{ "model": { "rank": 2263, "code": "thing-q25428", "model_id": "vr.tr.voltage", "name": "voltage", "purpose": "Let an agent explain voltage by definition, measurement and everyday values, and route electric shock and electrical hazards to emergency help and qualified electricians.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q25428/", "tier": 2, "score": 111, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "amplitude of voltage", "open-circuit voltage", "direct voltage", "voltage phasor", "RMS voltage", "thermoelectric voltage", "instantaneous voltage", "medium voltage", "phase to phase voltage", "high voltage", "proof test voltage", "clamp voltage", "reference voltage", "48-volt electrical system", "breakdown voltage", "cutoff voltage", "alternating voltage", "low voltage", "extra-low voltage", "short-circuit voltage", "electromotive voltage", "phase voltage", "line voltage", "ignition voltage", "overpotential", "nominal voltage", "Float voltage", "operating voltage", "accelerating voltage", "loading voltage", "very high voltage", "Ultra high voltage transmission", "extra-high voltage", "hum voltage" ], "aliasCount": 34, "merged": 34, "knownIn": 111, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.voltage", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q25428", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T12:34:42Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q25428", "registryId": "vr.tr.voltage", "name": "voltage", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q25428/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.voltage", "name": "voltage", "purpose": "Let an agent explain voltage by definition, measurement and everyday values, and route electric shock and electrical hazards to emergency help and qualified electricians.", "definition": "The difference in electric potential between two points, which drives electric current through a circuit, measured in volts (V); examples include battery voltages, mains supply of about 230 V in Europe and 120 V in North America, and high-voltage transmission lines.", "what_it_is_for": "Electrical engineering, electronics and everyday power use.", "affordances": [ "explain voltage, current and resistance", "measure voltage safely with a meter", "check mains voltage and plug compatibility when travelling", "recognise electrical hazards" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Potential difference", "Measured in volts", "AC or DC", "Higher voltages are more hazardous" ], "appearance": "Not visible; shown on meters, labels and warning signs.", "visual_identification": [ "Values in volts on labels", "High voltage warning signs", "Current is measured in amperes" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "nominal mains voltage", "typical_range": "230 (Europe) or 120 (North America)", "unit": "V", "note": "AC supply" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "DC voltage", "AC voltage and RMS values", "low, extra-low and high voltage", "open-circuit voltage", "thermoelectric voltage" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "scalar quantity", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is measured in", "target": "volt", "why": "unit" }, { "relation": "drives", "target": "electric current", "why": "effect" }, { "relation": "is measured by", "target": "voltmeter", "why": "instrument" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "SI unit", "value_or_pattern": "volt (V)", "note": "derived unit" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "IEC 60038 standard voltages", "EU Low Voltage Directive", "National wiring regulations" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Electric shock and burns", "Using devices on the wrong voltage", "Untrained work on mains wiring" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "concept", "name": "Concept", "description": "What it is.", "rationale": "Potential difference drives current.", "layers": [ { "id": "define", "name": "Define", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "define-finding", "name": "Define", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is voltage, and how does it relate to current and resistance by Ohm law?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What is the voltage in this circuit?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "acdc", "name": "AC and DC", "description": "Types.", "findings": [ { "id": "acdc-finding", "name": "AC and DC", "description": "AC and DC.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do AC and DC voltage differ?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What does RMS mean?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measurement", "name": "Measurement", "description": "Meters.", "rationale": "Measure safely.", "layers": [ { "id": "meter", "name": "Meter", "description": "Using a multimeter.", "findings": [ { "id": "meter-finding", "name": "Meter", "description": "Measuring voltage.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is voltage measured safely with a multimeter?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which meter category rating is needed?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "travel", "name": "Travel", "description": "Mains abroad.", "findings": [ { "id": "travel-finding", "name": "Travel", "description": "Mains abroad.", "questions": [ { "text": "What mains voltage and plug type are used in this country?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Does the device accept that voltage?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "safety", "name": "Safety", "description": "Hazards.", "rationale": "Safety comes first.", "layers": [ { "id": "shock", "name": "Shock", "description": "Electric shock.", "findings": [ { "id": "shock-finding", "name": "Shock", "description": "Electric shock.", "questions": [ { "text": "Has someone had an electric shock or is still in contact with a live source?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Should the power be switched off without touching them and emergency services called?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "wiring", "name": "Wiring", "description": "Mains work.", "findings": [ { "id": "wiring-finding", "name": "Wiring", "description": "Mains work.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the user planning work on mains wiring?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Should a qualified electrician be used, according to local rules?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "engineering", "name": "Engineering", "description": "Design.", "rationale": "Design needs correct voltage.", "layers": [ { "id": "design", "name": "Design", "description": "Circuit design.", "findings": [ { "id": "design-finding", "name": "Design", "description": "Circuit design.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which voltage regulator or supply suits this circuit?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "What tolerance is acceptable?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grid", "name": "Grid", "description": "Transmission.", "findings": [ { "id": "grid-finding", "name": "Grid", "description": "Transmission voltages.", "questions": [ { "text": "Why is electricity transmitted at high voltage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What voltages are used here?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should voltage categories be separate entries?", "How should national mains data be linked?", "How should safety guidance be localised?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a voltage, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain voltage by definition, measurement and everyday values, and route electric shock and electrical hazards to emergency help and qualified electricians.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: amplitude of voltage, open-circuit voltage, direct voltage, voltage phasor, RMS voltage, thermoelectric voltage, instantaneous voltage, medium voltage, phase to phase voltage, high voltage, proof test voltage, clamp voltage.", "34 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 111 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a voltage, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "amplitude of voltage", "open-circuit voltage", "direct voltage", "voltage phasor", "RMS voltage", "thermoelectric voltage", "instantaneous voltage", "medium voltage", "phase to phase voltage", "high voltage", "proof test voltage", "clamp voltage" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 111 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 34 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one voltage from another, and a voltage from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a voltage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a voltage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a voltage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a voltage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a voltage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a voltage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a voltage sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a voltage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a voltage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a voltage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a voltage from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a voltage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a voltage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a voltage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a voltage passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a voltage between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a voltage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a voltage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a voltage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a voltage, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a voltage is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a voltage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a voltage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a voltage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What voltage is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of voltage are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is voltage operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of voltage and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of voltage?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as voltage?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a voltage came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a voltage and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a voltage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a voltage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a voltage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a voltage is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a voltage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a voltage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a voltage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }