{ "model": { "rank": 1516, "code": "thing-q23809", "model_id": "vr.tr.atomic-number", "name": "atomic number", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to record, validate and use atomic number to identify an element, distinguish changes in nuclear identity from other changes, and judge whether an assignment is supported.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q23809/", "tier": 2, "score": 141, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 141, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.atomic-number", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q23809", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23809", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-06T20:45:10Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.00390014, "turns": 1, "seconds": 44.4, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 55, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07876-eed8-7113-b0f9-4631b4d2c591\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: atomic number\nRegistry id: vr.tr.atomic-number\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.QLT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q23809", "registryId": "vr.tr.atomic-number", "name": "atomic number", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q23809/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.atomic-number", "name": "atomic number", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to record, validate and use atomic number to identify an element, distinguish changes in nuclear identity from other changes, and judge whether an assignment is supported.", "definition": "The atomic number (symbol Z) of an atom is the number of protons in its nucleus; it uniquely identifies a chemical element and, for a neutral atom, equals the number of electrons.", "scope_statement": "This model owns atomic number Z as the dimensionless integer count of protons in an atomic nucleus, its role in identifying a chemical element, and the evidence and constraints governing its assignment to a specified subject.", "in_scope": [ "The meaning and valid representation of atomic number Z", "The nucleus, atom, ion or element to which a stated atomic number applies", "The correspondence between proton count and chemical element identity", "Distinctions between atomic number, mass number, neutron number and ionic charge", "Evidence, uncertainty and consistency checks for an atomic-number assignment", "Rules for retaining or revising an assignment when the subject changes" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Complete isotope and nuclide descriptions, including nuclear energy states", "Atomic mass, relative atomic mass and standard atomic weight", "Electron configurations, bonding, oxidation states and chemical reactivity", "Detailed radioactive decay mechanisms, reaction rates and nuclear stability", "Full measurement procedures, instrument calibration and spectral interpretation", "Element discovery recognition and official naming procedures" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Atomic number counts protons; mass number counts protons plus neutrons in a specified nucleus.", "Isotopes of one element share atomic number even when their neutron counts differ.", "Changing an atom's electron count changes its ionic charge but leaves atomic number unchanged.", "Atomic number equals electron count only for an electrically neutral atom; electron count alone is insufficient for an ion.", "An atomic-number assignment is an integer for an individual nucleus; a fractional average across a mixture is a different quantity." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Atomic number Z", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Dimensionless positive integer for a chemical element; an unresolved assignment has no asserted exact value", "why_it_matters": "Specifies proton count and fixes chemical element identity." }, { "name": "Assignment subject", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Referenced nucleus, atom, ion or chemical element", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a value belonging to one constituent from being attributed to an entire molecule or mixed sample." }, { "name": "Element correspondence", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Element identifier associated with Z, with any name or symbol tied to a reference", "why_it_matters": "Allows identity lookup and detects conflicts between a stated element and its atomic number." }, { "name": "Assignment status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Supported, provisional, disputed or unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Separates the exact nature of proton count from uncertainty about which count a subject has." }, { "name": "Assignment basis", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Element-reference lookup, experimental inference, calculation from related quantities or unverified assertion", "why_it_matters": "Determines what supporting information and checks are needed before using the assignment." }, { "name": "Candidate atomic numbers", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Explicit set of candidate positive integers, or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Represents ambiguity without treating a fractional value as the proton count of one nucleus." }, { "name": "Applicability context", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Subject state or event stage to which the assignment applies", "why_it_matters": "Keeps parent and product assignments distinct when a nuclear process changes proton count." } ], "affordances": [ "Resolve a supported atomic number to its corresponding element using a referenced element mapping.", "Validate that a stated Z is an integer and applies to the specified nuclear or elemental subject.", "Check consistency with mass number and neutron number using A = Z + N when all values describe the same nucleus.", "Check consistency with electron count and net ionic charge when the charge convention and subject are explicit.", "Retain Z across ionization and isotope substitution, while reassessing it when a nuclear transformation may change proton count.", "Flag conflicting assignments or retain candidate values until the evidence supports an exact assignment." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "iupac-gold-book", "title": "atomic number, Z (IUPAC Gold Book)", "url": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00504", "what_it_supports": "IUPAC definition of atomic number Z as the number of protons in the atomic nucleus, and its role as the element identifier.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "iupac-red-book", "title": "Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005) - Red Book", "url": "https://iupac.org/what-we-do/books/redbook/", "what_it_supports": "Official inorganic nomenclature: Z as proton number, relationship to element symbols and names, and distinction from mass number.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "nist-periodic", "title": "Periodic Table of the Elements (NIST)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Tabulated Z values, element names/symbols, and the operational use of atomic number in metrology.", "url_status": "dead" }, { "id": "iaea-livechart", "title": "Live Chart of Nuclides (IAEA Nuclear Data Section)", "url": "https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html", "what_it_supports": "Nuclide chart practice: Z as proton number, A as mass number, N = A − Z, and isotopic species sharing Z.", "url_status": "unverified" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "proton-count-and-element-identity", "name": "Proton count and element identity", "description": "Establishes what Z means and whose elemental identity it specifies.", "rationale": "An agent cannot use an atomic number correctly without distinguishing the nuclear count from its element-level identity role.", "layers": [ { "id": "nuclear-count", "name": "Nuclear count", "description": "Defines the counted entities and the permitted form of an exact assignment.", "findings": [ { "id": "z-counts-protons", "name": "Z counts protons", "description": "Atomic number is the dimensionless integer count of protons in a nucleus; uncertainty concerns its assignment rather than fractional protons.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the recorded quantity explicitly the number of protons in a nucleus?", "kind": "definition", "id": "z-counts-protons-q01" }, { "text": "Does the supplied value express an exact integer assignment, candidate integers or an unresolved assignment?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "z-counts-protons-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "element-correspondence", "name": "Element correspondence", "description": "Connects nuclear proton count to chemical element identity.", "findings": [ { "id": "same-z-same-element", "name": "Same Z, same element", "description": "Atoms with the same atomic number belong to the same element even when their isotope or ionic state differs.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which element identifier corresponds to the assigned Z in the reference being used?", "kind": "definition", "id": "same-z-same-element-q01" }, { "text": "Which reference supports the element name or symbol associated with this Z?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "same-z-same-element-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "boundaries-with-related-quantities", "name": "Boundaries with related quantities", "description": "Separates atomic number from nucleon counts, electron counts and electrical charge.", "rationale": "These neighbouring quantities can resemble or numerically equal Z while supporting different conclusions.", "layers": [ { "id": "isotope-and-mass-number", "name": "Isotope and mass number", "description": "Distinguishes proton count from neutron count and total nucleon count.", "findings": [ { "id": "nucleon-count-consistency", "name": "Nucleon count consistency", "description": "For the same nucleus, mass number A equals Z plus neutron number N; changing N alone does not change element identity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Has an isotope's mass number or an atomic mass been mistaken for atomic number?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "nucleon-count-consistency-q01" }, { "text": "If A and N are available for this nucleus, does the assigned Z satisfy Z = A - N?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "nucleon-count-consistency-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "electron-count-and-charge", "name": "Electron count and charge", "description": "Separates elemental identity from the atom's or ion's electron population.", "findings": [ { "id": "neutrality-controls-electron-equality", "name": "Neutrality controls electron equality", "description": "For an atom or monatomic ion, net charge in elementary-charge units is Z minus electron count; electron count equals Z only when net charge is zero.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the electron count describe a neutral atom or an ion with an explicitly stated net charge?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "neutrality-controls-electron-equality-q01" }, { "text": "With net charge expressed in elementary-charge units, are Z, electron count and charge mutually consistent?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "neutrality-controls-electron-equality-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "assignment-subject-and-evidence", "name": "Assignment subject and evidence", "description": "Records what bears the assignment and why that assignment should be accepted.", "rationale": "An exact definition does not guarantee that a reported value identifies the correct nucleus or that the evidence establishes it.", "layers": [ { "id": "subject-resolution", "name": "Subject resolution", "description": "Determines whether the claim applies to a nucleus, an atomic constituent or an element.", "findings": [ { "id": "avoid-aggregate-misattribution", "name": "Avoid aggregate misattribution", "description": "A molecule or mixed sample does not acquire one elemental atomic number merely because a constituent has Z or an aggregate quantity is reported.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which nucleus, atom, ion or element is the subject of this Z assignment?", "kind": "definition", "id": "avoid-aggregate-misattribution-q01" }, { "text": "Is a value reported for a compound or mixture actually an effective or averaged quantity requiring a neighbouring model?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "avoid-aggregate-misattribution-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "support-and-ambiguity", "name": "Support and ambiguity", "description": "Separates a sourced assignment from a tentative interpretation.", "findings": [ { "id": "traceable-z-assignment", "name": "Traceable Z assignment", "description": "The assignment records its source and inference basis, preserving candidate integers or disagreement when available evidence does not settle Z.", "questions": [ { "text": "What source or observation supports this assignment, and what inference connects it to proton count?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-z-assignment-q01" }, { "text": "Does the evidence support one integer, several candidate integers or no defensible assignment?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "traceable-z-assignment-q02" }, { "text": "What additional evidence would resolve competing assignments?", "kind": "action", "id": "traceable-z-assignment-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "invariance-and-reassignment", "name": "Invariance and reassignment", "description": "Determines when an existing atomic-number assignment remains applicable and when a new assignment is needed.", "rationale": "Agents must distinguish changes that preserve elemental identity from nuclear changes or corrections that require revised records.", "layers": [ { "id": "identity-preserving-changes", "name": "Identity-preserving changes", "description": "Identifies changes in electrons or neutrons that leave Z unchanged.", "findings": [ { "id": "retain-z-when-proton-count-is-unchanged", "name": "Retain Z when proton count is unchanged", "description": "Ionization, electron excitation and changes restricted to neutron count preserve atomic number, although other subject properties may change.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the described change affect only electrons or neutrons, leaving proton count unchanged?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "retain-z-when-proton-count-is-unchanged-q01" }, { "text": "Can Z be retained while the neighbouring ion, isotope or excitation-state record is updated?", "kind": "action", "id": "retain-z-when-proton-count-is-unchanged-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "nuclear-change-and-record-correction", "name": "Nuclear change and record correction", "description": "Separates a physical change in proton count from a correction to an earlier assignment.", "findings": [ { "id": "distinguish-transformation-from-correction", "name": "Distinguish transformation from correction", "description": "A nuclear transformation may produce nuclei with different Z values; correcting a mistaken assignment changes the record without establishing that the subject physically transformed.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the changed Z claim describe a nuclear transformation or a correction of earlier evidence or transcription?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "distinguish-transformation-from-correction-q01" }, { "text": "For a transformation, which parent and product nuclei require separate atomic-number assignments?", "kind": "action", "id": "distinguish-transformation-from-correction-q02" }, { "text": "What evidence supports the revised assignment and its relationship to the earlier record?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "distinguish-transformation-from-correction-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Elemental atomic number (Z of a chemical element, as tabulated by IUPAC)", "Isotopic atomic number (Z of a specific nuclide; same Z, different mass number A)", "Effective atomic number (Zeff of a compound or mixture, used in radiology and radiation physics)", "Atomic number of an ion (same Z as the parent element; charge is independent of Z)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of atomic number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q23809 (atomic number as a concept); property P1086 (atomic number of an element)", "note": "Item is the quantity; P1086 stores the integer Z on each chemical-element item." }, { "scheme": "IUPAC Gold Book", "value_or_pattern": "A00504", "note": "Gold Book term identifier for atomic number, Z." }, { "scheme": "IUPAC element number", "value_or_pattern": "integer Z from 1 (hydrogen) through currently confirmed 118 (oganesson); unconfirmed claims above 118", "note": "The atomic number is itself the canonical identifier of a chemical element." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of atomic number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "IUPAC Recommendations 2005 (Red Book) and Gold Book term A00504 - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry", "IUPAC Provisional Recommendations / Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW) - standard atomic weights tabulated by Z", "ISO 80000-9:2019 Quantities and units - Physical chemistry and molecular physics (atomic number Z) - International Organization for Standardization", "ISO 80000-10:2019 Quantities and units - Atomic and nuclear physics - International Organization for Standardization" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of atomic number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Ordering and identifying chemical elements on the periodic table and in laboratory information systems", "Specifying nuclides as AZX (e.g. 14C, 238U) in nuclear data, medicine, and safeguards", "X-ray fluorescence, EDX, and PIXE: characteristic X-ray energies scale with Z (Moseley's law) and are used for elemental assay", "Radiation shielding and medical imaging: photoelectric absorption rises steeply with Z; contrast agents and shielding materials are chosen by Z", "Effective atomic number Zeff of tissue or materials in CT, radiotherapy planning, and radiation protection", "Nuclear reactor, waste, and non-proliferation accounting keyed to element Z and isotope A" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of atomic number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Atomic number Z", "typical_range": "1-118 for confirmed elements; integer, exact", "unit": "1 (dimensionless count of protons)" }, { "quantity": "Effective atomic number Zeff", "typical_range": "about 7.4 for soft tissue; 13-14 for bone; up to ~80+ for heavy-metal contrast or shielding mixtures", "unit": "1 (dimensionless, composition-weighted)" }, { "quantity": "Characteristic K-edge / Kα X-ray energy", "typical_range": "roughly 0.013 keV (H-like extremes) to ~115 keV K-edge for uranium; medical contrast typically 33 keV (I) to 69 keV (W/Au range)", "unit": "keV" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of atomic number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Confusing Z with mass number A or relative atomic mass Ar leads to wrong nuclide, dose, or inventory (e.g. treating 235U as if Z differed from 238U)", "Misassigned Z in a spectrum or LIMS record misidentifies the element and can propagate into process chemistry or export-control lists", "Using elemental Z where Zeff is required underestimates photoelectric dose and shielding for compounds and mixtures", "High-Z materials increase characteristic X-ray and bremsstrahlung yield; unaccounted Z in beamline or implant design is a radiation-protection hazard", "Claims of elements with Z > 118 without IUPAC/IUPAP confirmation are not established species" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of atomic number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "English 'atomic number' vs German Ordnungszahl, French numéro atomique, Russian порядковый номер / атомный номер - same Z", "Some pedagogical and older texts still say 'proton number' (common in UK school specifications) as a synonym for Z", "East Asian periodic tables may be ordered and labelled identically by Z but differ in element names and preferred romanizations", "Historical tables before Moseley (1913) ordered by atomic weight, producing the Co/Ni, Ar/K, Te/I inversions that Z later resolved" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of atomic number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Mass number A", "difference": "A is the integer count of nucleons (protons + neutrons); Z is protons only. Test: isotopes of one element share Z and differ in A." }, { "name": "Neutron number N", "difference": "N = A − Z. Test: for a named nuclide, N changes among isotopes; Z does not." }, { "name": "Relative atomic mass Ar (standard atomic weight)", "difference": "Ar is a dimensionless, abundance-weighted mean mass, not an integer identifier. Test: Ar can be non-integer and interval-valued (CIAAW); Z is a positive integer." }, { "name": "Atomic mass (rest mass of a specific atom or nuclide)", "difference": "A measured mass (u or kg), not a count of protons. Test: units and a non-integer value in u." }, { "name": "Effective atomic number Zeff", "difference": "Zeff is a derived, energy-dependent index of a mixture; Z is the integer proton count of a nuclide. Test: Zeff is non-integer and composition/energy dependent." }, { "name": "Atomic number density / number density n", "difference": "Atoms (or nuclei) per volume, not protons per nucleus. Test: unit is m−3, not dimensionless." }, { "name": "Oxidation number / oxidation state", "difference": "A formal electron-counting integer for bonding, not nuclear charge. Test: oxidation state changes with chemistry; Z does not." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of atomic number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which existing Vercy models own chemical elements, nuclides, ionic charge and effective atomic number, and how should this model reference them?", "Which authoritative element reference and versioning policy should govern name and symbol resolution, especially for proposed elements?", "What evidence is sufficient to mark experimentally inferred atomic-number assignments as supported rather than provisional?", "Should non-element nuclear systems described with Z = 0 or exotic matter be explicitly excluded or handled through an extension?", "How should assignment confidence and competing integer candidates be represented when the source reports only indirect measurements or disputed interpretations?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 26 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a atomic number, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to record, validate and use atomic number to identify an element, distinguish changes in nuclear identity from other changes, and judge whether an assignment is supported.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 141 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a atomic number, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 141 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one atomic number from another, and a atomic number from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a atomic number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a atomic number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a atomic number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a atomic number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a atomic number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a atomic number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a atomic number sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a atomic number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a atomic number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a atomic number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a atomic number from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a atomic number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a atomic number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a atomic number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a atomic number passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a atomic number between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a atomic number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a atomic number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a atomic number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a atomic number, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a atomic number is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a atomic number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a atomic number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a atomic number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What atomic number is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of atomic number are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is atomic number operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of atomic number and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of atomic number?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as atomic number?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a atomic number came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a atomic number and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a atomic number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a atomic number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a atomic number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a atomic number is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a atomic number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a atomic number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a atomic number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }