{ "model": { "rank": 6052, "code": "thing-q25997675", "model_id": "vr.tr.sulfate", "name": "sulfate", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise inorganic sulfate, assess its chemical form and amount in a material, and determine which measurements or interventions are justified.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q25997675/", "tier": 2, "score": 63, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "bisulfate salt", "silver(II) sulfate", "sulfate ester", "alkyl sulfate(1-)", "steroid sulfate", "carbohydrate sulfate", "sulfate conjugate", "kanamycin sulfate", "Sulfuric acid--4,6-diamino-3-[(6-amino-6-deoxyhexopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-amino-3-deoxyhexopyranoside (1/1)" ], "aliasCount": 9, "merged": 9, "knownIn": 63, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.sulfate", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q25997675", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25997675", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T11:15:52Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.010421, "turns": 1, "seconds": 168.7, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 80.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b90-1b14-72b1-80de-9dc3fd647811\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: sulfate\nRegistry id: vr.tr.sulfate\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Vercy m" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q25997675", "registryId": "vr.tr.sulfate", "name": "sulfate", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q25997675/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.sulfate", "name": "sulfate", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise inorganic sulfate, assess its chemical form and amount in a material, and determine which measurements or interventions are justified.", "definition": "Sulfate is the tetrahedral oxoanion SO₄²⁻ of sulfur in oxidation state +6, and by extension the salts, minerals and organic esters that contain that anion.", "scope_statement": "This model owns sulfate as the inorganic SO4^2− constituent of a specified sample, solution or solid, including its speciation, association, abundance and transformations; registry intent concerning hydrogen sulfate and sulfate esters remains unresolved.", "in_scope": [ "Identification of the sulfate anion and discrimination from other sulfur species", "Dissolved sulfate, solid-associated sulfate and their relationship within a sample", "Counterions, sulfate-bearing phases and hydration where they affect sulfate behaviour", "Sulfate quantities with explicit reporting basis, sample fraction and measurement conditions", "Processes that release, immobilise, remove, produce or consume sulfate" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Complete identities and properties of individual sulfate salts or minerals", "Whole-water, soil or industrial-stream composition and quality", "Sulfuric acid manufacture and bulk acid handling", "Organic sulfate esters and sulfate-containing surfactants as complete compounds", "Sulfite, sulfide, thiosulfate and other sulfur species except as distinctions or transformation partners", "Organism physiology, clinical interpretation and regulatory compliance decisions" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require evidence for SO4^2−: sulfate has four oxygen atoms per sulfur and a net charge of −2; sulfite is SO3^2−.", "Distinguish sulfate from hydrogen sulfate, HSO4−, using the stated species and relevant solution conditions; a reported total sulfate value may combine contributions from different forms.", "Distinguish inorganic sulfate from an organic sulfate ester by whether an organic group is covalently attached through oxygen.", "Treat a result for elemental sulfur or total sulfur as insufficient to identify sulfate without species-specific evidence.", "Distinguish a sulfate constituent from its host salt: sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate contain sulfate but do not thereby share solubility or handling properties." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identity evidence", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Declared composition; species-selective measurement; phase identification; inferred; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Separates demonstrated sulfate identity from labels or indirect evidence." }, { "name": "Chemical form", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Free dissolved sulfate; dissolved ion-associated sulfate; solid-phase sulfate; surface-associated sulfate; unresolved mixture", "why_it_matters": "Controls what a measurement represents and which interventions could affect the sulfate." }, { "name": "Host material and counterions", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to sample, solution, identified sulfate-bearing phases and relevant cations", "why_it_matters": "Sulfate behaviour depends on its surrounding material and associated ions." }, { "name": "Sulfate quantity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mol, mol/L, mg/L as SO4, mg/kg as SO4 or explicitly converted sulfur basis", "why_it_matters": "Supports comparison and mass balance without confusing sulfate mass with sulfur mass." }, { "name": "Measured fraction", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Unfiltered sample; operationally dissolved; extractable; identified solid phase; other explicitly defined fraction", "why_it_matters": "Different preparation procedures can produce valid results for different sulfate pools." }, { "name": "Solution conditions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "pH; temperature in °C or K; ionic strength in mol/kg or mol/L with basis stated", "why_it_matters": "Provides context for protonation, ion association and mineral equilibria." }, { "name": "Sulfate-bearing phase hydration", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Identified hydrate; anhydrous phase; mixed phases; unknown; not applicable", "why_it_matters": "Water of crystallisation changes formula-based sulfate content and can affect phase behaviour." }, { "name": "Phase saturation assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Undersaturated; near saturation; supersaturated; undetermined, each relative to a named phase and calculation", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of possible dissolution or precipitation without assuming that equilibrium has been reached." }, { "name": "Transformation evidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "No assessment; stable within observation limits; redistribution between phases; net sulfate production; net sulfate consumption", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes changes in sulfate identity from movement between sulfate pools." } ], "affordances": [ "Select a sulfate-specific identification or quantification method appropriate to the sample matrix.", "Convert explicitly stated sulfate and sulfur reporting bases and reconcile comparable measurements.", "Assess possible sulfate release or precipitation using identified phases and documented conditions.", "Evaluate separation or removal options against sulfate form, counterions and the intended destination of removed material.", "Track sulfate production, consumption and phase transfer through a sulfur balance.", "Refer handling decisions to the actual sulfate-bearing substance or mixture and its intended use." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "iupac-red-book-2005", "title": "Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, IUPAC Recommendations 2005 (the Red Book)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Systematic name tetraoxidosulfate(2−) and the accepted name sulfate for the SO₄²⁻ anion." }, { "id": "pubchem-cid-1117", "title": "PubChem Compound Summary for CID 1117, Sulfate", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1117", "what_it_supports": "CAS 14808-79-8, InChIKey, formula, and identifier crosswalk for the sulfate ion.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "chebi-16189", "title": "ChEBI CHEBI:16189 sulfate", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:16189", "what_it_supports": "Chemical-entity identity of sulfate as an inorganic anion and its parentage to sulfuric acid.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "greenwood-earnshaw", "title": "Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Structure, acid-base behaviour of HSO₄⁻/SO₄²⁻, and the mineral and industrial chemistry of sulfate salts." }, { "id": "who-gdwq", "title": "Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th edition incorporating the first and second addenda", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Taste and laxative effects of sulfate in drinking water and the absence of a health-based guideline at concentrations usually found." }, { "id": "epa-nsdwr-sulfate", "title": "National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations: sulfate SMCL 250 mg/L", "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals", "what_it_supports": "U.S. secondary maximum contaminant level of 250 mg/L sulfate as an aesthetic/nuisance standard.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "eu-dwd-2020-2184", "title": "Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "EU parametric value of 250 mg/L for sulphate in drinking water." }, { "id": "iso-10304-1", "title": "ISO 10304-1: Water quality - Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions - Part 1", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Standard ion-chromatographic determination of dissolved sulfate in water." } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "sulfate-identity", "name": "Sulfate identity", "description": "Establish whether the recorded constituent is inorganic sulfate and how that identity is supported.", "rationale": "A sulfur measurement or a sulfate-like name does not by itself establish the identity this model owns.", "layers": [ { "id": "anion-recognition", "name": "Anion recognition", "description": "Identify the SO4^2− constituent and distinguish neighbouring sulfur species.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-support", "name": "Identity support", "description": "Record the chemical claim and the evidence that can distinguish sulfate from other sulfur-containing constituents.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the recorded identity denote inorganic SO4^2−, rather than total sulfur, sulfite or another sulfur species?", "kind": "definition", "id": "identity-support-q01" }, { "text": "Which composition record or analytical observation supports sulfate identity, and what alternatives can it exclude?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "identity-support-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "sulfate-boundaries", "name": "Sulfate boundaries", "description": "Separate the sulfate constituent from protonated forms, organic derivatives and complete host substances.", "findings": [ { "id": "referent-boundary", "name": "Referent boundary", "description": "Make explicit whether a name denotes sulfate itself, a reported sulfate pool or a sulfate-containing substance.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the source use sulfate to mean free SO4^2−, an analytical total or a named sulfate salt?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "referent-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "Are hydrogen sulfate or organic sulfate esters present, and are they included in the reported result or represented separately?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "referent-boundary-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "sulfate-host-and-form", "name": "Sulfate host and form", "description": "Locate sulfate within dissolved, solid and surface-associated pools.", "rationale": "The sulfate formula alone cannot determine mobility, availability or the behaviour of its host material.", "layers": [ { "id": "dissolved-speciation", "name": "Dissolved speciation", "description": "Describe sulfate in solution with the conditions needed to interpret protonation and ion association.", "findings": [ { "id": "aqueous-sulfate-pool", "name": "Aqueous sulfate pool", "description": "Distinguish an operational dissolved measurement from an estimate of free sulfate ions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What pH, temperature and solution composition accompany the dissolved sulfate record?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "aqueous-sulfate-pool-q01" }, { "text": "Does the value represent free sulfate, sulfate activity or a dissolved analytical total, and how was that interpretation obtained?", "kind": "definition", "id": "aqueous-sulfate-pool-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "solid-and-surface-association", "name": "Solid and surface association", "description": "Identify sulfate-bearing phases and distinguish them from sulfate associated with surfaces or trapped solution.", "findings": [ { "id": "host-phase-identification", "name": "Host phase identification", "description": "Record phase identity, relevant counterions and hydration without deriving a specific salt from sulfate detection alone.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which identified phases or surfaces host the sulfate, and what evidence distinguishes lattice sulfate from adsorbed sulfate or retained solution?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "host-phase-identification-q01" }, { "text": "What counterions, phase proportions and hydration states are known well enough to interpret the solid's sulfate content?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "host-phase-identification-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "sulfate-quantity-and-evidence", "name": "Sulfate quantity and evidence", "description": "Make sulfate measurements interpretable and comparable.", "rationale": "Sulfate records can differ because of reporting basis, preparation and analytical selectivity even when their numerical units look similar.", "layers": [ { "id": "amount-and-reporting-basis", "name": "Amount and reporting basis", "description": "Specify the numerator, denominator and sample fraction of every sulfate quantity.", "findings": [ { "id": "comparable-sulfate-quantity", "name": "Comparable sulfate quantity", "description": "Preserve enough information to convert or compare sulfate values without silently changing their meaning.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the result expressed as SO4 mass, sulfur mass or amount of substance, and per what volume or material mass?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "comparable-sulfate-quantity-q01" }, { "text": "Which filtration, extraction, drying or other preparation defines the sulfate fraction and denominator being reported?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "comparable-sulfate-quantity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "analytical-confidence", "name": "Analytical confidence", "description": "Assess whether the method supports the claimed sulfate identity and quantity in this matrix.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-fitness", "name": "Method fitness", "description": "Record method selectivity, uncertainty and sample treatment that could alter the sulfate result.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which method, calibration and quality-control evidence support the result, including detection limits and relevant matrix interferences?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "method-fitness-q01" }, { "text": "Could collection, storage or preparation have produced sulfate from other sulfur species, dissolved a solid or removed sulfate from the measured fraction?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "method-fitness-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "sulfate-change", "name": "Sulfate change", "description": "Distinguish sulfate transfer between phases from chemical production or consumption.", "rationale": "A changing dissolved concentration does not establish whether sulfate has been removed from the system or chemically transformed.", "layers": [ { "id": "phase-transfer", "name": "Phase transfer", "description": "Track dissolution, precipitation, sorption and desorption involving sulfate.", "findings": [ { "id": "phase-transfer-assessment", "name": "Phase transfer assessment", "description": "Connect observed sulfate redistribution to named phases, conditions and evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which sulfate-bearing phase or surface could account for the observed transfer, and what observations support that explanation?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "phase-transfer-assessment-q01" }, { "text": "Do measured concentrations and documented equilibrium assumptions indicate dissolution or precipitation potential, and what kinetic limits remain?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "phase-transfer-assessment-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "sulfur-species-conversion", "name": "Sulfur species conversion", "description": "Assess processes that form sulfate or convert it into other sulfur species.", "findings": [ { "id": "sulfate-production-or-consumption", "name": "Sulfate production or consumption", "description": "Require evidence for chemical conversion beyond a change in sulfate concentration.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which sulfur precursors or products were measured to support sulfate production or consumption?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "sulfate-production-or-consumption-q01" }, { "text": "What reaction conditions or biological evidence support the proposed conversion, and does a sulfur balance distinguish it from dilution or phase transfer?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "sulfate-production-or-consumption-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "sulfate-interventions", "name": "Sulfate interventions", "description": "Connect sulfate evidence to feasible measurement, separation and handling decisions.", "rationale": "An agent must act on the actual sulfate-bearing material and track the consequences of changing its sulfate content.", "layers": [ { "id": "separation-and-removal", "name": "Separation and removal", "description": "Evaluate interventions against the sulfate pool, treatment objective and receiving stream or phase.", "findings": [ { "id": "intervention-fit", "name": "Intervention fit", "description": "Specify what an intervention changes and where sulfate or its sulfur ends up.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the objective to lower dissolved sulfate, remove sulfate-bearing solids, recover a salt or chemically convert sulfate?", "kind": "action", "id": "intervention-fit-q01" }, { "text": "Which candidate process fits the measured sulfate form and matrix, and what sulfate-bearing concentrate, solid or sulfur-containing product would it create?", "kind": "action", "id": "intervention-fit-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-specific-use", "name": "Material-specific use", "description": "Tie use and handling to the identified substance or mixture and verify the intervention outcome.", "findings": [ { "id": "use-and-outcome-evidence", "name": "Use and outcome evidence", "description": "Prevent generic sulfate identity from substituting for material-specific information or a measured endpoint.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which identified salt or mixture, concentration, acidity and co-constituents determine whether the proposed use or handling is appropriate?", "kind": "action", "id": "use-and-outcome-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which sulfate fraction and other affected constituents must be measured after intervention to demonstrate the intended result?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "use-and-outcome-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Aqueous sulfate ion (free SO₄²⁻ in solution)", "Hydrogen sulfate / bisulfate (HSO₄⁻)", "Inorganic sulfate salts (e.g. Na₂SO₄, CaSO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, MgSO₄, Al₂(SO₄)₃)", "Sulfate minerals (gypsum, anhydrite, barite, celestine, thenardite, alunite, jarosite)", "Organic sulfate esters (alkyl sulfates, steroid sulfates, sulfated glycosaminoglycans)", "Atmospheric and aerosol sulfate (H₂SO₄, NH₄HSO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄ in particulate matter)", "Acid sulfate soils (actual versus potential, from sulfide oxidation)", "Coordinated sulfate (monodentate, bidentate or bridging ligand on metal centres)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of sulfate this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q172290", "note": "Item for the sulfate anion SO₄²⁻." }, { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "14808-79-8", "note": "Sulfate ion; individual salts have their own CAS numbers." }, { "scheme": "ChEBI", "value_or_pattern": "CHEBI:16189", "note": "Chemical entity sulfate." }, { "scheme": "PubChem CID", "value_or_pattern": "1117", "note": "Compound record for sulfate." }, { "scheme": "IUPAC", "value_or_pattern": "tetraoxidosulfate(2−); sulfate", "note": "Red Book systematic name and accepted traditional name." }, { "scheme": "InChIKey", "value_or_pattern": "QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L", "note": "Dianion; the -N key is the parent sulfuric acid." }, { "scheme": "SMILES", "value_or_pattern": "[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-]", "note": "Canonical representation of the free anion." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of sulfate this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (World Health Organization): sulfate treated as an aesthetic/laxative constituent rather than a health-based guideline value at usual concentrations.", "U.S. EPA National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations: secondary MCL 250 mg/L sulfate (aesthetic).", "Directive (EU) 2020/2184 (European Union): parametric value 250 mg/L sulphate in water intended for human consumption.", "ISO 10304-1 (International Organization for Standardization): ion-chromatographic determination of dissolved sulfate in water.", "ISO 9280 (International Organization for Standardization): gravimetric determination of sulfate with barium chloride.", "ASTM D516 (ASTM International): standard test method for sulfate ion in water.", "JECFA / Codex specifications (FAO/WHO): identity and purity of individual food-use sulfate salts (e.g. sodium, calcium, ammonium, magnesium sulfates).", "REACH and CLP (European Chemicals Agency / EU): registration and classification apply to named sulfate substances (the free ion is not itself a marketed substance); some metal sulfates (e.g. nickel sulfate) carry CMR classifications." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of sulfate this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Dissolved sulfate is a major anion in seawater (~28 mmol/kg) and in many groundwaters and evaporite brines.", "Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) and anhydrite are bulk construction materials (plaster, plasterboard) and sources of sulfate scale.", "Ammonium sulfate is a nitrogen-and-sulfur fertilizer; sodium sulfate (salt cake) is used in kraft pulping, glass and detergents.", "Aluminium sulfate and related iron sulfates are coagulants in drinking-water and wastewater treatment.", "Barium sulfate is an insoluble radiocontrast agent and a weighting agent in drilling muds; magnesium sulfate is used medically as Epsom salt.", "Atmospheric sulfate, formed by oxidation of SO₂, is a large fraction of fine particulate matter and a driver of acid rain and aerosol climate forcing.", "In biochemistry, sulfate is activated as PAPS and transferred onto sugars, steroids and xenobiotics as sulfate esters.", "Sulfate-reducing microorganisms use SO₄²⁻ as a terminal electron acceptor in anoxic sediments, sewers and petroleum reservoirs." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of sulfate this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Aqueous sulfate concentration (as SO₄)", "typical_range": "drinking water commonly 0-250; seawater about 2700", "unit": "mg/L" }, { "quantity": "Seawater dissolved sulfate", "typical_range": "28.0-28.2", "unit": "mmol/kg" }, { "quantity": "Second acidity constant of sulfuric acid (HSO₄⁻ ⇌ H⁺ + SO₄²⁻)", "typical_range": "1.9-2.0", "unit": "pKa" }, { "quantity": "S-O bond length in the free tetrahedral anion", "typical_range": "about 1.47", "unit": "Å" }, { "quantity": "Atmospheric sulfate in PM2.5", "typical_range": "remote air often <1; polluted urban/regional air commonly 1-15", "unit": "µg/m³ as SO₄" }, { "quantity": "Sulfur isotope composition δ³⁴S (source tracing)", "typical_range": "commonly about −40 to +40 depending on source", "unit": "‰ versus VCDT" }, { "quantity": "Gypsum solubility in water at 25 °C", "typical_range": "about 2.0-2.6", "unit": "g/L as CaSO₄·2H₂O" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of sulfate this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "High-sulfate drinking water, especially as sodium or magnesium sulfate, causes osmotic diarrhea and a bitter or salty taste; this is the basis of the 250 mg/L aesthetic limits.", "Calcium sulfate scale (gypsum/anhydrite) fouls boilers, heat exchangers, oilfield tubing and reverse-osmosis membranes.", "External sulfate attack and thaumasite/ettringite formation degrade Portland-cement concrete in sulfate-bearing soils and groundwater.", "Oxidation of sulfide minerals in acid sulfate soils and mine waste generates sulfuric acid, mobilises metals and corrodes steel and concrete.", "Sulfate-reducing bacteria produce H₂S, sour oil and gas, and biogenic sulfuric acid that destroys sewer crowns.", "Secondary sulfate aerosol contributes to PM2.5 mortality risk and, as acid deposition, to ecosystem acidification.", "The sulfate ion itself is of low acute toxicity; hazard often tracks the cation (e.g. soluble barium, nickel or cadmium sulfates), not SO₄²⁻." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of sulfate this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Spelling: IUPAC and U.S. usage is sulfate; British, Irish and much Commonwealth usage remains sulphate, including in EU drinking-water law.", "Acid sulfate soils are a named land-management problem in coastal Australia, the Mekong Delta, Florida, and Litorina clays of Finland and Sweden.", "Naturally high-sulfate groundwater is characteristic of evaporite and arid basins (parts of the North American Great Plains, interior Australia, some Mediterranean and Central Asian aquifers).", "Mineral-class naming of sulfates (gypsum versus alabaster versus selenite; baryte versus barite) still follows national mineralogical traditions." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of sulfate this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "sulfite (SO₃²⁻)", "difference": "Sulfur(IV) versus sulfur(VI); sulfite is a reductant (iodine, dichromate) and is oxidised to sulfate; ion chromatography or a selective oxidation step separates them." }, { "name": "sulfide / hydrogen sulfide (S²⁻, H₂S)", "difference": "Sulfur(−II); acid-volatile, odorous, precipitated as metal sulfides; not retained as sulfate on anion chromatography without prior oxidation." }, { "name": "thiosulfate (S₂O₃²⁻)", "difference": "Contains an S-S linkage and titrates iodine; distinct IC retention and no BaSO₄ precipitate until oxidised." }, { "name": "peroxydisulfate / persulfate (S₂O₈²⁻)", "difference": "Peroxo-bridged S(VI) dimer and a strong oxidant; not the free sulfate ion, though it hydrolyses or is reduced to sulfate." }, { "name": "organosulfonate (R-SO₃⁻)", "difference": "C-S bond, not the C-O-S of a sulfate ester; sulfonates resist acid hydrolysis that cleaves sulfate esters to SO₄²⁻." }, { "name": "hydrogen sulfate / bisulfate (HSO₄⁻)", "difference": "The monoprotonated form of the same acid system; dominates only at low pH (around and below pKa ≈ 2) and is readily distinguished by charge and pH." }, { "name": "phosphate (PO₄³⁻)", "difference": "Analogous tetrahedral oxoanion of phosphorus; molybdenum-blue colorimetry, ³¹P NMR, or ion chromatography separate it from sulfate." }, { "name": "selenate (SeO₄²⁻)", "difference": "Isostructural selenium(VI) analogue; not precipitated quantitatively as BaSO₄ under the same conditions and is measured by selenium-specific spectroscopy or IC." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of sulfate this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend sulfate to denote only inorganic SO4^2−, or also sulfate salts, hydrogen sulfate and organic sulfate derivatives?", "Does an existing Vercy world model already own this concept or a broader sulfur-speciation model to which this entry should link?", "Which sample matrices and intended decisions should determine the initial analytical methods and evidence requirements?", "Which authoritative thermodynamic sources and activity models should support sulfate speciation and sulfate-mineral saturation assessments across the intended conditions?", "Which application-specific criteria should govern intervention success, and which neighbouring models should own those criteria?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a sulfate, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise inorganic sulfate, assess its chemical form and amount in a material, and determine which measurements or interventions are justified.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: bisulfate salt, silver(II) sulfate, sulfate ester, alkyl sulfate(1-), steroid sulfate, carbohydrate sulfate, sulfate conjugate, kanamycin sulfate, Sulfuric acid--4,6-diamino-3-[(6-amino-6-deoxyhexopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-amino-3-deoxyhexopyranoside (1/1).", "9 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 63 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a sulfate, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "bisulfate salt", "silver(II) sulfate", "sulfate ester", "alkyl sulfate(1-)", "steroid sulfate", "carbohydrate sulfate", "sulfate conjugate", "kanamycin sulfate", "Sulfuric acid--4,6-diamino-3-[(6-amino-6-deoxyhexopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-amino-3-deoxyhexopyranoside (1/1)" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 63 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 9 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one sulfate from another, and a sulfate from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a sulfate sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a sulfate from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a sulfate is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a sulfate is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a sulfate is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a sulfate is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a sulfate is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a sulfate is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a sulfate passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a sulfate between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a sulfate, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a sulfate is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a sulfate and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a sulfate is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a sulfate performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a sulfate.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a sulfate at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a sulfate there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What sulfate is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name sulfate unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of sulfate exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How sulfate behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of sulfate, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is sulfate incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How sulfate can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is sulfate classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover sulfate, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a sulfate came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a sulfate and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a sulfate is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a sulfate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a sulfate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a sulfate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }