{ "model": { "rank": 1036, "code": "thing-q23445", "model_id": "vr.tr.black", "name": "black", "purpose": "Let an agent handle black by colour specification, materials, symbolism, contrast and accessibility.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q23445/", "tier": 2, "score": 196, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "eerie black", "onyx", "dark jungle green", "Discord Black", "sumi-iro", "purplish black", "nearly black", "blackish", "raven black", "sooty", "Furvus", "Gray21", "blue-black", "rich black", "Vantablack", "dark grey", "basalt black" ], "aliasCount": 17, "merged": 17, "knownIn": 196, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.black", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q23445", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23445", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T08:35:59Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q23445", "registryId": "vr.tr.black", "name": "black", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q23445/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.black", "name": "black", "purpose": "Let an agent handle black by colour specification, materials, symbolism, contrast and accessibility.", "definition": "The darkest achromatic colour, perceived when a surface absorbs nearly all visible light; many named blacks exist, such as onyx or sumi ink black, and cultural meanings vary.", "what_it_is_for": "Design, printing, text, clothing and symbolism.", "affordances": [ "specify black in colour systems", "choose rich or pure black for print", "check contrast", "understand cultural meanings" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Darkest achromatic colour", "Absorbs most light", "Many near-black variants", "Symbolism varies by culture" ], "appearance": "The darkest colour, from pure to tinted blacks.", "visual_identification": [ "sRGB #000000 for pure black", "Rich black in print (CMYK mix)", "Named blacks in colour systems" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "pure black", "rich black (print)", "warm and cool blacks", "pigment blacks such as carbon black", "super-black materials" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "achromatic color", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is the opposite of", "target": "white", "why": "colour" }, { "relation": "is made with", "target": "pigments such as carbon black", "why": "materials" }, { "relation": "is specified by", "target": "colour systems", "why": "standards" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "sRGB hex", "value_or_pattern": "#000000", "note": "screen colour" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "CIE colorimetry", "WCAG contrast guidelines", "Print production standards such as ISO 12647" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Poor contrast on dark backgrounds", "Ink over-saturation in print", "Assuming universal symbolism" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification", "description": "Which black.", "rationale": "Blacks differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "code", "name": "Code", "description": "Colour system.", "findings": [ { "id": "code-finding", "name": "Code", "description": "Colour specification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which colour system and code define this black?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is it tinted warm or cool?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "print", "name": "Print", "description": "Rich or pure.", "findings": [ { "id": "print-finding", "name": "Print", "description": "Print black.", "questions": [ { "text": "Should rich black or pure black be used for this print job?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "What total ink limit applies?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "design", "name": "Design", "description": "Contrast.", "rationale": "Black affects readability.", "layers": [ { "id": "contrast", "name": "Contrast", "description": "Legibility.", "findings": [ { "id": "contrast-finding", "name": "Contrast", "description": "Contrast.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the text colour meet contrast guidelines on black?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "What ratio?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "dark-mode", "name": "Dark mode", "description": "Screens.", "findings": [ { "id": "dark-mode-finding", "name": "Dark mode", "description": "Dark themes.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is pure black or dark grey better for this interface?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Does it cause smearing on some screens?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "materials", "name": "Materials", "description": "Pigments.", "rationale": "Materials make black.", "layers": [ { "id": "pigments", "name": "Pigments", "description": "Carbon and iron oxide.", "findings": [ { "id": "pigments-finding", "name": "Pigments", "description": "Pigments.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which pigment produces this black?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is it safe for the intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "super-black", "name": "Super-black", "description": "Special coatings.", "findings": [ { "id": "super-black-finding", "name": "Super-black", "description": "Super-black materials.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do super-black coatings absorb light?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What are they used for?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "culture", "name": "Culture", "description": "Meaning.", "rationale": "Meaning varies.", "layers": [ { "id": "symbolism", "name": "Symbolism", "description": "Associations.", "findings": [ { "id": "symbolism-finding", "name": "Symbolism", "description": "Symbolism.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does black signify in this culture or context?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is it associated with mourning or formality?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "senses", "name": "Senses", "description": "People.", "findings": [ { "id": "senses-finding", "name": "Senses", "description": "Other senses.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the word used to describe people, requiring respectful terminology?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which entry fits?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should named blacks be separate entries?", "How should print blacks be linked?", "How should cultural meanings be recorded?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a black, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle black by colour specification, materials, symbolism, contrast and accessibility.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: eerie black, onyx, dark jungle green, Discord Black, sumi-iro, purplish black, nearly black, blackish, raven black, sooty, Furvus, Gray21.", "17 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 196 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a black, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "eerie black", "onyx", "dark jungle green", "Discord Black", "sumi-iro", "purplish black", "nearly black", "blackish", "raven black", "sooty", "Furvus", "Gray21" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 196 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 17 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one black from another, and a black from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a black, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a black, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a black is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a black, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a black, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a black is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a black sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a black, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a black, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a black is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a black from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a black, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a black, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a black is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a black passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a black between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a black, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a black, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a black is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a black, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a black is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a black, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a black, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a black is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What black is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of black are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is black operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of black and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of black?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as black?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a black came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a black and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a black, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a black, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a black is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a black is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a black, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a black, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a black is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }