existing electron across a subsystem boundary or create or remove electrons through a particle reaction?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "electron-accounting-across-processes-q01" }, { "text": "Which initial and final particles, environmental participants and conservation constraints establish whether the proposed process is allowed?", "kind": "action", "id": "electron-accounting-across-processes-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Bound atomic or molecular electron (core versus valence)", "Conduction or free electron in a metal, semiconductor, or vacuum", "Photoelectron emitted by the photoelectric effect", "Secondary electron emitted by impact ionization of a surface or gas", "Auger electron from a radiationless atomic de-excitation", "Beta-minus particle: an electron emitted in nuclear weak decay", "Beam electron in accelerators, microscopes, lithography, or welding", "Thermal or plasma free electron" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of electron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q2225", "note": "Item for the elementary particle, not the Electron application framework." }, { "scheme": "PDG Monte Carlo particle numbering", "value_or_pattern": "11", "note": "Electron is 11; positron is −11." }, { "scheme": "Particle Data Group name", "value_or_pattern": "e⁻", "note": "Standard particle symbol; β⁻ is reserved for nuclear-decay origin." }, { "scheme": "IUPAC Gold Book", "value_or_pattern": "electron", "note": "Preferred chemical name for the elementary particle." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of electron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants (Committee on Data of the International Science Council; compiled and published by NIST) - electron mass, e/m, Compton wavelength, g-factor.", "BIPM SI Brochure, 9th edition (2019) - elementary charge e is an SI defining constant, exact at 1.602176634×10⁻¹⁹ C.", "Particle Data Group, Review of Particle Physics - canonical particle properties and numbering.", "ISO 80000-10 (atomic and nuclear physics) - names and symbols for electron-related quantities.", "IEC 60050 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - electrotechnical sense of electron and electron charge.", "ICRP recommendations and IAEA Basic Safety Standards - electrons as ionizing radiation (beta particles and electron beams) for occupational and medical exposure." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of electron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Neutral atoms contain Z bound electrons; chemistry is the rearrangement of valence electrons in bonds and redox.", "Electric current in metals, electrolytes (via ions whose charge traces to missing or extra electrons), vacuum tubes, and semiconductors is the motion of electrons or of holes left by electrons.", "Scanning and transmission electron microscopes form images with focused electron beams (typically ~0.1-30 keV SEM, ~80-300 keV TEM).", "Electron-beam lithography, welding, and additive manufacturing use focused beams as a tool.", "Clinical linear accelerators deliver 4-25 MeV electron beams for superficial radiotherapy; nuclear medicine and industrial gauges use beta-emitting radionuclides.", "Photoelectron and Auger spectroscopies identify surfaces and chemical states by measuring emitted-electron kinetic energy." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of electron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Rest mass", "typical_range": "9.109×10⁻³¹ (CODATA constant; not a spread of specimens)", "unit": "kg" }, { "quantity": "Electric charge", "typical_range": "−1.602176634×10⁻¹⁹ (exact in SI since 2019)", "unit": "C" }, { "quantity": "Rest energy", "typical_range": "0.511", "unit": "MeV" }, { "quantity": "Spin", "typical_range": "1/2", "unit": "ħ" }, { "quantity": "Electron g-factor", "typical_range": "−2.00231930436", "unit": "1 (dimensionless)" }, { "quantity": "Kinetic energy in use", "typical_range": "thermal ~0.025 eV; atomic 1-10³ eV; SEM 0.1-30 keV; TEM 80-300 keV; radiotherapy 4-25 MeV; high-energy physics GeV-TeV", "unit": "eV" }, { "quantity": "Compton wavelength", "typical_range": "2.426×10⁻¹²", "unit": "m" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of electron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "The free electron is stable; PDG reports no observed decay (lifetime lower bound on the order of 10²⁸ years). It does not fail as a part.", "High-energy electrons (beta radiation and accelerator beams) are ionizing radiation: skin dose, deep-tissue dose at MeV energies, and secondary bremsstrahlung X-rays in high-Z material.", "Accumulated electrons produce electrostatic discharge that damages electronics and ignites flammable atmospheres.", "Electron irradiation damages semiconductors (total ionizing dose, displacement damage, single-event effects).", "Intense beams are limited by space charge, beam breakup, and vacuum arcs; at GeV energies they initiate electromagnetic showers." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of electron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Physics writes e⁻; nuclear practice writes β⁻ for the same particle when the origin is weak decay.", "Older nuclear texts, especially mid-20th-century English, used 'negatron' to contrast with positron; that name is now rare.", "Electronics often treats 'the electron' as a classical charge-carrier fluid rather than a quantum lepton; the name is the same, the model is not.", "Scientific loanwords are near-universal (Elektron, électron, электрон); the colliding sense is software named Electron, which is a different registry thing." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of electron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "positron", "difference": "Same mass, spin and lepton-family membership; opposite electric charge (+e) and lepton number. Annihilates with an electron into photons." }, { "name": "muon", "difference": "Also a charged lepton, but second generation: rest energy ~105.7 MeV (about 207 electron masses) and mean lifetime 2.2 µs. Decays to an electron plus neutrinos." }, { "name": "proton", "difference": "Opposite charge and ~1836 times the mass; a baryon (uud), not a lepton. Bound in nuclei, not in atomic orbitals as the light negative carrier." }, { "name": "electron hole", "difference": "A quasiparticle in a nearly filled band that behaves as a positive mobile charge. It is an excitation of a many-electron solid, not an elementary particle." }, { "name": "beta-minus particle", "difference": "Not a different particle: it is an electron whose origin is nuclear β⁻ decay. Origin and typical MeV spectrum distinguish the radiation-protection object from a bound atomic electron." }, { "name": "photon", "difference": "Massless spin-1 boson with no electric charge; the quantum of the electromagnetic field, not a charged matter fermion." }, { "name": "negative ion", "difference": "An atom or molecule that has gained one or more extra electrons. The ion has nuclear mass and a spectrum of internal states; the extra charge is carried by electrons, but the ion is not itself an electron." }, { "name": "Electron (software framework)", "difference": "An OpenJS/GitHub desktop-app runtime. Homonym only; no particle properties. Wikidata and domain PHY.OBJ versus a software work separate the senses." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of electron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative constant tables and particle-property references should supply numerical values, uncertainties and version provenance?", "What evidence and confidence criteria should distinguish a confirmed electron identification from an electron-like detector signal?", "Which host-state labels and approximations should be supported for atoms, molecules, solids and externally trapped electrons?", "Under what operational conditions should the model permit persistent electron tracking, and how should it express loss of individual identifiability?", "Where should the catalogue place the boundary between an electron in a material and a quasiparticle model with effective parameters?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 24 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a electron, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an electron, describe its physical state and environment, and assess which predictions, measurements or manipulations are justified.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: valence electron, Auger electron, Compton electron, conversion electron, conduction electron, photoelectron, balance of electrons, secondary electron, Runaway electrons, Back-scattered electron, core electron, unpaired electron.", "16 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 175 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a electron, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "valence electron", "Auger electron", "Compton electron", "conversion electron", "conduction electron", "photoelectron", "balance of electrons", "secondary electron", "Runaway electrons", "Back-scattered electron", "core electron", "unpaired electron" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 175 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 16 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one electron from another, and a electron from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a electron sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a electron from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a electron is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a electron is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a electron is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a electron is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a electron is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a electron is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a electron passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a electron between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a electron, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a electron is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What electron is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does electron perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise electron, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How electron is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does electron have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does electron need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about electron is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about electron hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern electron, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a electron came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a electron and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a electron is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a electron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a electron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a electron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }