{ "model": { "rank": 2108, "code": "thing-q25342", "model_id": "vr.tr.power", "name": "power", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise and assess a bearer's capacity to cause, prevent or shape specified outcomes, and distinguish that capacity from permission to exercise it.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q25342/", "tier": 2, "score": 115, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "human power generation", "standby power", "instantaneous electric power", "heat flow rate", "radiant flux", "sound power", "apparent power", "reactive power", "transmitter power output", "complex power", "non-active power", "mechanical power", "soil heat flux", "absorbed radiant flux", "incident radiant flux", "reflected radiant flux", "transmitted radiant flux", "time-averaged sound power magnitude", "active power", "electric horsepower", "thermal design power", "quantizing distortion power", "input power", "Continuous power", "effective radiated power", "interval of power values", "power rating", "processor power dissipation", "metric horsepower", "engine power", "nameplate capacity", "imperial horsepower", "thermal power", "wind turbine power", "carrier power", "output power", "explanatory power", "electric power", "mechanical output power", "mechanical input power" ], "aliasCount": 52, "merged": 52, "knownIn": 115, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.power-person", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q25342", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T09:53:03Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.0545258, "turns": 6, "seconds": 176.4, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 78.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b45-ce73-7f41-965a-86b0ef1bfb47\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: power\nRegistry id: vr.tr.power\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.QLT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Vercy model" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q25342", "registryId": "vr.tr.power", "name": "power", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q25342/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.power", "name": "power", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise and assess a bearer's capacity to cause, prevent or shape specified outcomes, and distinguish that capacity from permission to exercise it.", "definition": "In physics, power is the time rate of energy transfer or conversion (equivalently the time derivative of work), a scalar quantity whose coherent SI unit is the watt (W = J/s = kg·m²·s⁻³).", "scope_statement": "This draft models power as a context-dependent capacity of an actor or system to affect outcomes, including effects on other actors; this interpretation remains provisional because the registry records no definition.", "in_scope": [ "Who or what bears power, over which outcomes, and under which conditions", "The resources, dependencies and mechanisms that make the capacity effective", "The reach, strength and reliability of power in a specified context", "Whether power is available, exercised, withheld, resisted or lost", "Constraints on exercising power and the distinction between capability and authorization" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Physical power as energy transfer per unit time, pending confirmation of registry intent", "The internal composition and lifecycle of actors that bear power", "Ownership and lifecycle of resources that provide a basis for power", "The complete rules and institutions that establish authority or rights", "The detailed histories of actions, conflicts and outcomes through which power is exercised" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "A power claim identifies an outcome the bearer can affect and the conditions under which it can do so; prestige or status alone does not establish power.", "A bearer can have effective power without legitimate authority, while an authorized officeholder can lack the means to make a decision effective.", "An observed outcome supports a power claim only when evidence connects the bearer's intervention or credible non-intervention to that outcome.", "Possessing a resource establishes power only when a usable mechanism connects access to that resource with the specified outcome.", "A power assessment states the target and context; capacity in one setting does not establish capacity in another." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Power bearer", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Actor, collective or system to which the capacity is attributed", "why_it_matters": "Identifies whose capacity is being assessed and avoids attributing collective capacity to an individual without evidence." }, { "name": "Outcome and target", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Affected outcome, process, actor or set of alternatives", "why_it_matters": "Makes a claim of power specific enough to test." }, { "name": "Basis and mechanism", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Recorded basis and causal pathway, such as access control, resource dependence, sanction, persuasion or technical actuation; multiple values allowed", "why_it_matters": "Explains how the bearer could produce an effect and what would disable that capacity." }, { "name": "Effective reach", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Affected actors, locations, processes and time windows, with explicit exclusions", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a local capacity from being treated as unrestricted power." }, { "name": "Effect magnitude", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Change in an outcome-specific measure relative to an explicit baseline; no universal power unit assumed", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes minor influence from decisive control over the assessed outcome." }, { "name": "Effect reliability", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Observed success fraction or estimated probability under stated conditions, with uncertainty; unknown when unsupported", "why_it_matters": "Separates repeatable capacity from a single fortunate result." }, { "name": "Exercise state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Unverified, available, being exercised, deliberately withheld, blocked or lost", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes having a capacity from using it and from being temporarily unable to use it." }, { "name": "Activation burden", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Required time, expenditure, coordination or other context-specific cost", "why_it_matters": "Shows whether nominal power can be exercised within the relevant decision window." }, { "name": "Authorization relationship", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Applicable permission, prohibition, mandate or disputed authority, with scope and source", "why_it_matters": "Prevents an agent from interpreting ability as permission." } ], "affordances": [ "Form a bounded power claim naming the bearer, affected outcome and enabling conditions.", "Trace how a resource, position or dependency translates into an effective capacity.", "Assess power using documented interventions, comparisons and uncertainty.", "Compare bearers' capacities against the same outcome and conditions.", "Identify resistance, substitutes or revoked access that could reduce effective power.", "Check authorization and expected effects before proposing an exercise of power." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bipm-si-brochure-9", "title": "The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition", "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure", "what_it_supports": "Definition of the watt as the SI derived unit of power; 1 W = 1 J/s = 1 kg·m²·s⁻³.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "iso-80000-4", "title": "ISO 80000-4:2019 Quantities and units - Part 4: Mechanics", "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/64973.html", "what_it_supports": "Quantity name power, symbol P, defining relation to work and energy, and the coherent SI unit watt.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "iso-80000-6", "title": "ISO 80000-6:2022 Quantities and units - Part 6: Electromagnetism", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Distinction of active power P (W), reactive power Q (var) and apparent power S (VA) and their SI/IEC units." }, { "id": "ieee-1459", "title": "IEEE Std 1459-2010, IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Operational definitions used in metering and power-system practice for active, reactive and apparent power, including non-sinusoidal waveforms." } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "power-claim", "name": "Power claim", "description": "Identifies whose capacity is asserted and precisely what that capacity concerns.", "rationale": "Power cannot be assessed as an unqualified possession detached from an outcome and context.", "layers": [ { "id": "bearer-and-attribution", "name": "Bearer and attribution", "description": "Locates the capacity in an individual, collective or system.", "findings": [ { "id": "capacity-bearer", "name": "Capacity bearer", "description": "Record the bearer and whether the capacity is independent, delegated or jointly exercisable.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who or what can initiate the mechanism that affects the outcome?", "kind": "definition", "id": "capacity-bearer-q01" }, { "text": "Does attributing this power to the named bearer conceal required cooperation from other parties?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "capacity-bearer-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "outcome-and-context", "name": "Outcome and context", "description": "Bounds the effect and the circumstances in which it is achievable.", "findings": [ { "id": "bounded-outcome", "name": "Bounded outcome", "description": "Record the outcome the bearer can cause, prevent or shape and the conditions limiting that claim.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which outcome or available choice can the bearer change, and for whom?", "kind": "definition", "id": "bounded-outcome-q01" }, { "text": "In which settings or time windows does the asserted capacity cease to apply?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "bounded-outcome-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "sources-and-conversion", "name": "Sources and conversion", "description": "Connects the basis of power to a mechanism capable of producing an effect.", "rationale": "Resources and positions are potential sources of power, but their possession alone does not demonstrate an effective capacity.", "layers": [ { "id": "enabling-control", "name": "Enabling control", "description": "Identifies access, assets or positions on which the capacity depends.", "findings": [ { "id": "usable-power-basis", "name": "Usable power basis", "description": "Record the enabling resource or position and the bearer's actual ability to use it.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which controlled resource, access right, position or capability enables this power claim?", "kind": "definition", "id": "usable-power-basis-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence shows the bearer can actually use that basis rather than merely claim it?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "usable-power-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "causal-pathway", "name": "Causal pathway", "description": "Explains how the enabling basis reaches the specified outcome.", "findings": [ { "id": "effect-producing-mechanism", "name": "Effect-producing mechanism", "description": "Record the pathway from the bearer's intervention to the effect, including intermediaries and dependencies.", "questions": [ { "text": "Through what sequence does exercising this capacity alter the outcome?", "kind": "definition", "id": "effect-producing-mechanism-q01" }, { "text": "Which intermediary, substitute or dependency failure could interrupt that sequence?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "effect-producing-mechanism-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "effective-capacity", "name": "Effective capacity", "description": "Assesses how much difference the bearer can make and how reliably.", "rationale": "A useful assessment must distinguish nominal, weak, conditional and decisive power without assuming a universal scale.", "layers": [ { "id": "magnitude-and-reach", "name": "Magnitude and reach", "description": "Measures the extent of achievable effects within the claimed scope.", "findings": [ { "id": "bounded-effect-size", "name": "Bounded effect size", "description": "Record the achievable change using an outcome-specific baseline and measure.", "questions": [ { "text": "How far can the bearer change the outcome relative to the stated baseline?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "bounded-effect-size-q01" }, { "text": "Does the evidence support control of the outcome, partial influence or only a capacity to block it?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "bounded-effect-size-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reliability-and-evidence", "name": "Reliability and evidence", "description": "Tests whether observed effects support a repeatable capacity claim.", "findings": [ { "id": "supported-capacity-estimate", "name": "Supported capacity estimate", "description": "Record supporting observations, plausible alternative explanations and uncertainty about repeatability.", "questions": [ { "text": "What observations connect the bearer's action or credible threat to the effect rather than to coincidence or another actor's intervention?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "supported-capacity-estimate-q01" }, { "text": "Across comparable conditions, how often has the mechanism succeeded, failed or remained untested?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "supported-capacity-estimate-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "activation-and-exercise", "name": "Activation and exercise", "description": "Distinguishes available capacity from its activation, withholding and practical execution.", "rationale": "Unused power may remain effective, while nominally available power may be too slow or costly to exercise.", "layers": [ { "id": "readiness-and-cost", "name": "Readiness and cost", "description": "Identifies what must happen before the capacity can produce an effect.", "findings": [ { "id": "activation-conditions", "name": "Activation conditions", "description": "Record prerequisites, delays and burdens that determine practical availability.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which approvals, resources or cooperating parties are required to activate this capacity?", "kind": "action", "id": "activation-conditions-q01" }, { "text": "What time and cost are required, and do they fit the relevant decision window?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "activation-conditions-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "exercise-and-withholding", "name": "Exercise and withholding", "description": "Records whether and how the bearer is using the capacity.", "findings": [ { "id": "current-exercise-state", "name": "Current exercise state", "description": "Distinguish direct exercise, credible threatened exercise, deliberate withholding and inability to act.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence distinguishes deliberate non-use from an inability to exercise the claimed power?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "current-exercise-state-q01" }, { "text": "What observable change would indicate that the bearer has activated, suspended or exhausted this capacity?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "current-exercise-state-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "limits-and-permissible-use", "name": "Limits and permissible use", "description": "Records resistance, fragility and governing constraints on the exercise of power.", "rationale": "An agent needs to judge both whether an intervention can work and whether the bearer is entitled to perform it.", "layers": [ { "id": "resistance-and-loss", "name": "Resistance and loss", "description": "Identifies conditions under which targets or other actors can neutralize the capacity.", "findings": [ { "id": "countervailing-capacity", "name": "Countervailing capacity", "description": "Record available refusal, exit, substitution, veto or revocation mechanisms and their effect on the power claim.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who can resist, bypass or revoke the mechanism, and under what conditions?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "countervailing-capacity-q01" }, { "text": "Which observed change would require reducing or withdrawing the current assessment of power?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "countervailing-capacity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "authority-and-accountability", "name": "Authority and accountability", "description": "Connects possible exercises of power to applicable permissions and oversight.", "findings": [ { "id": "exercise-authorization", "name": "Exercise authorization", "description": "Record the authority governing a proposed exercise, its limits and any unresolved dispute.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which recorded rule, mandate or consent authorizes or prohibits this particular exercise of power?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "exercise-authorization-q01" }, { "text": "What review, approval or appeal applies before or after the proposed exercise?", "kind": "action", "id": "exercise-authorization-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "instantaneous power (P = dW/dt or dE/dt at an instant)", "average (mean) power over a stated interval", "peak, pulse or crest power", "mechanical power (P = F·v or τ·ω)", "electrical active (real) power", "electrical reactive power", "electrical apparent power", "radiant power (radiant flux) and thermal heat-transfer rate" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of power this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q25342", "note": "Wikidata item 'power' (physics); not Q25107 (social/political power)." }, { "scheme": "ISO 80000-4 quantity", "value_or_pattern": "P (power); unit W (watt)", "note": "Coherent SI derived quantity; 1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N·m/s." }, { "scheme": "ISO 80000-6 / IEC 80000-6", "value_or_pattern": "P (active power, W); Q (reactive power, var); S (apparent power, VA)", "note": "Electrical power quantities; var and VA are special names, not extra SI dimensions." }, { "scheme": "UCUM", "value_or_pattern": "W", "note": "Unified Code for Units of Measure code for the watt." }, { "scheme": "QUDT", "value_or_pattern": "quantitykind:Power ; unit:W", "note": "Quantity kind and SI unit IRIs in the QUDT vocabulary." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of power this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "BIPM SI Brochure, 9th edition (CGPM/CIPM/BIPM) - SI derived unit watt and its expression in base units.", "ISO 80000-4:2019 (ISO/TC 12) - mechanical power as a quantity of mechanics.", "ISO 80000-6:2022 and IEC 80000-6 (ISO/TC 12 and IEC/TC 25) - electrical active, reactive and apparent power.", "IEEE Std 1459-2010 (IEEE Power & Energy Society) - measurement definitions for electric power quantities.", "IEC 60364 (IEC) - low-voltage electrical installations, including circuit power ratings and conductor sizing.", "Legal metrology for electricity meters (OIML and national implementations) - billing of active energy (W·h) and, where used, demand (W).", "Engine net-power rating codes: SAE J1349 (SAE International); UNECE Regulation No. 85; ISO 1585 (ISO) - how advertised engine power is measured." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of power this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Nameplate and datasheet ratings of motors, generators, inverters, photovoltaic modules, lamps and appliances, stated as rated, continuous or peak watts.", "Electricity supply: generation, transmission, distribution and customer demand are scheduled and limited in watts (typically kW-GW); energy billed in watt-hours.", "Prime movers: internal-combustion engines, turbines and electric traction motors are specified and compared by output power.", "HVAC and process plant: heating, cooling and pumping capacity is a thermal or fluid power (kW of heat or shaft power).", "Photonics and RF: lasers, lamps and transmitters are specified by radiant or delivered electromagnetic power, with safety classes tied to that value.", "Human physiology and sport: basal metabolic rate is on the order of 80-100 W; short maximal mechanical output can exceed 1 kW.", "Power-system protection and plant design: overload, short-circuit and thermal limits are power (or current-at-voltage) constraints." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of power this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "active / mechanical / thermal power (energy-transfer rate)", "typical_range": "µW-mW (sensors, indicators); 1-20 kW (dwellings and light vehicles); 50-400 kW (cars, industrial motors); MW-GW (generation units and grids)", "unit": "W (watt)" }, { "quantity": "electrical apparent power", "typical_range": "same order as active power; larger than active power when power factor < 1", "unit": "VA (volt-ampere)" }, { "quantity": "electrical reactive power", "typical_range": "often tens of percent of apparent power on inductive loads; can be leading or lagging", "unit": "var (volt-ampere reactive)" }, { "quantity": "power factor", "typical_range": "about 0.7-1.0 lagging for many motors and supplies; 1.0 for purely resistive loads", "unit": "dimensionless (W/VA)" }, { "quantity": "energy transferred over an interval (time integral of power)", "typical_range": "household daily use typically 5-30 kW·h; plant output reported in MW·h or GW·h", "unit": "J or W·h" }, { "quantity": "conversion efficiency", "typical_range": "incandescent lamps ~2-5 % luminous; large electrical machines and transformers often 90-99 %; heat engines limited by Carnot", "unit": "dimensionless" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of power this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Exceeding continuous rated power overheats conductors, windings and semiconductors, causing insulation failure, fire or shutdown.", "Treating peak, surge or nameplate power as continuous available power undersizes cooling, fuel or supply and trips protection.", "Confusing watts (power) with watt-hours (energy) produces wrong runtime, fuel and bill calculations.", "Treating apparent power (VA) or reactive power (var) as active power (W) mis-sizes generators, inverters and cables.", "Unit mix-ups among W, hp, PS and boiler horsepower change a rating by tens of percent.", "Loss or collapse of electrical power (outage, brownout) is a common initiating event for dependent safety systems.", "High instantaneous power (short circuit, arc flash, laser pulse) can injure even when average power is modest." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of power this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "SI watt is the legal unit in most of the world; United States motor-vehicle, small-engine and HVAC practice still quotes horsepower alongside or instead of kilowatts.", "Mechanical horsepower (550 ft·lbf/s ≈ 745.7 W), metric horsepower PS/CV (75 kgf·m/s ≈ 735.5 W) and electrical horsepower (746 W) are not interchangeable.", "Boiler horsepower (~9.81 kW) remains in some North American steam-plant language and is not an engine horsepower.", "Electricity tariffs and grid codes differ on whether reactive power, peak demand (kW) or only energy (kW·h) is billed.", "In several languages the ordinary word for power also means force, strength or political authority, which leaks into translations of standards." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of power this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "energy", "difference": "Energy is the time integral of power (J = W·s). A watt value without a duration does not fix an energy; a joule value without a time does not fix a power." }, { "name": "work", "difference": "Work is energy transferred by a mechanical process; power is how fast that transfer occurs. Static force with no motion does work at zero power." }, { "name": "force", "difference": "Force is a vector interaction (N). Mechanical power also needs the velocity of the point of application: P = F·v, so a large force at rest delivers no power." }, { "name": "torque", "difference": "Torque is a moment (N·m). Rotational power is torque times angular speed (P = τ·ω); a stalled torque produces no power." }, { "name": "intensity / irradiance / Poynting flux", "difference": "These are power per unit area (W/m²), not power. Integrating flux over a surface yields power." }, { "name": "voltage and current", "difference": "In a circuit, instantaneous electrical power is u·i; voltage or current alone is not power. Under AC, phase (power factor) is required to get active power from RMS voltage and current." }, { "name": "political or social power", "difference": "Ability to influence persons or institutions (Wikidata Q25107). It is not measured in watts and is a different registry sense of the same English word." }, { "name": "statistical power", "difference": "In hypothesis testing, power is 1 − β, the probability of rejecting a false null. Dimensionless, not a physical energy-transfer rate." }, { "name": "optical power (dioptre)", "difference": "Refractive power of a lens is the reciprocal of focal length (m⁻¹, dioptre), not radiant flux in watts." }, { "name": "mathematical power / exponentiation", "difference": "aⁿ is an arithmetic operation, not the physical quantity power." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of power this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does vr.tr.power denote general causal capacity, social power, physical power or another quality, and what registry evidence resolves that ambiguity?", "Does an existing world model already cover the intended concept, requiring this entry to link to that publication?", "Where should the registry draw boundaries between power, capability, influence, control and authority?", "Should diffuse institutional or structural power be attributed to a system, to a relationship or to participating actors?", "What evidence thresholds and context-specific measures justify claims of latent power when direct exercise is absent or cannot appropriately be tested?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a power, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise and assess a bearer's capacity to cause, prevent or shape specified outcomes, and distinguish that capacity from permission to exercise it.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: human power generation, standby power, instantaneous electric power, heat flow rate, radiant flux, sound power, apparent power, reactive power, transmitter power output, complex power, non-active power, mechanical power.", "52 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 115 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a power, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "human power generation", "standby power", "instantaneous electric power", "heat flow rate", "radiant flux", "sound power", "apparent power", "reactive power", "transmitter power output", "complex power", "non-active power", "mechanical power" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 115 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 52 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one power from another, and a power from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a power, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a power, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a power is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a power, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a power, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a power is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a power sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a power, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a power, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a power is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a power from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a power, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a power, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a power is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a power passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a power between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a power, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a power, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a power is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a power, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a power is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a power, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a power, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a power is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What power is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of power are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is power operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of power and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of power?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as power?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a power came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a power and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a power, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a power, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a power is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a power is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a power, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a power, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a power is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }