{ "model": { "rank": 7268, "code": "thing-q232932", "model_id": "vr.tr.open-access", "name": "open access", "purpose": "Let an agent explain open access, relay models, policies, licensing and debates from scholarly communication sources with attribution, describe the forms and initiatives the registry aliases name, and distinguish open access from free-to-read access without reuse rights, open data, open science generally and unauthorised shadow libraries.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q232932/", "tier": 2, "score": 56, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "secondary publication", "diamond open access", "open-access publishing", "self-archiving", "OpenGLAM", "open access in the Netherlands", "platinum open access", "black open access" ], "aliasCount": 8, "merged": 8, "knownIn": 56, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q232932", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232932", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T20:00:37Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q232932", "registryId": "vr.tr.open-access", "name": "open access", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q232932/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.open-access", "name": "open access", "purpose": "Let an agent explain open access, relay models, policies, licensing and debates from scholarly communication sources with attribution, describe the forms and initiatives the registry aliases name, and distinguish open access from free-to-read access without reuse rights, open data, open science generally and unauthorised shadow libraries.", "definition": "The practice of making research outputs such as journal articles, books and data freely available online without payment barriers, and often with open licences allowing reuse, defined in the 2002 Budapest Open Access Initiative, achieved through open-access publishing in journals, known as gold open access, through self-archiving in repositories, known as green open access, and through diamond open access with no fees for authors or readers, supported by policies such as Plan S, secondary publication rights in national law and national strategies such as that of the Netherlands, and extended to cultural heritage by the OpenGLAM movement.", "what_it_is_for": "Free and open availability of research.", "affordances": [ "explain models and licences", "relay policies and debates", "describe named forms and initiatives", "distinguish related concepts" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Free to read", "Reuse rights", "Several routes", "Funder policies" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; seen as freely downloadable articles, often with open licence notices.", "visual_identification": [ "Free online access to research outputs", "Secondary publication, diamond open access, open-access publishing, self-archiving, OpenGLAM, open access in the Netherlands", "Free-to-read may lack reuse rights; open data covers datasets; open science is broader; shadow libraries infringe copyright" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "Budapest Open Access Initiative", "typical_range": "2002", "unit": "year", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "Plan S announced", "typical_range": "2018", "unit": "year", "note": "cOAlition S" }, { "quantity": "common licence", "typical_range": "CC BY", "unit": "licence", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "gold open access", "green open access and self-archiving", "diamond or platinum open access", "hybrid open access", "secondary publication rights", "open GLAM heritage access" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "information access", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "uses", "target": "Creative Commons license", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is promoted by", "target": "Plan S", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "shadow library", "why": "" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Funder mandates such as Plan S and national policies", "Copyright law including secondary publication rights", "Creative Commons licences" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Predatory journals exploiting fees", "Article processing charges excluding authors, as critics argue", "Confusing open access with piracy" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What open access is.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is open access, and how does it differ from free-to-read, open data, open science and shadow libraries?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about publishing, finding free articles legally, policy or heritage collections?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "forms", "name": "Forms", "description": "Named forms and initiatives.", "findings": [ { "id": "forms-finding", "name": "Forms", "description": "Forms.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are secondary publication, diamond open access, open-access publishing, self-archiving, OpenGLAM and Dutch open access policy?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific form?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "models", "name": "Models", "description": "Publishing models.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "routes", "name": "Routes", "description": "Gold, green and diamond.", "findings": [ { "id": "routes-finding", "name": "Routes", "description": "Routes.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do gold, green, hybrid and diamond models work and who pays?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "debates", "name": "Debates", "description": "Debates.", "findings": [ { "id": "debates-finding", "name": "Debates", "description": "Debates.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do supporters and critics say about APCs, transformative agreements and quality, with positions attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "policy", "name": "Policy", "description": "Policy and law.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "mandates", "name": "Mandates", "description": "Funder mandates.", "findings": [ { "id": "mandates-finding", "name": "Mandates", "description": "Mandates.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do Plan S and national funders require, checked against current sources?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "law", "name": "Law", "description": "Secondary publication rights.", "findings": [ { "id": "law-finding", "name": "Law", "description": "Law.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do secondary publication rights such as the Dutch Taverne amendment work?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits copyright law?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Tools and heritage.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "finding", "name": "Finding", "description": "Finding open articles.", "findings": [ { "id": "finding-finding", "name": "Finding", "description": "Finding.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can readers find legal open versions through repositories and tools such as Unpaywall?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits institutional repository?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "glam", "name": "GLAM", "description": "Open heritage.", "findings": [ { "id": "glam-finding", "name": "GLAM", "description": "GLAM.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do museums and libraries open collections under OpenGLAM principles?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits OpenGLAM?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should green, gold and diamond be separate entries?", "How should scholarly communication sources be linked?", "How should national policies be kept current?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a open access, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain open access, relay models, policies, licensing and debates from scholarly communication sources with attribution, describe the forms and initiatives the registry aliases name, and distinguish open access from free-to-read access without reuse rights, open data, open science generally and unauthorised shadow libraries.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: secondary publication, diamond open access, open-access publishing, self-archiving, OpenGLAM, open access in the Netherlands, platinum open access, black open access.", "8 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 56 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a open access, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "secondary publication", "diamond open access", "open-access publishing", "self-archiving", "OpenGLAM", "open access in the Netherlands", "platinum open access", "black open access" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 56 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 8 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one open access from another, and a open access from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a open access, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a open access, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a open access is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a open access, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a open access, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a open access is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a open access sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a open access, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a open access, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a open access is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a open access from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a open access, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a open access, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a open access is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a open access passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a open access between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a open access, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a open access, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a open access is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a open access, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a open access is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a open access, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a open access, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a open access is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What open access is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of open access are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is open access operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of open access and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of open access?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as open access?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a open access came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a open access and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a open access, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a open access, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a open access is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a open access is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a open access, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a open access, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a open access is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }