{ "model": { "rank": 4075, "code": "thing-q22699", "model_id": "vr.tr.castanea-sativa", "name": "Castanea sativa", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise Castanea sativa, assess a tree's condition and reproductive potential, and determine appropriate propagation, cultivation or health-investigation actions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.LIV", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q22699/", "tier": 2, "score": 78, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 78, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q22699", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22699", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T19:25:13Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 22.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087a0-7ca6-73e0-a688-570bb5ddb486\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Castanea sativa\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 695 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 ", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 76.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087a0-7c92-77c0-bf74-b69eccbda307\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Castanea sativa\nRegistry id: vr.tr.castanea-sativa\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q22699", "registryId": "vr.tr.castanea-sativa", "name": "Castanea sativa", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q22699/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.castanea-sativa", "name": "Castanea sativa", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise Castanea sativa, assess a tree's condition and reproductive potential, and determine appropriate propagation, cultivation or health-investigation actions.", "definition": "Castanea sativa Mill., the sweet or European chestnut, is a deciduous tree species in the beech family Fagaceae, cultivated for its edible nuts and durable timber.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the species-specific recognition and assessment requirements for Castanea sativa Mill., sweet chestnut, under registry entry vr.tr.castanea-sativa in PHY / PHY.OBJ; individual trees, cultivars and populations supply observations without becoming separate meanings of this entry.", "in_scope": [ "Species identification, supporting observations and uncertainty about hybrid ancestry", "Seed origin, cultivar identity and rootstock-scion relationships", "Tree development, seasonal reproduction and nut formation", "Site suitability and responses to coppice, orchard or timber management", "Chestnut-specific pest and disease observations and diagnostic follow-up" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Other Castanea species and interspecific hybrids as independent taxa", "Horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum", "Harvested chestnut food products, recipes and food-processing operations", "Detached timber grading and manufactured wood products", "Whole orchard or woodland business operations", "Pathogen taxonomy and jurisdiction-wide plant-health regulation" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Check for simple, elongated, toothed leaves; palmately compound leaves instead indicate a different tree such as horse chestnut.", "Examine reproductive material for nuts enclosed in densely spiny cupules; do not identify a loose brown nut from colour alone.", "Use catkins and mature, deeply grooved bark as supporting evidence, allowing for season and tree age. [Kew species profile](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295349-1/general-information)", "When other Castanea species or hybrids are plausible, require a regional botanical key and documented provenance; generic chestnut foliage and burrs do not establish C. sativa." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identification confidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "unassessed | provisional | expert-supported | unresolved Castanea", "why_it_matters": "Prevents common-name records or incomplete photographs from becoming definitive species assignments." }, { "name": "Propagation and ancestry", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Seed parent or seed lot; cultivar; scion; rootstock; documented or suspected hybrid ancestry", "why_it_matters": "Connects observed performance to the actual planting material and identifies composite grafted trees." }, { "name": "Growth form", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "seedling | single-stem tree | coppice stool | grafted tree; combinations permitted", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether measurements and interventions concern a whole tree, a shoot or a graft component." }, { "name": "Stem and stool development", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Height in m; stem diameter in cm with measurement height; shoots per stool; years since cutting", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of growth and coppice recovery without confusing shoot age with stool age." }, { "name": "Seasonal reproductive state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "dormant | leafing | flowering | cupules developing | nuts maturing | nuts shedding; dated by location", "why_it_matters": "Makes inspection, pollination assessment and harvest timing depend on local observations." }, { "name": "Root-zone conditions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Soil pH with method; waterlogging duration in days; soil moisture with method and depth", "why_it_matters": "Supports investigation of establishment failure and root stress." }, { "name": "Nut filling", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Filled nuts as percentage of sampled nuts; sample count; harvest date", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes visible fruit production from successful development of usable nuts." }, { "name": "Chestnut health evidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "uninspected | no symptoms observed | symptoms recorded | diagnosis pending | agent confirmed", "why_it_matters": "Keeps bark cankers, root decline and galls separate from confirmed causal diagnoses." } ], "affordances": [ "Guide a seasonal identification inspection and request missing leaf, twig, flower or cupule evidence.", "Compare planting-site observations with regionally supported sweet-chestnut requirements.", "Trace a seedling, graft or coppice shoot to its source material and management history.", "Track flowering, nut filling and seed viability to plan propagation or harvest assessments.", "Screen cankers, root decline and galls for specialist investigation.", "Compare orchard, coppice and timber objectives before selecting a tree-management action." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "sweet-chestnut-identity", "name": "Sweet chestnut identity", "description": "Establish what qualifies as Castanea sativa and what evidence supports an observed tree's assignment.", "rationale": "The name chestnut crosses unrelated trees, related species and cultivated hybrids.", "layers": [ { "id": "taxonomic-boundary", "name": "Taxonomic boundary", "description": "Anchor the registry entry to an accepted species concept.", "findings": [ { "id": "accepted-species-anchor", "name": "Accepted species anchor", "description": "Castanea sativa Mill. is an accepted species in Fagaceae; preserve the authority and identification reference. [Kew taxonomy](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295349-1)", "questions": [ { "text": "Which taxonomic reference and version define the Castanea sativa identification?", "kind": "definition", "id": "accepted-species-anchor-q01" }, { "text": "Does the evidence support this species, or only Castanea with unresolved species or hybrid identity?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "accepted-species-anchor-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "diagnostic-observations", "name": "Diagnostic observations", "description": "Combine vegetative and reproductive evidence rather than relying on a common name.", "findings": [ { "id": "identification-evidence-set", "name": "Identification evidence set", "description": "Record leaf arrangement and form, twig details, cupules, nuts and available flowers, with photographs or specimens tied to one tree.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which diagnostic organs were inspected, on what date, and can they be traced to the same tree?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "identification-evidence-set-q01" }, { "text": "Which characters exclude horse chestnut, and which additional key characters separate locally plausible Castanea alternatives?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "identification-evidence-set-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "ancestry-and-regeneration", "name": "Ancestry and regeneration", "description": "Track how sweet chestnut material originated and how it can produce a subsequent generation.", "rationale": "Seedlings, grafted selections and coppice shoots require different interpretations of identity and continuity.", "layers": [ { "id": "planting-material-lineage", "name": "Planting material lineage", "description": "Distinguish seed origin, named selection and graft components.", "findings": [ { "id": "seed-scion-and-rootstock", "name": "Seed, scion and rootstock", "description": "Record seed-lot origin or separate scion and rootstock identities; leave undocumented cultivar and ancestry claims unresolved.", "questions": [ { "text": "What nursery, collection or propagation record establishes this tree's origin?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "seed-scion-and-rootstock-q01" }, { "text": "If grafted, which observed shoots belong to the scion and which arise from the rootstock?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "seed-scion-and-rootstock-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "seed-and-stool-continuity", "name": "Seed and stool continuity", "description": "Assess regeneration through seed and through retained coppice stools.", "findings": [ { "id": "regeneration-readiness", "name": "Regeneration readiness", "description": "Sweet chestnut seed loses viability when dried; coppice assessment instead follows surviving stools and their shoots. [Kew propagation profile](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295349-1/general-information)", "questions": [ { "text": "For seed propagation, what collection date, storage conditions and germination test support current viability?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "regeneration-readiness-q01" }, { "text": "For coppice regeneration, what stool condition and previous regrowth support another cutting cycle?", "kind": "action", "id": "regeneration-readiness-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "site-and-production-fit", "name": "Site and production fit", "description": "Relate growing conditions and reproductive observations to the intended use of a sweet chestnut tree.", "rationale": "Tree survival, sound stem growth and filled-nut production are different measures of success.", "layers": [ { "id": "root-zone-and-season", "name": "Root zone and season", "description": "Evaluate soil conditions and seasonal exposure using evidence appropriate to the location.", "findings": [ { "id": "site-constraint-assessment", "name": "Site constraint assessment", "description": "Sweet chestnut favours acid, well-drained soils; alkaline and waterlogged sites are unsuitable in British forestry guidance. Apply regional evidence before adopting thresholds elsewhere. [Forest Research site guidance](https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/tree-species-database/131550-sweet-chestnut-sc-2/)", "questions": [ { "text": "What measured soil pH, drainage and rooting conditions support or challenge establishment here?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "site-constraint-assessment-q01" }, { "text": "Which local frost, drought and exposure observations coincide with damaged growth or failed reproduction?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "site-constraint-assessment-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "flowering-and-management-objective", "name": "Flowering and management objective", "description": "Assess reproductive performance separately from stem-production objectives.", "findings": [ { "id": "objective-specific-performance", "name": "Objective-specific performance", "description": "Record whether management targets nuts, coppice poles or sawtimber, then select corresponding performance observations. These are distinct sweet-chestnut management uses. [Forest Research silviculture](https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/tree-species-database/131550-sweet-chestnut-sc-2/)", "questions": [ { "text": "Is success judged by filled-nut yield, coppice-shoot performance or timber-stem development?", "kind": "definition", "id": "objective-specific-performance-q01" }, { "text": "For nut production, what flowering overlap, potential pollen sources and sampled nut filling were observed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "objective-specific-performance-q02" }, { "text": "What locally supported intervention addresses the observed limitation for the chosen objective?", "kind": "action", "id": "objective-specific-performance-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "chestnut-health-and-intervention", "name": "Chestnut health and intervention", "description": "Separate major chestnut health syndromes and connect evidence to proportionate follow-up.", "rationale": "Similar decline symptoms can arise from different agents and cannot justify a single automatic treatment.", "layers": [ { "id": "bark-and-root-differential", "name": "Bark and root differential", "description": "Locate damage before assigning a cause.", "findings": [ { "id": "canker-versus-root-decline", "name": "Canker versus root decline", "description": "Cryphonectria parasitica causes bark cankers and girdling; root-attacking Phytophthora species are a separate concern. Record lesion location and diagnostic evidence independently. [Forest Research health profile](https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/tree-species-database/131550-sweet-chestnut-sc-2/)", "questions": [ { "text": "Are lesions concentrated in bark, a graft union, the collar or roots, and how extensive are they?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "canker-versus-root-decline-q01" }, { "text": "Which specialist examination or laboratory result supports the suspected cause?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "canker-versus-root-decline-q02" }, { "text": "What sampling or handling action is appropriate while the diagnosis remains unresolved?", "kind": "action", "id": "canker-versus-root-decline-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "galls-and-response-constraints", "name": "Galls and response constraints", "description": "Assess gall symptoms and verify applicable restrictions before intervention or movement.", "findings": [ { "id": "gall-investigation-and-follow-up", "name": "Gall investigation and follow-up", "description": "Oriental chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, can affect C. sativa; record suspected galls and seek identification before choosing a response. [Forest Research gall-wasp guidance](https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/fthr/pest-and-disease-resources/oriental-chestnut-gall-wasp-dryocosmus-kuriphilus/)", "questions": [ { "text": "Which organs bear galls, what proportion of inspected shoots is affected, and what confirms the causal organism?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "gall-investigation-and-follow-up-q01" }, { "text": "Which current local requirements govern reporting, pruning or moving this affected chestnut material?", "kind": "action", "id": "gall-investigation-and-follow-up-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This is recalled knowledge, not source-verified research.", "Size ranges are descriptive, not diagnostic limits; cultivar, site, age and management affect them.", "Check native-range boundaries and cultivar or hybrid identity before making geographically or commercially specific claims." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Castanea sativa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Botanical nomenclature", "value_or_pattern": "Castanea sativa Mill.", "note": "The scientific name with author abbreviation; Mill. denotes Philip Miller." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Castanea sativa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Nut production for consumption roasted, boiled, dried or milled into flour.", "Timber for joinery, furniture and construction.", "Coppice production of fencing, poles and stakes.", "Tannin extraction from wood and bark.", "Planting in orchards, woodlands and agroforestry systems." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Castanea sativa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Mature tree height", "typical_range": "20-35", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Leaf length", "typical_range": "10-25", "unit": "cm" }, { "quantity": "Nuts per spiny fruit cupule", "typical_range": "1-3", "unit": "nuts" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Castanea sativa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, produces bark cankers and can kill stems or trees.", "Ink disease associated with Phytophthora species, notably P. cinnamomi and P. cambivora, damages roots and the root collar.", "The Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, causes galls that impair shoot growth and nut production.", "Waterlogged soils can impair root function and favour root disease.", "Drought and late spring frosts can reduce growth and nut yield." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Castanea sativa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Long cultivation and movement by people complicate reconstruction of its native range across southern Europe and western Asia.", "Regional orchard cultivars differ in nut size, ripening time, peeling characteristics and suitability for processing.", "Management ranges from grafted nut orchards to coppice and high forest grown principally for wood." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Castanea sativa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Aesculus hippocastanum", "difference": "Horse chestnut belongs to Sapindaceae and has palmately compound leaves; Castanea sativa has simple, toothed leaves and densely spiny fruit cupules." }, { "name": "Castanea crenata", "difference": "Japanese chestnut is a separate East Asian species; its hybrids with C. sativa are not pure C. sativa." }, { "name": "Castanea mollissima", "difference": "Chinese chestnut is a separate species typically distinguished in part by conspicuous hairiness of young shoots and leaf undersides." }, { "name": "Castanea dentata", "difference": "American chestnut is a distinct species native to eastern North America, rather than the European and western Asian sweet chestnut." }, { "name": "Chestnut", "difference": "The common term can denote several Castanea species, their nuts or their wood; this entry covers the species C. sativa." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Castanea sativa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which regional identification keys and validated genetic methods reliably distinguish C. sativa from locally traded Castanea hybrids?", "Which cultivar-specific pollen fertility and compatibility evidence is needed to interpret poor nut filling?", "What regional soil, drought, frost and seasonal warmth thresholds predict establishment versus reliable nut production?", "How should uncertain native, anciently introduced and recently planted population origins be represented where historical evidence conflicts?", "Which locally validated diagnostic and intervention protocols apply to chestnut blight, Phytophthora root disease and oriental chestnut gall wasp?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 15, "questions": 25 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organism", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Castanea sativa, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise Castanea sativa, assess a tree's condition and reproductive potential, and determine appropriate propagation, cultivation or health-investigation actions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "living", "origin": "natural", "agency": "autonomous", "mobility": "self-moving" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 78 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Castanea sativa, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a living thing", "physicalCharacter": [ "Moves under its own power or of its own accord.", "Acts on its own behalf.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by diagnostic characters, and those differ by life stage - the young of many kinds are mistaken for other kinds entirely. A sighting is settled by characters, a photograph and a place, not by a name alone." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 78 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Castanea sativa from another, and a Castanea sativa from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Castanea sativa sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Castanea sativa from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a Castanea sativa is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Anatomy, parts and life stage.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and life stages", "description": "The parts of a Castanea sativa and the stages it passes through.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a Castanea sativa is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a Castanea sativa is, how it got there and where it may go (self-moving).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a Castanea sativa is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a Castanea sativa moves on its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Castanea sativa passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Castanea sativa between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Castanea sativa, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Castanea sativa is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-placement", "name": "Taxonomic placement and identification", "description": "What Castanea sativa is called scientifically, by whose authority, and how a specimen is recognised.", "rationale": "Names change with revisions while the organism does not, so a name without its authority and date cannot be reconciled later.", "layers": [ { "id": "accepted-name", "name": "Accepted name and synonymy", "description": "The current binomial, its author and date, and the names it replaced.", "findings": [ { "id": "name-and-authority", "name": "Accepted name, authority and synonyms", "description": "What to record so a later revision can be applied without losing the old data.", "questions": [ { "id": "name-and-authority-q01", "text": "What is the accepted scientific name of Castanea sativa, with its author and year, and which synonyms does it absorb?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "name-and-authority-q02", "text": "Which taxonomic authority is being followed, and what would a competing authority say?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "field-identification", "name": "Field identification", "description": "The characters that separate Castanea sativa from what it is confused with.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters", "name": "Diagnostic characters and confusable kinds", "description": "Features that settle an identification, and those that only suggest it.", "questions": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q01", "text": "Which observable characters distinguish Castanea sativa from its closest look-alikes, and at which life stage are they visible?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q02", "text": "What evidence is enough to record an identification as confirmed rather than provisional?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "life-cycle-and-condition", "name": "Life stages, condition and behaviour", "description": "What Castanea sativa does over its life and how its state is judged.", "rationale": "Stage and condition change what may be done - handled, treated, harvested, left alone - and both are observations with a time.", "layers": [ { "id": "stages-and-reproduction", "name": "Stages and reproduction", "description": "Development from origin to death, including forms that look like different animals.", "findings": [ { "id": "life-stages", "name": "Life stages and their marks", "description": "The stages worth recording and what tells them apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "life-stages-q01", "text": "What stages does Castanea sativa pass through, and what observable change marks each transition?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "life-stages-q02", "text": "Which stages are so unlike the adult that they are mistaken for another kind?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "health-and-condition", "name": "Health and condition", "description": "How condition is assessed and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition assessment", "description": "Signs of health, injury and stress, and who is competent to judge them.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "How is the condition of Castanea sativa judged, on what scale, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "What condition obliges an agent to act, and what act is permitted to whom?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "range-and-status", "name": "Habitat, range and conservation status", "description": "Where Castanea sativa lives and how threatened it is.", "rationale": "Range and status govern what is lawful, and both are assessments with an assessor and a year rather than facts of nature.", "layers": [ { "id": "habitat-and-range", "name": "Habitat and range", "description": "Native range, introductions and the habitat it needs.", "findings": [ { "id": "range-record", "name": "Range, introductions and habitat", "description": "What to record about where it is found and how it got there.", "questions": [ { "id": "range-record-q01", "text": "What is the native range of Castanea sativa, where has it been introduced, and what habitat does it require?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "range-record-q02", "text": "What distinguishes a native record from an introduced or vagrant one?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-status", "name": "Protection and legal status", "description": "Conservation assessments and the rules that follow from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-and-rules", "name": "Conservation status and legal consequence", "description": "The assessment, its date, and what it forbids or requires where.", "questions": [ { "id": "status-and-rules-q01", "text": "What conservation status does Castanea sativa hold, under which assessment and year?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "status-and-rules-q02", "text": "What does that status forbid or require of an agent, and in which jurisdiction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Castanea sativa came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Castanea sativa and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Castanea sativa is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Castanea sativa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Castanea sativa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Castanea sativa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }