{ "model": { "rank": 2811, "code": "thing-q25408", "model_id": "vr.tr.achillea-millefolium", "name": "Achillea millefolium", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise Achillea millefolium, assess a plant or patch through its seasonal changes, and choose evidence-supported observation, cultivation, containment or sampling actions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.LIV", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q25408/", "tier": 2, "score": 96, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 96, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q25408", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25408", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T11:55:43Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.04136768, "turns": 2, "seconds": 147.7, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 99.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07bb7-2948-7c91-9a91-17218f995774\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Achillea millefolium\nRegistry id: vr.tr.achillea-millefolium\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into thi" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q25408", "registryId": "vr.tr.achillea-millefolium", "name": "Achillea millefolium", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q25408/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.achillea-millefolium", "name": "Achillea millefolium", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise Achillea millefolium, assess a plant or patch through its seasonal changes, and choose evidence-supported observation, cultivation, containment or sampling actions.", "definition": "A rhizomatous perennial of Asteraceae (tribe Anthemideae), the type species of Achillea, native across temperate Eurasia and North America and distinguished by 2-3-pinnatisect fern-like leaves and a flat corymb of small white-to-pink capitula; in European pharmacognosy it is the botanical source of Millefolii herba, the whole or cut dried flowering tops.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the identification evidence, living condition, growth, reproduction and intervention constraints of plants and patches assigned to vr.tr.achillea-millefolium in PHY / PHY.OBJ, preserving uncertainty about taxonomic boundaries and cultivated origin.", "in_scope": [ "Identification from leaves, flower heads and regional botanical keys", "Taxonomic determination, specimen evidence and cultivated or wild provenance", "Shoot, crown and rhizome condition across seasonal stages", "Flowering, fruiting, vegetative spread and patch persistence", "Site relationships and observed responses to cultivation or disturbance", "Plant-level constraints on propagation, removal and material collection" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Independent models of other Achillea species or provisionally distinguished members of the species complex", "Whole grassland, garden, soil or pollinator-community models", "Manufactured herbal products, extracts and essential-oil batches", "Clinical diagnosis, therapeutic efficacy, prescribing and dosage", "Nursery commerce, land ownership and jurisdiction-wide conservation rules" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Inspect a small flowering unit with magnification: yarrow has a composite head containing ray and disc florets; a flat white cluster alone does not distinguish it from superficially similar Apiaceae such as wild carrot. Head structure is documented by [University of Texas botany](https://w3.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/K12/pages/Achillea%20millefolium.html).", "Check mature leaves for repeated fine division: the Flora of North America key separates A. millefolium from A. ptarmica and A. alpina, whose leaf blades are unlobed with toothed margins. [Flora of North America key](https://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=100191).", "Where the North American key applies, compare A. nobilis using multiple mature heads: it keys A. millefolium with 20-30 involucral bracts in three series and usually 5-8 ray florets, versus 10-13 bracts in one or two series and usually 8-10 rays in A. nobilis. Treat these as regional key characters requiring corroboration. [Flora of North America key](https://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=100191).", "For close members of the A. millefolium complex, record leaf division, hairiness and involucral-bract margins against the chosen regional treatment; appearance alone may leave the assignment unresolved because circumscriptions differ. [Flora of North America treatment](https://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200023010)." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Taxonomic determination", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Registry entry, applied botanical treatment, determiner, date and supporting specimen or images", "why_it_matters": "Makes an identification reproducible without silently equating different species circumscriptions." }, { "name": "Identification confidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Provisional; supported by regional key; specialist verified; conflicting evidence", "why_it_matters": "Controls whether observation, propagation or material collection can proceed." }, { "name": "Leaf dissection", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Division order, ultimate-segment shape and leaf position; unknown when obscured", "why_it_matters": "Supports separation from other yarrows and documents variation within the complex." }, { "name": "Flower-head characters", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Head and ray dimensions in mm; ray and involucral-bract counts per head; bract-series count", "why_it_matters": "Provides inspectable evidence beyond overall flower-cluster appearance." }, { "name": "Seasonal stage", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Vegetative; budding; flowering; fruiting; senescent; dormant suspected; dead confirmed; mixed", "why_it_matters": "Determines which identification evidence and interventions are available." }, { "name": "Patch extent", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Occupied area in m², cover in %, mapped boundary and observation date", "why_it_matters": "Tracks establishment or encroachment without assuming every shoot is a separate individual." }, { "name": "Below-ground continuity", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Observed rhizome connection between shoots; suspected connection; unexamined", "why_it_matters": "Supports decisions about division, sampling and removal while preserving uncertainty about clone boundaries." }, { "name": "Crown and shoot condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Living growth, dieback, lodging, discoloration, lesions and visible feeding damage, with affected extent", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes observed injury from an unverified diagnosis." }, { "name": "Establishment provenance", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Spontaneous; sown; planted division; nursery plant; unknown, with source locality or cultivar claim", "why_it_matters": "Supports restoration suitability and prevents local origin being inferred from the species name." }, { "name": "Site exposure and drainage", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Sun exposure; freely drained, intermittently saturated or persistently saturated substrate; observation method", "why_it_matters": "Helps interpret plant condition and select cultivation changes." }, { "name": "Collection suitability", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Unassessed; eligible for a specified purpose; restricted; unsuitable, with evidence", "why_it_matters": "Separates botanical identity from permission, contamination status and suitability for a particular downstream use." } ], "affordances": [ "Document a provisional identification and request the missing leaf, head or specimen evidence.", "Revisit marked shoots and patch boundaries to assess flowering, survival and spread.", "Select and evaluate site or maintenance changes against observed plant response.", "Propagate by an appropriate documented method while retaining parent or seed-source provenance.", "Contain or remove unwanted growth and check for subsequent regrowth.", "Collect an authorised voucher or research sample with organ, stage and source-plant traceability." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikipedia-am", "title": "Achillea millefolium", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achillea_millefolium", "what_it_supports": "Morphology, height and leaf ranges, subspecies and North American varieties, native range, cultivation, traditional and food uses, I Ching stalks, dermatitis and veterinary toxicity", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "fna-am", "title": "Achillea millefolium", "url": "https://floranorthamerica.org/Achillea_millefolium", "what_it_supports": "Flora of North America treatment: protologue (Sp. Pl. 2: 899. 1753), measurements of stems, leaves, heads and cypselae, and the one-species-versus-many-names problem in North America", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "ema-millefolii", "title": "Millefolii herba - herbal medicinal product", "url": "https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/millefolii-herba", "what_it_supports": "HMPC traditional-use indications (appetite, mild GI spasm, menstrual cramps, small superficial wounds), age restriction, and the herbal name Millefolii herba", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "ema-ar-herba", "title": "Assessment report on Achillea millefolium L., herba (Revision 1), EMA/HMPC/376415/2019", "url": "https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-achillea-millefolium-l-herba-revision-1_en.pdf", "what_it_supports": "Ph. Eur. quality limits for essential oil and proazulenes, maximum daily herbal-tea dose, thujone caution, and national pharmacopoeial history", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "eurlex-2022-1316", "title": "Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/1316 amending Decision 2008/911/EC (Union list entry on Achillea millefolium L., herba)", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2008/911/2022-07-27/eng", "what_it_supports": "Legal listing of Yarrow / Millefolii herba, Ph. Eur. monograph 07/2014:1382, allowed preparations and traditional indications", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "escop-millefolii", "title": "Millefolii Herba (Yarrow)", "url": "https://www.escop.com/downloads/millefolii-herba-yarrow/", "what_it_supports": "Drug definition (dried flowering tops), essential-oil range and marker constituents, internal and external therapeutic indications", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wwu-adj-2025", "title": "Medicinal plant of the year 2025", "url": "https://www.uni-muenster.de/PharmaCampus/en/news/2025/20250101AdJ2025.html", "what_it_supports": "German pharmacognosy practice: Millefolii herba as flowering shoot tips, EuAB monograph, HMPC traditional-use framing", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "gobotany-am", "title": "Achillea millefolium - common yarrow", "url": "https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/achillea/millefolium/", "what_it_supports": "New England practice of distinguishing introduced subsp. millefolium from native lanulosa/borealis material, and the leaf-plane test versus A. ligustica", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "ncsu-am", "title": "Dog Daisy - Achillea millefolium", "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-millefolium/", "what_it_supports": "Garden and landscape use, contact dermatitis, pet hazard, weedy rhizomatous spread, and confusion with Tanacetum vulgare", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "lucid-am", "title": "Achillea millefolium L.", "url": "https://keys.lucidcentral.org/demo/js_player/sew2/text/achillea_millefolium.htm", "what_it_supports": "Australian weed status and the leaf-rachis tests that separate A. millefolium from A. distans subsp. tanacetifolia and A. filipendulina", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "pubchem-am", "title": "Achillea millefolium", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Achillea-millefolium", "what_it_supports": "CAS 977000-16-0, MeSH term, and GHS statements applied to yarrow-derived materials (skin irritation and sensitisation)", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "fr-ph-hom", "title": "Yarrow for homoeopathic preparations / Millefolium for homoeopathic preparations", "url": "https://ansm.sante.fr/uploads/2020/10/23/yarrow-millefolium-pph.pdf", "what_it_supports": "French Pharmacopoeia definition of the fresh flowering plant, macroscopic characters, and loss-on-drying test", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "applequist-2011", "title": "Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.): A Neglected Panacea? A Review of Ethnobotany, Bioactivity, and Biomedical Research", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226940149_Yarrow_Achillea_millefolium_L_A_Neglected_Panacea_A_Review_of_Ethnobotany_Bioactivity_and_Biomedical_Research1", "what_it_supports": "Worldwide ethnobotanical uses and the unresolved A. millefolium species-complex taxonomy (narrow European circumscription versus broad Holarctic species)", "url_status": "blocked" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-circumscription", "name": "Identity and circumscription", "description": "Establish what evidence warrants assigning a plant to the registered Achillea millefolium concept.", "rationale": "The species name is insufficient when regional treatments and cultivated material introduce ambiguity.", "layers": [ { "id": "vegetative-and-floral-diagnosis", "name": "Vegetative and floral diagnosis", "description": "Combine mature leaf and individual flower-head evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-character-agreement", "name": "Diagnostic character agreement", "description": "Record which characters agree with the applicable key, which conflict and which cannot yet be observed.", "questions": [ { "text": "Do mature leaves and dissected flower heads jointly satisfy the regional key for A. millefolium?", "kind": "definition", "id": "diagnostic-character-agreement-q01" }, { "text": "Which head dimensions, floret counts and bract characters were measured, and on how many heads?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "diagnostic-character-agreement-q02" }, { "text": "Which competing identification remains plausible, and what additional observation would discriminate it?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "diagnostic-character-agreement-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-and-cultivated-provenance", "name": "Taxonomic and cultivated provenance", "description": "Preserve the meaning and origin of a determination.", "findings": [ { "id": "name-application-evidence", "name": "Name application evidence", "description": "Connect the registry assignment to a dated treatment and evidence; retain cultivar or hybrid claims without treating a supplier label as verification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which flora or taxonomic authority defines A. millefolium for this determination?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "name-application-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What voucher, photographs, determiner or nursery records support the identification and origin?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "name-application-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "Does the evidence support this entry, only the broader species complex, or an unresolved cultivated Achillea?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "name-application-evidence-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "seasonal-body-and-persistence", "name": "Seasonal body and persistence", "description": "Track the living perennial through shoot turnover and below-ground persistence.", "rationale": "Loss of visible flowering stems does not by itself establish loss of the plant.", "layers": [ { "id": "shoot-and-flowering-cycle", "name": "Shoot and flowering cycle", "description": "Represent vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting and seasonal decline at the observation site.", "findings": [ { "id": "stage-resolved-condition", "name": "Stage-resolved condition", "description": "Record mixed stages within a patch and distinguish dated observations from assumed flowering calendars.", "questions": [ { "text": "What proportions of observed shoots are vegetative, budding, flowering, fruiting or senescent?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "stage-resolved-condition-q01" }, { "text": "Did a change in flowering follow season, mowing, grazing or another recorded event?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "stage-resolved-condition-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "crown-rhizome-and-shoot-continuity", "name": "Crown, rhizome and shoot continuity", "description": "Connect visible shoots to persistent growth structures where evidence permits.", "findings": [ { "id": "persistence-unit", "name": "Persistence unit", "description": "Distinguish a shoot, a sampled connected division and a mapped patch; leave genetic individuality unresolved without appropriate evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the tracked unit one shoot, an observed connected crown-and-rhizome unit or a patch of uncertain connectivity?", "kind": "definition", "id": "persistence-unit-q01" }, { "text": "What living buds, roots or renewed shoots support persistence after above-ground dieback?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "persistence-unit-q02" }, { "text": "Can continuity be established by revisiting marked growth, or is an authorised below-ground inspection necessary?", "kind": "action", "id": "persistence-unit-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "site-fit-and-plant-condition", "name": "Site fit and plant condition", "description": "Relate yarrow condition to exposure, drainage and disturbance.", "rationale": "Cultivation decisions require evidence about the occupied site and the plant's response there.", "layers": [ { "id": "exposure-and-rooting-environment", "name": "Exposure and rooting environment", "description": "Use site observations to assess growing conditions; RHS guidance describes Achillea as favouring sun and well-drained soil. [RHS growing context](https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/achillea).", "findings": [ { "id": "site-condition-match", "name": "Site-condition match", "description": "Record exposure and drainage alongside establishment, flowering and stem stability rather than assigning universal thresholds.", "questions": [ { "text": "What sun exposure and duration of soil saturation occur where this yarrow is rooted?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "site-condition-match-q01" }, { "text": "Which observed condition supports changing irrigation, drainage, shading or planting position?", "kind": "action", "id": "site-condition-match-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "injury-and-recovery", "name": "Injury and recovery", "description": "Assess damage and recovery without confusing symptoms, seasonal change and diagnosis.", "findings": [ { "id": "damage-pattern-and-response", "name": "Damage pattern and response", "description": "Locate damage on leaves, flowering stems and crowns, and connect recovery observations to dated disturbances.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which organs show lesions, discoloration, feeding damage, collapse or dieback, and how extensive is each symptom?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "damage-pattern-and-response-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes seasonal senescence or cutting damage from a suspected pest, pathogen or rooting problem?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "damage-pattern-and-response-q02" }, { "text": "What follow-up observation would establish recovery or justify specialist diagnosis?", "kind": "action", "id": "damage-pattern-and-response-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "reproduction-and-patch-management", "name": "Reproduction and patch management", "description": "Track flowering, recruitment and vegetative expansion in relation to the intended role of the patch.", "rationale": "A useful retained patch and unwanted encroachment require different decisions about the same growth.", "layers": [ { "id": "flowering-and-recruitment", "name": "Flowering and recruitment", "description": "Separate flower production, insect visits, fruit formation and demonstrated seedling establishment.", "findings": [ { "id": "reproductive-outcome", "name": "Reproductive outcome", "description": "Record reproductive evidence without treating an insect visit as proven pollination or a new shoot as a seedling.", "questions": [ { "text": "What flowering heads, developing fruits and independently identified seedlings were observed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "reproductive-outcome-q01" }, { "text": "Does the evidence establish insect visitation, successful fruit formation or viable seed production?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "reproductive-outcome-q02" }, { "text": "Should flower heads be retained or removed given the documented goal for this patch?", "kind": "action", "id": "reproductive-outcome-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "vegetative-expansion-and-control", "name": "Vegetative expansion and control", "description": "Track patch boundaries and post-intervention regrowth.", "findings": [ { "id": "spread-and-intervention-outcome", "name": "Spread and intervention outcome", "description": "Compare mapped extent before and after division, cutting or removal, retaining uncertainty about the origin of new shoots.", "questions": [ { "text": "How far has the occupied boundary moved between dated surveys?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "spread-and-intervention-outcome-q01" }, { "text": "Is new growth connected to existing rhizomes, independently established or of unresolved origin?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "spread-and-intervention-outcome-q02" }, { "text": "What propagation, containment or removal action fits the site objective, and when will regrowth be checked?", "kind": "action", "id": "spread-and-intervention-outcome-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "collection-and-use-boundaries", "name": "Collection and use boundaries", "description": "Govern the transition from living yarrow to collected specimens or material.", "rationale": "Botanical identity alone does not establish permission to collect or suitability for human use.", "layers": [ { "id": "sample-identity-and-origin", "name": "Sample identity and origin", "description": "Preserve the connection between collected organs and the determined source plant.", "findings": [ { "id": "traceable-yarrow-sample", "name": "Traceable yarrow sample", "description": "Identify the sampled organs, seasonal stage, collection location and collection authority; record potential contamination as evidence or uncertainty.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which determined plant or patch supplied the leaves, flowering tops, fruits or below-ground material?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-yarrow-sample-q01" }, { "text": "What permission and patch-condition evidence support collecting the proposed amount?", "kind": "action", "id": "traceable-yarrow-sample-q02" }, { "text": "What site history or testing bears on pesticide exposure, contamination or mixing with other plants?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-yarrow-sample-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "human-use-handoff", "name": "Human-use handoff", "description": "Keep plant identification separate from product and clinical decisions; EMA reports hypersensitivity reactions and restrictions for yarrow herb medicines. [EMA yarrow herb assessment](https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/millefolii-herba).", "findings": [ { "id": "purpose-specific-use-gate", "name": "Purpose-specific use gate", "description": "Record the intended destination and relevant unresolved constraints, then hand processing, formulation and therapeutic decisions to their owning models.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the material intended for a voucher, cultivation, laboratory analysis, food or a medicinal product?", "kind": "definition", "id": "purpose-specific-use-gate-q01" }, { "text": "Which downstream assessment must establish suitability for that purpose, including relevant allergy constraints?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "purpose-specific-use-gate-q02" }, { "text": "What missing identity, quality or use-specific evidence requires withholding a recommendation to consume or apply the material?", "kind": "action", "id": "purpose-specific-use-gate-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "European common yarrow (A. millefolium subsp. millefolium): the Old World, usually hexaploid plants that underwrite the pharmacopoeial concept", "Native North American yarrow (often treated as A. lanulosa, subsp. lanulosa or var. occidentalis): typically tetraploid plants with narrower leaf segments held in more than one plane", "Boreal and Arctic yarrow (var. borealis / A. borealis)", "Pacific and California races (var. californica, var. pacifica, and the California endemic var. puberula)", "Millefolii herba: dried flowering tops as a crude herbal drug", "Millefolii flos: yarrow flower, a separately monographed herbal substance", "Ornamental cultivars selected for ray colour and habit (for example 'Paprika', 'Cerise Queen', RHS Award of Garden Merit clones)", "Essential-oil chemotypes: proazulene/chamazulene-rich (blue oil) versus non-azulene (colourless to yellow oil)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Achillea millefolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q25444", "note": "Item for the species Achillea millefolium" }, { "scheme": "Linnaean binomial / protologue", "value_or_pattern": "Achillea millefolium L., Sp. Pl. 2: 899. 1753", "note": "Original publication cited by Flora of North America" }, { "scheme": "European Pharmacopoeia monograph", "value_or_pattern": "Yarrow - Millefolii herba (07/2014:1382)", "note": "EDQM crude-drug monograph for dried flowering tops" }, { "scheme": "EMA herbal substance name", "value_or_pattern": "Millefolii herba; Achillea millefolium L., herba", "note": "Latin and botanical names used in HMPC documents EMA/HMPC/376416/2019" }, { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "977000-16-0", "note": "PubChem listing for Achillea millefolium as a substance, not a discrete molecule" }, { "scheme": "MeSH", "value_or_pattern": "Achillea millefolium", "note": "NLM Medical Subject Headings entry term" }, { "scheme": "French Pharmacopoeia (homoeopathic)", "value_or_pattern": "Achillea millefolium ad praeparationes homoeopathicas / Millefolium for homoeopathic preparations", "note": "Fresh whole flowering plant as starting material" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Achillea millefolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "European Pharmacopoeia monograph Yarrow - Millefolii herba (07/2014:1382), issued by EDQM: dried flowering tops must contain at least 2 ml/kg essential oil and at least 0.02% proazulenes calculated as chamazulene", "European Union herbal monograph on Achillea millefolium L., herba (EMA/HMPC/376416/2019), Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products: traditional-use registration under Directive 2001/83/EC Article 16a", "Commission Decision 2008/911/EC as amended by Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/1316: Union list entry for Achillea millefolium L., herba (Yarrow) with specified aqueous preparations", "Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council: framework for herbal medicinal products and traditional herbal medicinal products", "EMA public statement on herbal medicinal products containing thujone (EMA/HMPC/732886/2010): relevant because yarrow oil contains small amounts of thujone", "French Pharmacopoeia 2007: Yarrow for homoeopathic preparations (fresh flowering plant; foreign matter max. 5%; loss on drying min. 55.0%)", "United States: yarrow flower was formerly official in the USP; FDA has permitted yarrow in alcoholic beverages, but it is not a current USP-NF botanical monograph on the evidence read here" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Achillea millefolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Traditional herbal medicinal product in the EU: comminuted herb as tea, or aqueous dry extracts, for temporary loss of appetite and mild spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating and flatulence", "Same herbal preparations used for minor menstrual abdominal cramps and, externally, for small superficial wounds of skin and mucosa", "Fresh or dried herb in folk and Native American practice as a wound styptic, fever diaphoretic, toothache chew, and eyewash; crushed leaves historically used to staunch nosebleeds", "Ornamental and pollinator plant in drought-tolerant, meadow and butterfly gardens; also used as a companion plant and for erosion control on dry soils", "Young leaves eaten sparingly in salad or as a bitter tea; flowers and herb used in some bitters and liquors, and historically as a gruit-type beer flavouring", "Dried stalks of subsp. millefolium used in Chinese I Ching (yarrow-stalk) divination", "Introduced into New Zealand and Australian pastures as a deep-rooted, mineral-rich forage component; now also a roadside and grassland weed there", "Wool dye (green to yellow depending on mordant) and source of a dark-blue essential oil when proazulenes are present" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Achillea millefolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Shoot height", "typical_range": "0.2-1 (Flora of North America often 0.06-0.65+)", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Leaf blade length × width", "typical_range": "3.5-35+ × 0.5-3.5 (common field leaves often 5-20 cm long)", "unit": "cm" }, { "quantity": "Ray-floret lamina", "typical_range": "1.5-3 × 1.5-3", "unit": "mm" }, { "quantity": "Cypsela length", "typical_range": "1-2", "unit": "mm" }, { "quantity": "Essential oil in dried flowering tops (Ph. Eur. minimum)", "typical_range": "≥ 2 (reported range about 0.2-5.9% of drug)", "unit": "ml/kg" }, { "quantity": "Proazulenes as chamazulene (Ph. Eur. minimum, dried drug)", "typical_range": "≥ 0.02", "unit": "% m/m" }, { "quantity": "Herbal-tea daily dose in the EU monograph assessment", "typical_range": "up to 16 (as herbal substance)", "unit": "g/day" }, { "quantity": "Elevational range", "typical_range": "0-3500", "unit": "m" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Achillea millefolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Allergic contact dermatitis from sesquiterpene lactones; people sensitised to other Asteraceae often cross-react", "ASPCA: toxic to dogs, cats and horses (vomiting, diarrhoea, increased urination, dermatitis)", "Taints the flavour of cows' milk if grazed", "Rhizomatous spread makes it weedy in lawns, gardens and some pastures and hard to eradicate once established", "Root rot in poorly drained soils; occasional powdery mildew and stem rot", "Chemotype mismatch: hexaploid European subsp. millefolium oil is often non-azulenic, so a 'yarrow oil' may lack the chamazulene the blue-oil trade expects", "Small thujone content; high-dose or long-term extracts have shown toxicity in animal work even though ordinary tea doses are treated as traditional-use safe in adults and adolescents over 12", "Not for use in known Compositae hypersensitivity; HMPC: medical advice if GI symptoms persist beyond two weeks or wound/menstrual use beyond one week" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Achillea millefolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Taxonomic practice: European floras and the pharmacopoeia treat a relatively narrow A. millefolium; Flora of North America lumps native and introduced races as one variable species, while some North-eastern treatments still separate native lanulosa/borealis from garden-introduced subsp. millefolium", "English folk names (milfoil, soldier's woundwort, nosebleed plant, devil's nettle) versus French achillée millefeuille / herbe-à-dinde, German Schafgarbe, Norwegian ryllik, Unani brinjasif, Chinese yarrow-stalk use rather than the European wound-herb emphasis", "Australia and New Zealand: a deliberately introduced pasture plant that is now also classed as an environmental and garden weed", "California: several named coastal and endemic varieties; absent from the Colorado and Mojave Deserts", "Pharmaceutical versus horticultural trade: crude-drug 'yarrow' means white-to-pink wild-type flowering tops; garden centres sell coloured-ray cultivars that are not the Ph. Eur. article" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Achillea millefolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Tanacetum vulgare (tansy)", "difference": "Tansy has button-like yellow discoid heads without obvious rays and a strong camphor scent; yarrow has a flat corymb of small radiate heads (white to pink) and 2-3-pinnatisect leaves" }, { "name": "Achillea filipendulina (fernleaf yarrow)", "difference": "Golden-yellow dense corymbs and leaves divided into relatively broad toothed segments with dense appressed hairs; A. millefolium has very narrow segments and usually white, pink or mauve rays" }, { "name": "Achillea distans subsp. tanacetifolia (tansyleaf milfoil)", "difference": "Rachis wings 1-2 mm wide and usually toothed or lobed between the pinnae; A. millefolium is dissected almost to the midrib into very narrow segments" }, { "name": "Achillea ligustica", "difference": "Mid-stem leaves usually with 10 or fewer lobes held in one plane and an ovate outline; A. millefolium mid-stem leaves have 15 or more primary divisions not in one plane and a lanceolate to linear outline" }, { "name": "Daucus carota (wild carrot / Queen Anne's lace)", "difference": "An umbel of five-petalled flowers, often with a single dark central floret, versus yarrow's compound of many tiny radiate capitula; carrot foliage is 2-3-pinnate but not in a corymb of daisy heads" }, { "name": "Matricaria chamomilla / Chamaemelum nobile (chamomiles)", "difference": "Solitary (or loosely branched) larger daisy heads with hollow receptacles in German chamomile; yarrow packs many much smaller heads into a dense flat corymb on a single plant" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Achillea millefolium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which taxonomic authority and geographic treatment should define the registry entry's boundary within the A. millefolium complex?", "Which regional diagnostic character combinations reliably separate the relevant close species, and how should differing published bract counts be reconciled?", "What evidence is sufficient to establish local wild provenance or cultivar identity for restoration and propagation decisions?", "Which locally measured seasonal patterns and recovery responses should guide mowing, division, containment and mortality assessment?", "Which purpose-specific sampling, contamination and composition assessments are required before collected material can be accepted by a downstream food, research or medicinal-product model?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 36 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organism", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Achillea millefolium, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise Achillea millefolium, assess a plant or patch through its seasonal changes, and choose evidence-supported observation, cultivation, containment or sampling actions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "living", "origin": "natural", "agency": "autonomous", "mobility": "self-moving" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 96 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Achillea millefolium, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a living thing", "physicalCharacter": [ "Moves under its own power or of its own accord.", "Acts on its own behalf.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by diagnostic characters, and those differ by life stage - the young of many kinds are mistaken for other kinds entirely. A sighting is settled by characters, a photograph and a place, not by a name alone." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 96 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Achillea millefolium from another, and a Achillea millefolium from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Achillea millefolium sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Achillea millefolium from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a Achillea millefolium is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Anatomy, parts and life stage.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and life stages", "description": "The parts of a Achillea millefolium and the stages it passes through.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a Achillea millefolium is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a Achillea millefolium is, how it got there and where it may go (self-moving).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a Achillea millefolium is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a Achillea millefolium moves on its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Achillea millefolium passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Achillea millefolium between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Achillea millefolium, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Achillea millefolium is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-placement", "name": "Taxonomic placement and identification", "description": "What Achillea millefolium is called scientifically, by whose authority, and how a specimen is recognised.", "rationale": "Names change with revisions while the organism does not, so a name without its authority and date cannot be reconciled later.", "layers": [ { "id": "accepted-name", "name": "Accepted name and synonymy", "description": "The current binomial, its author and date, and the names it replaced.", "findings": [ { "id": "name-and-authority", "name": "Accepted name, authority and synonyms", "description": "What to record so a later revision can be applied without losing the old data.", "questions": [ { "id": "name-and-authority-q01", "text": "What is the accepted scientific name of Achillea millefolium, with its author and year, and which synonyms does it absorb?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "name-and-authority-q02", "text": "Which taxonomic authority is being followed, and what would a competing authority say?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "field-identification", "name": "Field identification", "description": "The characters that separate Achillea millefolium from what it is confused with.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters", "name": "Diagnostic characters and confusable kinds", "description": "Features that settle an identification, and those that only suggest it.", "questions": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q01", "text": "Which observable characters distinguish Achillea millefolium from its closest look-alikes, and at which life stage are they visible?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q02", "text": "What evidence is enough to record an identification as confirmed rather than provisional?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "life-cycle-and-condition", "name": "Life stages, condition and behaviour", "description": "What Achillea millefolium does over its life and how its state is judged.", "rationale": "Stage and condition change what may be done - handled, treated, harvested, left alone - and both are observations with a time.", "layers": [ { "id": "stages-and-reproduction", "name": "Stages and reproduction", "description": "Development from origin to death, including forms that look like different animals.", "findings": [ { "id": "life-stages", "name": "Life stages and their marks", "description": "The stages worth recording and what tells them apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "life-stages-q01", "text": "What stages does Achillea millefolium pass through, and what observable change marks each transition?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "life-stages-q02", "text": "Which stages are so unlike the adult that they are mistaken for another kind?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "health-and-condition", "name": "Health and condition", "description": "How condition is assessed and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition assessment", "description": "Signs of health, injury and stress, and who is competent to judge them.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "How is the condition of Achillea millefolium judged, on what scale, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "What condition obliges an agent to act, and what act is permitted to whom?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "range-and-status", "name": "Habitat, range and conservation status", "description": "Where Achillea millefolium lives and how threatened it is.", "rationale": "Range and status govern what is lawful, and both are assessments with an assessor and a year rather than facts of nature.", "layers": [ { "id": "habitat-and-range", "name": "Habitat and range", "description": "Native range, introductions and the habitat it needs.", "findings": [ { "id": "range-record", "name": "Range, introductions and habitat", "description": "What to record about where it is found and how it got there.", "questions": [ { "id": "range-record-q01", "text": "What is the native range of Achillea millefolium, where has it been introduced, and what habitat does it require?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "range-record-q02", "text": "What distinguishes a native record from an introduced or vagrant one?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-status", "name": "Protection and legal status", "description": "Conservation assessments and the rules that follow from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-and-rules", "name": "Conservation status and legal consequence", "description": "The assessment, its date, and what it forbids or requires where.", "questions": [ { "id": "status-and-rules-q01", "text": "What conservation status does Achillea millefolium hold, under which assessment and year?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "status-and-rules-q02", "text": "What does that status forbid or require of an agent, and in which jurisdiction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Achillea millefolium came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Achillea millefolium and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Achillea millefolium is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Achillea millefolium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Achillea millefolium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Achillea millefolium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }