{ "model": { "rank": 6619, "code": "thing-q235783", "model_id": "vr.tr.flashlight", "name": "flashlight", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a flashlight, assess its readiness and suitability for a lighting task, and determine how it may be operated, powered and maintained.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q235783/", "tier": 2, "score": 59, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Solar powered flashlight", "flashlight batteries", "shake flashlight", "Maglite", "tactical light", "penlight", "Fenix PD35TAC", "Fenix RC40 Rechargeable LED Flashlight", "mechanically powered flashlight" ], "aliasCount": 9, "merged": 9, "knownIn": 59, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q235783", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235783", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T23:09:04Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 20.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0886d-9bdc-7623-9f44-277e5e7ea917\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: flashlight\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 007: 1001 regi", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 65.1, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0886d-9bf0-76b3-a96f-4fa66a0440a4\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: flashlight\nRegistry id: vr.tr.flashlight\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nCo" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q235783", "registryId": "vr.tr.flashlight", "name": "flashlight", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q235783/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.flashlight", "name": "flashlight", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a flashlight, assess its readiness and suitability for a lighting task, and determine how it may be operated, powered and maintained.", "definition": "A flashlight is a portable, usually handheld electric lamp with a self-contained power source and optics that direct light toward a selected area.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the flashlight as a portable electric device designed primarily to direct light by hand, including the properties and evidence needed to assess a particular design or unit without confusing the kind with a product model.", "in_scope": [ "Hand-directed illumination and boundaries with other portable lights", "Emitter, optics, beam shape and usable light output", "Battery or other onboard energy supply, charging and runtime", "Switches, operating modes, lockout and readiness", "Housing integrity, environmental exposure and serviceability" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Headlamps and fixed vehicle or building lights as distinct device kinds", "Area-lighting lanterns except when comparing a multifunction device", "Battery chemistry and charger design beyond their compatibility with the flashlight", "Product listings, commercial offers and ownership histories", "Search, signalling or emergency procedures that use a flashlight" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Its primary lighting task is performed by carrying the device and aiming its beam by hand.", "It produces electric light using energy carried with the device during ordinary portable operation.", "Its optics direct light toward a target; broad ambient illumination alone suggests a lantern.", "Illumination is a primary function, distinguishing it from a phone or tool with an incidental light.", "Its intended mounting and handling distinguish it from a headlamp or permanently mounted task light; multifunction designs require an explicit boundary decision." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Intended lighting role", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "close task lighting, general navigation, distant inspection, signalling, other documented role", "why_it_matters": "Connects beam and operating characteristics to the task the flashlight must support." }, { "name": "Emitter and spectral output", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "emitter technology; white, coloured, ultraviolet, infrared or mixed output", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether the output serves visible illumination or a specialised purpose requiring further assessment." }, { "name": "Luminous flux by mode", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "lumens, with mode, elapsed operating time and measurement conditions", "why_it_matters": "Records total visible output without treating an initial maximum as sustained performance." }, { "name": "Peak beam intensity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "candela, with mode and measurement conditions", "why_it_matters": "Helps distinguish a concentrated beam from a broad beam with similar luminous flux." }, { "name": "Beam distribution and adjustment", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "spot, flood or mixed; fixed or adjustable; hotspot and spill description", "why_it_matters": "Determines coverage, aiming demands and suitability for near or distant targets." }, { "name": "Power-source compatibility", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "supported cell or pack, count, chemistry, voltage range, polarity and replaceability", "why_it_matters": "Supports correct replacement and prevents treating physically similar cells as interchangeable." }, { "name": "Runtime by mode", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "minutes or hours, with battery, temperature, output curve and endpoint criterion", "why_it_matters": "Shows how long useful illumination persists under stated conditions." }, { "name": "Current operating condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "off, locked, steady illumination, signalling, charging, depleted or fault; active mode recorded separately", "why_it_matters": "Determines readiness and the effect of the next control action." }, { "name": "Charging compatibility", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "approved charging input or external charger, supported battery and operating restrictions; not applicable where absent", "why_it_matters": "Separates a matching connector from a verified charging arrangement." }, { "name": "Handling dimensions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "length and maximum diameter in millimetres; operating mass in grams including battery", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether the flashlight can be carried, gripped and operated for the intended task." }, { "name": "Environmental protection evidence", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "documented ingress, impact or hazardous-location claim linked to its source and conditions", "why_it_matters": "Prevents unsupported assumptions about wet use, drops or explosive atmospheres." }, { "name": "Physical readiness", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "lens, housing, seals, contacts and battery condition; verified, defective or unassessed", "why_it_matters": "A nominally capable flashlight may be unsuitable because its present condition compromises operation." } ], "affordances": [ "Select a flashlight and output mode for a required coverage area, distance and duration.", "Aim the beam and adjust focus where the design supports it.", "Operate steady or signalling modes and engage a documented lockout.", "Replace or recharge the power source using verified compatibility information.", "Inspect the optical window, battery compartment, seals and controls before use.", "Identify degraded illumination or damage and decide whether maintenance or withdrawal from use is warranted." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "flashlight-identity", "name": "Flashlight identity", "description": "Establishes the device's primary lighting role and the boundary of the flashlight kind.", "rationale": "Portable lights overlap in appearance and function, so recognition must follow intended operation rather than a product label alone.", "layers": [ { "id": "primary-lighting-role", "name": "Primary lighting role", "description": "Determines whether hand-directed illumination is the defining function.", "findings": [ { "id": "hand-directed-light", "name": "Hand-directed light", "description": "Record how the device is normally carried and aimed, and whether illumination is its primary purpose.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the device primarily designed to illuminate a target while held and aimed by hand?", "kind": "definition", "id": "hand-directed-light-q01" }, { "text": "What distinguishes it from a lantern, headlamp or device with an incidental light?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "hand-directed-light-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "design-and-unit-evidence", "name": "Design and unit evidence", "description": "Separates general capabilities from the configuration and condition of an observed flashlight.", "findings": [ { "id": "capability-applicability", "name": "Capability applicability", "description": "Identify which design documentation applies to the unit, including installed battery and optical variants.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which markings or documentation identify the applicable flashlight design and variant?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "capability-applicability-q01" }, { "text": "Does the observed unit have a different emitter, optic or battery configuration from the documented version?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "capability-applicability-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "beam-and-illumination", "name": "Beam and illumination", "description": "Describes the light produced and how it reaches a target over time.", "rationale": "A flashlight's usefulness depends on beam distribution and sustained output, not a single brightness value.", "layers": [ { "id": "emitter-and-optics", "name": "Emitter and optics", "description": "Captures spectral output, beam formation and available optical adjustment.", "findings": [ { "id": "beam-character", "name": "Beam character", "description": "Record the emitter type, output spectrum and balance of hotspot and surrounding spill.", "questions": [ { "text": "What spectrum does the flashlight emit, and is that output appropriate for the intended visual task?", "kind": "definition", "id": "beam-character-q01" }, { "text": "Is the beam fixed or adjustable, and how does adjustment change the illuminated area?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "beam-character-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "output-over-time", "name": "Output over time", "description": "Relates measured illumination to mode, operating duration and test conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "sustained-useful-output", "name": "Sustained useful output", "description": "Keep initial output, sustained output and any claimed beam distance distinct, with the basis for each value.", "questions": [ { "text": "What luminous flux and peak beam intensity are documented for each mode, and at what elapsed time?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "sustained-useful-output-q01" }, { "text": "What measurement method and illumination threshold support a claimed beam distance?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "sustained-useful-output-q02" }, { "text": "Does output remain sufficient for the task after any automatic reduction?", "kind": "action", "id": "sustained-useful-output-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "energy-and-endurance", "name": "Energy and endurance", "description": "Covers the flashlight's energy supply, replenishment and useful operating duration.", "rationale": "Readiness depends on a compatible energy source and realistic endurance in the selected mode.", "layers": [ { "id": "power-source-and-charging", "name": "Power source and charging", "description": "Identifies supported energy sources and verified replenishment methods.", "findings": [ { "id": "compatible-energy-supply", "name": "Compatible energy supply", "description": "Record the accepted battery or alternative onboard source and any restrictions on replacement or charging.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cell or pack types, voltage range, count and polarity does this design support?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "compatible-energy-supply-q01" }, { "text": "Can the installed energy source be recharged, and by which documented input or charger?", "kind": "action", "id": "compatible-energy-supply-q02" }, { "text": "Is the energy source user-replaceable, service-replaceable or integral to the flashlight?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "compatible-energy-supply-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "runtime-and-reserve", "name": "Runtime and reserve", "description": "Assesses available operating time and the reliability of charge indications.", "findings": [ { "id": "task-endurance", "name": "Task endurance", "description": "Relate runtime evidence and present charge information to the minimum output needed for the task.", "questions": [ { "text": "What runtime is supported for the selected mode, battery and temperature, and what defines the endpoint?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "task-endurance-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence indicates remaining charge, and how uncertain is the resulting runtime estimate?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "task-endurance-q02" }, { "text": "Should the agent select a lower mode, replenish the battery or carry a spare to meet the required duration?", "kind": "action", "id": "task-endurance-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "controls-and-operating-behaviour", "name": "Controls and operating behaviour", "description": "Models the actions that start illumination, change modes and prevent unintended activation.", "rationale": "Switch sequences, mode memory and automatic changes determine whether a flashlight can deliver predictable light when needed.", "layers": [ { "id": "switches-and-modes", "name": "Switches and modes", "description": "Connects physical controls to observable lighting states.", "findings": [ { "id": "predictable-mode-selection", "name": "Predictable mode selection", "description": "Record supported steady, momentary and signalling modes and the actions required to reach them.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which button presses, holds or mechanical movements activate each supported mode?", "kind": "action", "id": "predictable-mode-selection-q01" }, { "text": "After switching off or replacing the battery, which mode will the flashlight enter next?", "kind": "definition", "id": "predictable-mode-selection-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "lockout-and-automatic-changes", "name": "Lockout and automatic changes", "description": "Captures activation prevention and changes caused by temperature or declining energy.", "findings": [ { "id": "controlled-readiness", "name": "Controlled readiness", "description": "Determine whether lockout, output reduction or shutdown behaviour is present and documented.", "questions": [ { "text": "What lockout or physical isolation method is supported, and how is readiness restored?", "kind": "action", "id": "controlled-readiness-q01" }, { "text": "Under what documented conditions does the flashlight reduce output or shut down automatically?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "controlled-readiness-q02" }, { "text": "How can an agent distinguish a locked flashlight from a depleted battery or an operating fault?", "kind": "action", "id": "controlled-readiness-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "exposure-and-serviceability", "name": "Exposure and serviceability", "description": "Connects environmental suitability and physical condition to safe continued operation.", "rationale": "Lens damage, compromised seals, battery problems and unsupported exposure claims can make an otherwise functional flashlight unsuitable.", "layers": [ { "id": "environmental-and-use-limits", "name": "Environmental and use limits", "description": "Records substantiated limits for water, dust, impact, temperature and specialised environments.", "findings": [ { "id": "verified-exposure-limits", "name": "Verified exposure limits", "description": "Associate every protection or certification claim with its source, applicable configuration and use conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which ingress, impact, temperature or hazardous-location claims are documented, and by which issuing or testing body?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "verified-exposure-limits-q01" }, { "text": "Do those claims require particular batteries, closed port covers or intact seals?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "verified-exposure-limits-q02" }, { "text": "What documented beam or surface-temperature precautions apply to the intended use?", "kind": "action", "id": "verified-exposure-limits-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "inspection-and-repair", "name": "Inspection and repair", "description": "Identifies faults and the maintenance operations supported by the design.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-based-service", "name": "Condition-based service", "description": "Record observable defects, their effect on illumination or protection, and permitted maintenance actions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Are there damaged lenses, compromised seals, corroded contacts, battery leakage or intermittent illumination?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "condition-based-service-q01" }, { "text": "Which cleaning, seal replacement or component replacement operations are documented as user-serviceable?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-based-service-q02" }, { "text": "What observed condition requires withdrawal from use or qualified repair before further operation?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-based-service-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Performance and size ranges are approximate recall-based descriptions, not category limits or measurements from a surveyed product set.", "A researcher should verify current standard editions, stewardship and applicability before using them for compliance claims.", "Diving suitability, explosive-atmosphere approval and optical safety require product-specific evidence; they cannot be inferred from the generic category." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of flashlight this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "General-purpose handheld flashlight", "Keychain flashlight", "Inspection penlight", "Right-angle flashlight", "Diving flashlight", "Hand-cranked flashlight" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of flashlight this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "ANSI/NEMA FL 1, Flashlight Basic Performance Standard, developed by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association and approved by the American National Standards Institute, defines methods for reporting flashlight performance.", "IEC 60529, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission, defines IP enclosure protection classifications relevant to dust and water ingress.", "IEC 62471, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission, addresses photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of flashlight this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Illuminating paths and work areas in darkness", "Providing temporary lighting during power outages", "Inspecting machinery, cavities and confined spaces", "Supporting search, rescue and emergency response", "Providing underwater illumination with purpose-designed diving models" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of flashlight this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Luminous flux", "typical_range": "Approximately 10-2000 for many everyday handheld models; output depends on operating mode", "unit": "lm" }, { "quantity": "Body length", "typical_range": "Approximately 50-250 for many pocket and general-purpose handheld models", "unit": "mm" }, { "quantity": "Mass including batteries", "typical_range": "Approximately 20-500 for many pocket and general-purpose handheld models", "unit": "g" }, { "quantity": "Runtime", "typical_range": "Approximately 1-100 across common models and settings; brightness may decline substantially during operation", "unit": "h" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of flashlight this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Battery depletion, leakage or corroded contacts can reduce output or prevent operation.", "Damaged switches, wiring or driver electronics can cause intermittent or complete loss of light.", "Water ingress or failed seals can damage electronics and batteries.", "High-output operation can heat the housing enough to cause burns or damage nearby materials.", "Direct viewing of an intense beam can cause glare, temporary visual impairment or an optical injury hazard." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of flashlight this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "\"Flashlight\" is common in North American English; \"torch\" or \"electric torch\" is common in British English and several other English varieties.", "Requirements for use in explosive atmospheres vary by jurisdiction; an ordinary flashlight is not automatically suitable." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of flashlight this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Headlamp", "difference": "A headlamp is designed to be worn on the head for hands-free illumination; a flashlight is ordinarily held or carried." }, { "name": "Lantern", "difference": "A lantern primarily illuminates a surrounding area, while a flashlight primarily directs a beam toward a selected area." }, { "name": "Searchlight", "difference": "A searchlight is designed for concentrated illumination at substantial distances and is often mounted; powerful handheld flashlights overlap with this category." }, { "name": "Flaming torch", "difference": "A flaming torch produces light through combustion rather than an electrically powered lamp." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of flashlight this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend flashlight to include headlamp-convertible, lantern-convertible and weapon-mounted designs, or should these link to neighbouring kinds?", "Which current flashlight performance standards and test editions should govern comparable output, runtime, beam-distance and impact records?", "Should specialised ultraviolet and infrared flashlights remain within this entry, and what additional exposure evidence would their assessment require?", "What sourced ranges for dimensions, mass, output and runtime are representative of the intended flashlight population?", "Which manufacturer instructions and test reports establish reliable maintenance limits, failure indicators and certification conditions across common flashlight designs?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 34 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a flashlight, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise a flashlight, assess its readiness and suitability for a lighting task, and determine how it may be operated, powered and maintained.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Solar powered flashlight, flashlight batteries, shake flashlight, Maglite, tactical light, penlight, Fenix PD35TAC, Fenix RC40 Rechargeable LED Flashlight, mechanically powered flashlight.", "9 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 59 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a flashlight, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Solar powered flashlight", "flashlight batteries", "shake flashlight", "Maglite", "tactical light", "penlight", "Fenix PD35TAC", "Fenix RC40 Rechargeable LED Flashlight", "mechanically powered flashlight" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 59 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 9 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one flashlight from another, and a flashlight from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a flashlight sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a flashlight from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a flashlight is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a flashlight is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a flashlight is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a flashlight is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a flashlight is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a flashlight is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a flashlight passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a flashlight between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a flashlight, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a flashlight is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What flashlight is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does flashlight perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise flashlight, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How flashlight is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does flashlight have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does flashlight need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about flashlight is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about flashlight hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern flashlight, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a flashlight came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a flashlight and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a flashlight is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a flashlight, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a flashlight, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a flashlight is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }