{ "model": { "rank": 6378, "code": "thing-q223750", "model_id": "vr.tr.ancient-roman-architecture", "name": "ancient Roman architecture", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise and assess ancient Roman architectural works and traditions, distinguish their historical phases, and identify justified research, interpretation and conservation actions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q223750/", "tier": 2, "score": 60, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "sacred architecture of ancient Rome", "Campana reliefs" ], "aliasCount": 2, "merged": 2, "knownIn": 60, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q223750", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223750", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:08:17Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01092148, "turns": 1, "seconds": 188.8, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 89.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c2f-a1c1-7041-8216-291a66824726\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: ancient Roman architecture\nRegistry id: vr.tr.ancient-roman-architecture\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames fol" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q223750", "registryId": "vr.tr.ancient-roman-architecture", "name": "ancient Roman architecture", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q223750/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.ancient-roman-architecture", "name": "ancient Roman architecture", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise and assess ancient Roman architectural works and traditions, distinguish their historical phases, and identify justified research, interpretation and conservation actions.", "definition": "The building culture of the Roman Republic and Empire (middle Republic through late antiquity), defined by pozzolanic concrete and brick- or stone-faced masonry used with the arch, vault and dome, a modular classical order, and a civic programme - temple, basilica, bath, amphitheatre, forum, aqueduct - reproduced, with local materials, across the provinces.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the architectural attribution, spatial organisation, construction, use and surviving condition of works associated with ancient Roman societies, including regional variation and later alterations where they affect interpretation of Roman fabric.", "in_scope": [ "Buildings, infrastructure and architectural ensembles attributed to ancient Roman contexts", "Plans, elevations, circulation and relationships to urban or landscape settings", "Structural systems, materials, construction techniques and architectural ornament", "Commissioning, labour, occupation and changes of use where these explain architectural decisions", "Surviving fabric, archaeological evidence, reconstructions and conservation constraints" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Roman political and military history except where it explains a particular architectural commission or transformation", "Movable antiquities and independent sculpture except for their documented architectural placement", "Ancient Greek and Etruscan architecture as independent traditions", "Renaissance, neoclassical and other later Roman-inspired architecture as independent works", "Archaeological excavation operations and collection management", "Modern engineering certification, ownership adjudication and conservation permits" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require contextual evidence for an ancient Roman attribution, such as dated fabric, stratigraphy, inscriptions or documented archaeological interpretation; arches or columns alone are insufficient.", "Distinguish Roman construction or remodelling from earlier Greek, Etruscan or local fabric within the same monument.", "Assess the combination of spatial programme, construction and historical setting rather than treating any single building type or material as uniquely Roman.", "Separate surviving ancient fabric from modern reconstruction and later Roman-inspired construction.", "For provincial and late antique works, record the basis and uncertainty of attribution without requiring conformity to monuments in the city of Rome." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Architectural attribution", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Roman attribution supported; mixed or contested attribution; later reception; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Controls inclusion without reducing Roman architecture to a visual style." }, { "name": "Construction and alteration chronology", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Building phases linked by dated intervals, relative sequence and supporting evidence", "why_it_matters": "Prevents different periods of a structure from being interpreted as one original design." }, { "name": "Architectural programme", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Domestic; civic; religious; bathing; spectacle; funerary; commercial; military; infrastructural; mixed; uncertain", "why_it_matters": "Connects spatial arrangements to proposed activities while allowing disputed or changing functions." }, { "name": "Structural and construction system", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Recorded combinations of masonry, concrete, timber, trabeation, arches, vaults, domes and other evidenced systems", "why_it_matters": "Supports interpretation of load paths, construction phases and vulnerable interfaces." }, { "name": "Spatial dimensions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Metres for dimensions and spans; square metres for areas; include uncertainty and whether measured or reconstructed", "why_it_matters": "Allows comparison of architectural scale and constraints without confusing estimates with surviving geometry." }, { "name": "Settlement and infrastructure connections", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Connections to streets, public spaces, terrain, water supply, drainage and adjoining structures", "why_it_matters": "Explains access, service provision and the work's role beyond its footprint." }, { "name": "Fabric survival and intervention", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Standing; fragmentary; buried; displaced; lost but documented; restored; reconstructed; combinations by component", "why_it_matters": "Determines what can be directly observed and what requires qualification." }, { "name": "Attribution confidence", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Supported; provisional; contested; unknown, with reasons attached to individual interpretations", "why_it_matters": "Keeps uncertainty specific to claims about date, function, authorship or form." } ], "affordances": [ "Assess whether a work or phase belongs within ancient Roman architecture and explain the attribution.", "Compare plans, structural systems and programmes across Roman contexts while retaining local distinctions.", "Separate observed fabric, historical testimony and reconstructed architectural features.", "Identify evidence needed to resolve competing interpretations of chronology, function or construction.", "Assess how proposed access, interpretation or conservation work could affect significant Roman fabric and identify required specialist review." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "vitruvius-de-architectura", "title": "Vitruvius, Ten Books on Architecture (De architectura); Loeb Classical Library / Harvard University Press; English text also at LacusCurtius (University of Chicago) and Project Gutenberg (Morgan trans.)", "url": "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/home.html", "what_it_supports": "Orders, siting, materials, public building types, and the 1:200 fall Vitruvius states for aqueducts; the principal surviving Roman architectural treatise.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "adam-roman-building", "title": "Jean-Pierre Adam, Roman Building: Materials and Techniques, B.T. Batsford, 1994 (Routledge reprints)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Opus types, brick and concrete practice, tools, and the distinction between facing and core; typical dimensions of walls, vaults and domestic plans." }, { "id": "ward-perkins-ria", "title": "J. B. Ward-Perkins, Roman Imperial Architecture, Pelican History of Art, Penguin / Yale University Press, 1981", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Imperial building types, metropolitan versus provincial repertoires, and the spread of vaulted concrete architecture." }, { "id": "lancaster-concrete-vaults", "title": "Lynne C. Lancaster, Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context, Cambridge University Press, 2005", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "How Roman concrete vaults and domes were designed and fail; spans, ribs, caementa grading, and the Pantheon as an upper-bound case." } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "roman-attribution-and-phasing", "name": "Roman attribution and phasing", "description": "Establish the grounds for calling a work Roman and distinguish its construction and alteration episodes.", "rationale": "A monument may combine earlier fabric, Roman interventions and later rebuilding; architectural resemblance alone cannot resolve attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "attribution-context", "name": "Attribution context", "description": "Connect architectural identification to archaeological, historical and regional evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "basis-of-roman-attribution", "name": "Basis of Roman attribution", "description": "Record the evidence and interpretive criteria supporting inclusion, including competing local or chronological classifications.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which archaeological contexts, inscriptions, dated components or scholarly arguments support calling this work or phase Roman?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "basis-of-roman-attribution-q01" }, { "text": "Does the attribution concern construction, patronage, occupation, remodelling or stylistic influence, and which of these establishes inclusion?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "basis-of-roman-attribution-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "building-sequence", "name": "Building sequence", "description": "Distinguish initial construction, extensions, repairs and subsequent transformations.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidenced-construction-phases", "name": "Evidenced construction phases", "description": "Represent dated and relative phases without assigning a single date to heterogeneous fabric.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which joints, blocked openings, stratigraphic relationships or material changes establish separate building episodes?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "evidenced-construction-phases-q01" }, { "text": "What date range and uncertainty can be assigned to each episode, distinguishing original construction from reused components?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "evidenced-construction-phases-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "programme-space-and-access", "name": "Programme, space and access", "description": "Relate proposed building functions to rooms, routes and differentiated access.", "rationale": "Names such as basilica, bath complex or villa are useful only when their relationship to the particular architectural evidence is explicit.", "layers": [ { "id": "functional-interpretation", "name": "Functional interpretation", "description": "Assess proposed activities and the architectural features supporting them.", "findings": [ { "id": "programme-and-alternatives", "name": "Programme and alternatives", "description": "Record primary, mixed and changing uses alongside plausible alternative interpretations.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which arrangements or installations support the proposed use, such as bathing suites, seating, shrines, shops or domestic reception spaces?", "kind": "definition", "id": "programme-and-alternatives-q01" }, { "text": "Which proposed functions depend on analogy rather than evidence from this work, and what alternative uses remain plausible?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "programme-and-alternatives-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "circulation-and-spatial-hierarchy", "name": "Circulation and spatial hierarchy", "description": "Examine movement, visibility and the organisation of public, restricted and service spaces.", "findings": [ { "id": "routes-and-access-distinctions", "name": "Routes and access distinctions", "description": "Record how entrances, courts, corridors, stairs and thresholds shaped possible movement without assuming users' identities.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which routes connect streets, entrances, principal rooms and service areas in each architectural phase?", "kind": "definition", "id": "routes-and-access-distinctions-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports proposed distinctions between ceremonial, everyday and service access or between different user groups?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "routes-and-access-distinctions-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "construction-structure-and-surface", "name": "Construction, structure and surface", "description": "Describe how the work was assembled, supported and architecturally presented.", "rationale": "Roman attribution and architectural behaviour require separating structural fabric from facing, finish and applied architectural expression.", "layers": [ { "id": "structural-assembly", "name": "Structural assembly", "description": "Examine foundations, walls, supports and roof or spanning systems.", "findings": [ { "id": "load-bearing-systems-and-interfaces", "name": "Load-bearing systems and interfaces", "description": "Record evidenced structural arrangements and interactions between construction materials or phases.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which components carry loads, and where are arches, vaults, domes, lintels or timber systems observed rather than reconstructed?", "kind": "definition", "id": "load-bearing-systems-and-interfaces-q01" }, { "text": "What spans, wall thicknesses and support dimensions are measured, and which inaccessible or missing elements limit interpretation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "load-bearing-systems-and-interfaces-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "materials-and-architectural-finish", "name": "Materials and architectural finish", "description": "Distinguish construction materials, masonry treatments, cladding and ornament.", "findings": [ { "id": "fabric-facing-and-reuse", "name": "Fabric, facing and reuse", "description": "Connect cores, facings, finishes and reused elements to their evidenced locations and phases.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which materials form the structural core, facing, paving and finish, and what evidence supports their identification and origin?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "fabric-facing-and-reuse-q01" }, { "text": "Are columns, capitals, inscriptions and decorative elements in their original positions, reused in antiquity or introduced during later restoration?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "fabric-facing-and-reuse-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "setting-services-and-commission", "name": "Setting, services and commission", "description": "Connect the architectural work to its terrain, settlement systems and commissioning context.", "rationale": "Access, water, topography and commissioning relationships can explain architectural decisions that the isolated plan cannot.", "layers": [ { "id": "urban-landscape-and-services", "name": "Urban landscape and services", "description": "Record relationships to streets, terrain and utility networks.", "findings": [ { "id": "site-and-network-dependencies", "name": "Site and network dependencies", "description": "Identify external connections necessary to understand siting and operation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did the work connect to contemporary streets, public spaces, terrain and neighbouring structures?", "kind": "definition", "id": "site-and-network-dependencies-q01" }, { "text": "Which water supply, drainage, heating or other service connections are evidenced, and were they contemporary with the proposed use?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "site-and-network-dependencies-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "patronage-and-production", "name": "Patronage and production", "description": "Assess documented commissioning, funding and building activity.", "findings": [ { "id": "commission-and-builder-evidence", "name": "Commission and builder evidence", "description": "Separate evidence for patrons, dedicators, funders, designers and builders rather than treating them as interchangeable.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence identifies commissioners, funders, dedicators or builders, and which roles does it actually establish?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "commission-and-builder-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which proposed connections between patronage, labour organisation and architectural choices remain interpretations rather than directly documented relationships?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "commission-and-builder-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "survival-interpretation-and-intervention", "name": "Survival, interpretation and intervention", "description": "Assess surviving evidence and the implications of reconstructing, presenting or intervening in Roman architectural remains.", "rationale": "Present appearance may combine ancient remains and later interventions, making evidence status central to both recognition and responsible action.", "layers": [ { "id": "surviving-and-reconstructed-form", "name": "Surviving and reconstructed form", "description": "Separate extant fabric from displaced evidence and hypothetical reconstruction.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-status-of-visible-form", "name": "Evidence status of visible form", "description": "Identify what survives and the evidence supporting proposed missing volumes, elevations and finishes.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which parts are surviving ancient fabric, displaced fragments, later repairs or modern reconstructions?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "evidence-status-of-visible-form-q01" }, { "text": "What supports reconstructed roof forms, upper storeys, colonnades and surface treatments, and where do competing reconstructions differ?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "evidence-status-of-visible-form-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-action-constraints", "name": "Condition and action constraints", "description": "Relate observed deterioration and intervention proposals to significant architectural evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "fabric-sensitive-next-actions", "name": "Fabric-sensitive next actions", "description": "Identify justified documentation or review steps and the evidence that proposed interventions could obscure or damage.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where are cracking, deformation, water ingress, mortar loss or separation of facing and core documented, and what evidence shows whether they are changing?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "fabric-sensitive-next-actions-q01" }, { "text": "Before cleaning, stabilisation, reconstruction or altered visitor access, which Roman fabric and phase relationships require documentation, specialist assessment and verification of applicable permissions?", "kind": "action", "id": "fabric-sensitive-next-actions-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Cult buildings (podium temples, mithraea, and later reuse as churches)", "Civic complexes (fora, basilicas, curiae, macella)", "Spectacle buildings (theatres, amphitheatres, circuses)", "Baths (thermae and balnea) with palaestrae", "Water, sewer and harbour works (aqueducts, cisterns, nymphaea, cloacae, ports)", "Housing (insula, atrium domus, villa rustica and villa urbana)", "Military and defensive works (castra, town walls, gates)", "Honorific and funerary monuments (triumphal arches, columns, mausolea, columbaria)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of ancient Roman architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)", "value_or_pattern": "300020541", "note": "Style/period term 'Ancient Roman'; used to index works and sites, not a unique monument ID." }, { "scheme": "Library of Congress Subject Headings", "value_or_pattern": "Architecture, Roman", "note": "Standard bibliographic heading; narrower terms exist for building types (e.g. Basilicas, Roman)." }, { "scheme": "Dewey Decimal Classification", "value_or_pattern": "722.7", "note": "Roman architecture under ancient architecture." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of ancient Roman architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Vitruvius, De architectura - circulating handbook of practice, not a statute (late Republic / Augustan).", "Imperial height limits on insulae: 70 Roman feet under Augustus, tightened to 60 under Trajan - Roman imperial edict.", "Cura aquarum (water board) as described by Frontinus, De aquaeductu urbis Romae - office of the Roman state.", "International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (Venice Charter, 1964) - ICOMOS.", "Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) - UNESCO.", "Codice dei beni culturali e del paesaggio, Legislative Decree no. 42 of 22 January 2004 - Italian Republic (principal statute for fabric in Italy).", "EN 16096:2012, Conservation of cultural property - Condition survey and report of built cultural heritage - CEN.", "Nara Document on Authenticity (1994) - ICOMOS / UNESCO / Agency for Cultural Affairs (Japan)." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of ancient Roman architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Standing monuments and excavated towns visited and managed as heritage (Rome, Ostia, Pompeii, Nîmes, Split, Trier, Jerash, Leptis Magna).", "Measured survey, conservation and anastylosis by state heritage agencies and archaeological superintendencies.", "Type-source for later Western civic architecture (Renaissance, Baroque, neoclassical, Beaux-Arts).", "Engineering case for long-life lime-pozzolana concrete and unreinforced vaulting.", "Urban reference for grid, insula block, and forum-centred colonial towns.", "Late-antique and medieval reuse as churches, forts and spolia (e.g. the Pantheon as Santa Maria ad Martyres)." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of ancient Roman architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Design module (pes monetalis, Roman foot)", "typical_range": "295-297", "unit": "mm" }, { "quantity": "Legal insula height after Augustan / Trajanic limits", "typical_range": "18-21", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Clear span of monumental concrete vaults and domes", "typical_range": "6-43.3", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Aqueduct specus gradient (built examples; Vitruvius asked for a steeper 0.5%)", "typical_range": "0.2-5", "unit": "m/km" }, { "quantity": "Amphitheatre seating (provincial house to the Colosseum)", "typical_range": "5000-50000", "unit": "persons" }, { "quantity": "Compressive strength of surviving land-core opus caementicium (published tests vary)", "typical_range": "5-25", "unit": "MPa" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of ancient Roman architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Collapse of unreinforced concrete vaults once facing, ribs or core decay.", "Delamination of brick or stone facing from the concrete core, accelerated by corroding iron clamps.", "Differential settlement on alluvial ground (notably the Roman floodplain).", "Seismic shear of walls, colonnades and unbonded cores.", "Fire in timber-floored insulae (a documented ancient urban hazard) and later fire damage to remaining timber and marble.", "Spoliation of marble, metal clamps and brick.", "Salt crystallisation, rising damp and freeze-thaw in buried or half-buried fabric.", "Hard cement pointing and reconstructions that trap moisture.", "Wear, vibration and crowding at high-tourism sites." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of ancient Roman architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Central Italy from the first century CE: brick-faced concrete (opus testaceum / latericium) is the metropolitan signature.", "Western provinces: more ashlar in local limestone or sandstone; Gallo-Roman fanum temples and Romano-British villas with hypocausts.", "North Africa: opus africanum (upright orthostats with infill) and very large public baths in grid cities.", "Eastern Mediterranean: Greek marble trabeation continues beside Roman vaulting; large imperial complexes (e.g. Baalbek, Ephesus, Palmyra).", "Rhine and Britain: timber, tile and military architecture weigh more heavily in the surviving record.", "Labels: English 'Roman architecture' versus Italian architettura romana; hybrid period names Romano-British, Gallo-Roman, Hispano-Roman - not the same as medieval 'Romanesque'." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of ancient Roman architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Ancient Greek architecture", "difference": "Greek public architecture is predominantly trabeated post-and-lintel in cut stone; Roman work adds systematic concrete, the true arch/vault/dome, and a frontal podium temple rather than a peripteral one." }, { "name": "Etruscan architecture", "difference": "Etruscan temples use a high podium, deep porch and wooden superstructure (Tuscan order); Rome inherits that temple type but develops fired brick, pozzolanic concrete and arcuated spanning at urban scale." }, { "name": "Byzantine architecture", "difference": "Continues Roman vaulting into a church-centred programme; pendentive (and related) domes on centralized plans and a different liturgical type-set, from the 5th-6th centuries onward." }, { "name": "Romanesque architecture", "difference": "Medieval (roughly 10th-12th century) round-arched masonry, usually without Roman pozzolanic concrete; a later revival of arcuated massing, not imperial Roman building." }, { "name": "Hellenistic architecture of the eastern Mediterranean", "difference": "Shares orders and urban show façades with Rome; lacks the Italian concrete-vault kit unless a site is under Roman rule and uses it." }, { "name": "Renaissance and neoclassical all'antica work", "difference": "Later imitation of Roman orders and types in post-medieval materials and programmes; date, construction (rarely opus caementicium) and context separate it from ancient fabric." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of ancient Roman architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "What chronological and contextual boundaries should distinguish ancient Roman architecture from late antique and Byzantine architecture without forcing a universal cutoff?", "How should regional traditions and mixed commissions be attributed when political setting, construction practice and architectural expression support different classifications?", "What minimum evidence should justify functional labels for fragmentary buildings, especially when room names are inherited from older scholarship?", "Which established recording vocabularies can describe masonry, concrete construction and architectural ornament consistently while preserving regional terminology?", "How should the model represent lost works known chiefly through texts, drawings or displaced fragments while keeping them comparable to surviving monuments?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a ancient Roman architecture, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise and assess ancient Roman architectural works and traditions, distinguish their historical phases, and identify justified research, interpretation and conservation actions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: sacred architecture of ancient Rome, Campana reliefs.", "2 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 60 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a ancient Roman architecture, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "sacred architecture of ancient Rome", "Campana reliefs" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 60 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 2 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one ancient Roman architecture from another, and a ancient Roman architecture from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a ancient Roman architecture, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a ancient Roman architecture, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a ancient Roman architecture is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a ancient Roman architecture, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a ancient Roman architecture, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a ancient Roman architecture is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a ancient Roman architecture sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a ancient Roman architecture, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a ancient Roman architecture, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a ancient Roman architecture is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a ancient Roman architecture from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a ancient Roman architecture, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a ancient Roman architecture, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a ancient Roman architecture is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a ancient Roman architecture passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a ancient Roman architecture between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a ancient Roman architecture, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a ancient Roman architecture, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a ancient Roman architecture is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a ancient Roman architecture, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a ancient Roman architecture is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a ancient Roman architecture, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a ancient Roman architecture, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a ancient Roman architecture is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a ancient Roman architecture proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a ancient Roman architecture, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a ancient Roman architecture and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a ancient Roman architecture, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a ancient Roman architecture, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a ancient Roman architecture is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a ancient Roman architecture consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a ancient Roman architecture takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a ancient Roman architecture, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a ancient Roman architecture, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a ancient Roman architecture is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What ancient Roman architecture is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of ancient Roman architecture are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is ancient Roman architecture operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of ancient Roman architecture and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of ancient Roman architecture?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as ancient Roman architecture?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a ancient Roman architecture came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a ancient Roman architecture and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a ancient Roman architecture, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a ancient Roman architecture, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a ancient Roman architecture is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a ancient Roman architecture is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a ancient Roman architecture, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a ancient Roman architecture, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a ancient Roman architecture is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }