{ "model": { "rank": 6653, "code": "thing-q2822895", "model_id": "vr.tr.lithium-ion-battery", "name": "lithium-ion battery", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a lithium-ion battery, assess its stored energy and condition, and determine which uses or interventions its documented limits permit.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q2822895/", "tier": 2, "score": 59, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "solid state silicon battery", "INR18650-MJ1", "INR18650-P28B", "INR18650-25R", "INR18650-P28A", "INR18650-35E", "INR18650-MH1", "INR21700-M50", "NCR18650B", "Solid-state lithium-ion battery", "lithium-ion manganese oxide battery", "Lithium vanadium phosphate battery", "lithium cobalt oxide battery", "Nickel–lithium battery", "dual-carbon battery", "Lithium–silicon battery", "lithium titanate battery", "20700", "26650", "25500", "32600", "32650", "75400", "18500", "14500", "10440", "Tesla Powerpack", "lithium iron phosphate battery", "NMC accumulator", "LMFP battery" ], "aliasCount": 30, "merged": 30, "knownIn": 59, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q2822895", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2822895", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T23:13:10Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 25.3, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08871-3516-7840-80ae-8aca0d988bec\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: lithium-ion battery\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 007: ", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 74.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08871-3519-7d03-9340-bc9bb2a06670\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: lithium-ion battery\nRegistry id: vr.tr.lithium-ion-battery\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this " } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q2822895", "registryId": "vr.tr.lithium-ion-battery", "name": "lithium-ion battery", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2822895/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.lithium-ion-battery", "name": "lithium-ion battery", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a lithium-ion battery, assess its stored energy and condition, and determine which uses or interventions its documented limits permit.", "definition": "A lithium-ion battery is a rechargeable electrochemical energy-storage device comprising one or more cells in which lithium ions move through an electrolyte between electrodes that reversibly accommodate lithium, while electrons flow through an external circuit.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the lithium-ion battery kind and the evidence needed to describe a cell, module or pack, distinguishing chemistry, assembly configuration, operating limits and observed state without treating a product specification or individual unit as the kind itself.", "in_scope": [ "Rechargeable lithium-ion identity, electrode chemistry and cell construction", "Cell, module and pack boundaries, connections and integrated protection", "Energy storage performance and permitted charge and discharge conditions", "State of charge, state of health and evidence of degradation", "Thermal behaviour, damage indicators and protective responses", "Application suitability, traceability and lifecycle disposition" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Primary lithium battery kinds and rechargeable lithium-metal battery kinds", "Electrode materials, electrolytes and separators as independently modelled substances", "External chargers, inverters and host equipment beyond their battery interfaces", "Complete vehicles or stationary energy storage installations", "Manufacturing plants and recycling processes as operational systems", "Product catalogues and individual asset records as independent sources of truth" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require chemistry evidence identifying rechargeable lithium-ion operation; rechargeability or the word lithium alone does not distinguish it from other lithium battery kinds.", "Distinguish lithium-ion storage from lead-acid, nickel-based and capacitor storage using documented electrochemistry rather than enclosure shape or terminal voltage alone.", "Treat lithium-polymer labelling as requiring clarification of electrolyte and construction, rather than automatically identifying a separate storage principle.", "Determine whether the described object is a cell, module or pack before interpreting capacity, voltage, protection or thermal measurements.", "Distinguish a battery from its host device or charger by identifying the electrochemical storage boundary and electrical interfaces." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Electrochemical identity", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Documented positive electrode, negative electrode and electrolyte families; unknown where unverified", "why_it_matters": "The lithium-ion label alone does not establish voltage limits, thermal behaviour or application suitability." }, { "name": "Assembly configuration", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Cell, module or pack; series and parallel cell counts where known", "why_it_matters": "Determines how cell properties relate to terminal behaviour and which internal differences may be hidden." }, { "name": "Rated charge capacity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Ah, with temperature, discharge rate, voltage endpoints and source", "why_it_matters": "Capacity is comparable only when its rating or measurement conditions are known." }, { "name": "Rated and usable energy", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Wh, distinguishing declared rating from measured usable energy and recording conditions", "why_it_matters": "Supports runtime estimates without treating charge capacity as energy." }, { "name": "Voltage envelope", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "V; nominal voltage and permitted upper and lower limits at the stated assembly level", "why_it_matters": "Supports charger compatibility and recognition of operation outside documented limits." }, { "name": "Current and power envelope", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "A and W; continuous or pulse duration, direction, temperature and state dependencies", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a brief peak rating from being interpreted as a sustained operating capability." }, { "name": "Temperature envelope", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "°C; separate charge, discharge and storage limits, with sensor location", "why_it_matters": "Permitted operation depends on both temperature and the activity being attempted." }, { "name": "State of charge", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "% with estimation method, reference capacity, timestamp and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Indicates estimated remaining charge while exposing the limits of the estimate." }, { "name": "State of health", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Capacity retention %, resistance change or application-specific health metric with baseline and method", "why_it_matters": "Avoids treating health as a universal percentage independent of measurement or intended use." }, { "name": "Physical construction", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Cylindrical, prismatic, pouch or other documented form; dimensions in mm and mass in kg", "why_it_matters": "Constrains mounting, handling, mechanical protection and replacement compatibility." }, { "name": "Protection and monitoring", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Associated protection circuits, battery management system, sensors, disconnects and cooling provisions", "why_it_matters": "Identifies which safeguards exist and whether they belong to the battery or its host." }, { "name": "Observed condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Documented observations including deformation, leakage, corrosion, abnormal heating, fault indication or unknown condition", "why_it_matters": "Supports evidence-based restriction of use without equating missing observations with a healthy battery." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify the chemistry and assembly level from labels, documentation and traceable records.", "Compare a proposed charger, load or replacement against documented electrical, thermal and interface limits.", "Estimate usable energy and runtime with explicit operating assumptions and uncertainty.", "Interpret telemetry and inspection evidence to assess charge state, degradation and faults.", "Determine whether operation, diagnostic testing or service is permitted under the applicable documented procedure.", "Select a documented storage, transport, reuse or recycling pathway appropriate to condition and jurisdiction." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "electrochemical-identity", "name": "Electrochemical identity", "description": "Establish what makes the registered thing lithium-ion and distinguish its relevant chemistry variants.", "rationale": "A shared lithium-ion label does not make batteries interchangeable or give them identical operating limits.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemistry-boundary", "name": "Chemistry boundary", "description": "Separate lithium-ion identity from neighbouring lithium storage technologies and ambiguous commercial labels.", "findings": [ { "id": "verified-storage-chemistry", "name": "Verified storage chemistry", "description": "Record the evidence needed to classify the storage mechanism and electrode system without inferring chemistry from appearance.", "questions": [ { "text": "What manufacturer or technical evidence identifies this battery as rechargeable lithium-ion rather than primary lithium or rechargeable lithium-metal?", "kind": "definition", "id": "verified-storage-chemistry-q01" }, { "text": "Which positive electrode, negative electrode and electrolyte descriptions are verified, and which remain unspecified?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "verified-storage-chemistry-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "cell-construction", "name": "Cell construction", "description": "Describe construction choices relevant to integration and interpretation of labels.", "findings": [ { "id": "form-and-construction-evidence", "name": "Form and construction evidence", "description": "Distinguish external cell format from internal chemistry and electrolyte terminology.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the documented cell format, dimensions, mass and mechanical mounting constraints?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "form-and-construction-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "If the battery is labelled lithium-polymer or solid-state, what construction does that label denote and does the chemistry remain within this model's boundary?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "form-and-construction-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "assembly-and-interfaces", "name": "Assembly and interfaces", "description": "Locate the battery boundary and relate constituent cells to externally accessible behaviour.", "rationale": "Cell ratings and safeguards cannot be assumed to describe a complete pack or its host system.", "layers": [ { "id": "electrical-topology", "name": "Electrical topology", "description": "Identify assembly level, cell arrangement and the scope of measured quantities.", "findings": [ { "id": "cell-to-pack-mapping", "name": "Cell-to-pack mapping", "description": "Record how cells form the assembly and where evidence applies.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the described battery a cell, module or pack, and what series and parallel arrangement is documented?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "cell-to-pack-mapping-q01" }, { "text": "Which voltage, current and temperature observations describe individual cells, cell groups or the complete assembly?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "cell-to-pack-mapping-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "host-and-management-interfaces", "name": "Host and management interfaces", "description": "Describe power, communication and thermal connections together with responsibility for control.", "findings": [ { "id": "interface-and-control-ownership", "name": "Interface and control ownership", "description": "Identify terminal compatibility and which battery or host components control operation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What terminal polarity, connector, communication and thermal interface requirements govern connection to a host or charger?", "kind": "action", "id": "interface-and-control-ownership-q01" }, { "text": "Which monitoring, balancing and disconnect functions are integrated into the battery, and which depend on external equipment?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "interface-and-control-ownership-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "energy-and-operating-envelope", "name": "Energy and operating envelope", "description": "Relate useful energy delivery to documented charge, discharge and temperature constraints.", "rationale": "Capacity alone cannot establish runtime, charger suitability or permitted power demand.", "layers": [ { "id": "capacity-and-energy", "name": "Capacity and energy", "description": "Make ratings and measured performance interpretable under explicit conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "conditional-energy-performance", "name": "Conditional energy performance", "description": "Record charge capacity and energy as separate quantities with their test boundaries.", "questions": [ { "text": "What Ah and Wh ratings are declared, and at what temperature, discharge rate and voltage endpoints were they established?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "conditional-energy-performance-q01" }, { "text": "What usable energy is supported for the intended load profile, including reserve settings and conversion losses outside the battery boundary?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "conditional-energy-performance-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "permitted-charge-and-discharge", "name": "Permitted charge and discharge", "description": "Capture limits and control requirements separately for charging and delivering energy.", "findings": [ { "id": "documented-operating-limits", "name": "Documented operating limits", "description": "Tie operating decisions to the applicable battery specification and conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What charge method, termination criteria, voltage limits and current limits does the applicable specification permit?", "kind": "action", "id": "documented-operating-limits-q01" }, { "text": "How do permitted charge and discharge currents depend on temperature, state of charge and pulse duration?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "documented-operating-limits-q02" }, { "text": "What evidence establishes compatibility with the proposed charger and load?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "documented-operating-limits-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-degradation", "name": "State and degradation", "description": "Represent estimated stored charge, performance loss and differences among constituent cells.", "rationale": "Batteries with identical ratings can have materially different available energy and power capability.", "layers": [ { "id": "charge-state-estimation", "name": "Charge state estimation", "description": "Expose how remaining charge is inferred and how much confidence the estimate deserves.", "findings": [ { "id": "state-of-charge-evidence", "name": "State of charge evidence", "description": "Associate each charge estimate with its reference, method and observation conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "How was state of charge estimated, against which capacity reference, and when was the estimate last updated?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "state-of-charge-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What uncertainty or calibration limitations affect the estimate under the present temperature and load history?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "state-of-charge-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "ageing-and-cell-divergence", "name": "Ageing and cell divergence", "description": "Assess performance change over time without reducing every degradation mode to one health score.", "findings": [ { "id": "health-and-imbalance-evidence", "name": "Health and imbalance evidence", "description": "Connect capacity loss, resistance and cell differences to baselines and service history.", "questions": [ { "text": "What capacity-retention and resistance measurements support the health assessment, and what methods and baselines make them comparable?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "health-and-imbalance-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence shows cell-group voltage or temperature divergence, and how does it constrain usable pack performance?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "health-and-imbalance-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "Which storage, temperature, charge and discharge history is known, and which proposed degradation causes remain unverified?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "health-and-imbalance-evidence-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "thermal-behaviour-and-fault-response", "name": "Thermal behaviour and fault response", "description": "Connect thermal observations, physical damage and protection status to permitted responses.", "rationale": "A plausible voltage or charge estimate does not establish that a battery is fit to operate.", "layers": [ { "id": "thermal-condition", "name": "Thermal condition", "description": "Interpret temperature observations in the context of sensor coverage and heat removal.", "findings": [ { "id": "thermal-observation-coverage", "name": "Thermal observation coverage", "description": "Record what temperature evidence reveals and what internal conditions it cannot resolve.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where are temperatures measured, what gradients or rates of rise are observed, and which regions are unmonitored?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "thermal-observation-coverage-q01" }, { "text": "What cooling or heat-dissipation provisions are required, and what operation is permitted when they are unavailable?", "kind": "action", "id": "thermal-observation-coverage-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "damage-and-protection", "name": "Damage and protection", "description": "Recognise abnormal condition and determine the scope of protective systems.", "findings": [ { "id": "fault-evidence-and-response", "name": "Fault evidence and response", "description": "Link observed damage and fault indications to documented restrictions and response procedures.", "questions": [ { "text": "What inspection or telemetry evidence indicates swelling, leakage, mechanical damage, abnormal heating or an electrical fault?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "fault-evidence-and-response-q01" }, { "text": "Which overcharge, overdischarge, overcurrent and temperature protections are documented, and what evidence establishes their present status?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "fault-evidence-and-response-q02" }, { "text": "Which documented stop-use, isolation or emergency procedure applies to the observed condition, and who is authorised to carry it out?", "kind": "action", "id": "fault-evidence-and-response-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "traceability-and-lifecycle-disposition", "name": "Traceability and lifecycle disposition", "description": "Establish applicable evidence and conditions for integration, storage, transport and end-of-service decisions.", "rationale": "Suitability depends on intended application, condition and evidence whose scope may be narrower than a battery family.", "layers": [ { "id": "specification-and-conformity", "name": "Specification and conformity", "description": "Connect the battery to applicable specifications and independently identifiable conformity evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "applicable-evidence-scope", "name": "Applicable evidence scope", "description": "Distinguish supported conformity claims from labels or records that cover another configuration.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which manufacturer, model, revision and lot or serial records connect the battery to its governing specification?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "applicable-evidence-scope-q01" }, { "text": "Which standards and issuing bodies apply to the intended application and jurisdiction, and which editions and test records support conformity?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "applicable-evidence-scope-q02" }, { "text": "Does the cited evidence cover the cell, the assembled pack or the integrated system, and does it cover this configuration?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "applicable-evidence-scope-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "storage-transfer-and-retirement", "name": "Storage, transfer and retirement", "description": "Determine lifecycle actions using condition, history and destination requirements.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-dependent-disposition", "name": "Condition-dependent disposition", "description": "Record the evidence and procedures needed to keep, transfer, repurpose or retire the battery.", "questions": [ { "text": "What storage temperature, charge condition, inspection interval and terminal protection does the applicable documentation require?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-dependent-disposition-q01" }, { "text": "What current transport requirements and supporting records apply to its configuration, condition, route and transport mode?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-dependent-disposition-q02" }, { "text": "What assessment permits continued service or reuse, and what documented collection or recycling pathway applies when it is retired?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-dependent-disposition-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Recalled information only; standard editions, detailed applicability and regulatory implementation dates require verification.", "Measurement ranges are broad cell-level examples, not specifications or safe operating limits for a particular product.", "Chemistry labels mix positive-electrode families with the negative-electrode designation LTO; performance also depends on electrode pairing, construction and operating conditions." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of lithium-ion battery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Lithium iron phosphate (LFP)", "Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC)", "Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA)", "Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO)", "Lithium manganese oxide (LMO)", "Lithium titanate (LTO, distinguished by its negative-electrode material)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of lithium-ion battery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "UN dangerous goods numbers", "value_or_pattern": "UN 3480; UN 3481", "note": "UN 3480 identifies lithium-ion batteries shipped on their own; UN 3481 identifies them packed with or contained in equipment. These are transport classifications, not product identifiers." }, { "scheme": "Cylindrical cell size designations", "value_or_pattern": "18650; 21700", "note": "Common nominal formats approximately 18 mm diameter by 65 mm length and 21 mm diameter by 70 mm length respectively; dimensions alone do not establish chemistry, capacity or interchangeability." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of lithium-ion battery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "IEC 62133-2 - International Electrotechnical Commission safety requirements for portable sealed secondary lithium cells and batteries.", "IEC 62619 - International Electrotechnical Commission safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries used in industrial applications.", "UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, subsection 38.3 - United Nations transport testing provisions for lithium cells and batteries.", "UL 1642 - UL safety standard for lithium batteries.", "Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 - European Parliament and Council regulation concerning batteries and waste batteries." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of lithium-ion battery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Portable electronics, including phones and laptop computers.", "Traction batteries for electric vehicles and electric bicycles.", "Cordless power tools and portable equipment.", "Stationary storage for renewable energy and electricity grids.", "Backup power and uninterruptible power supplies." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of lithium-ion battery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Nominal cell voltage", "typical_range": "Approximately 2.3-3.7, depending on chemistry; LTO cells are typically at the lower end", "unit": "V" }, { "quantity": "Cell specific energy", "typical_range": "Approximately 70-300 across common commercial chemistries; complete packs generally have lower values", "unit": "Wh/kg" }, { "quantity": "Capacity of common 18650 and 21700 cylindrical cells", "typical_range": "Approximately 1.5-6, depending on size and design", "unit": "Ah" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of lithium-ion battery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Internal short circuits caused by manufacturing defects, mechanical damage or separator degradation can initiate thermal runaway.", "Overcharging or excessive heating can cause electrolyte decomposition, gas generation, venting and fire.", "Charging outside permitted temperature or current limits can cause lithium plating, capacity loss and increased short-circuit risk.", "Deep overdischarge can damage internal components and make subsequent charging hazardous.", "Ageing increases resistance and reduces capacity; failed cells can release flammable gases and toxic decomposition products." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of lithium-ion battery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Transport requirements depend on mode and jurisdiction, with international frameworks drawing on UN classifications and testing provisions.", "The European Union applies a dedicated batteries regulation, while collection, recycling and producer-responsibility obligations differ elsewhere." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of lithium-ion battery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Lithium metal battery", "difference": "Uses metallic lithium as an electrode active material; conventional lithium-ion batteries use lithium-hosting electrode materials and are designed for recharge." }, { "name": "Lithium-polymer battery", "difference": "Usually denotes a lithium-ion subtype distinguished by its polymer-containing electrolyte system; a pouch enclosure alone does not establish electrolyte composition." }, { "name": "Sodium-ion battery", "difference": "Uses sodium ions rather than lithium ions as the principal charge-carrying species exchanged between electrodes." }, { "name": "Battery cell", "difference": "A cell is an individual electrochemical unit; a battery may comprise one or more cells with connections, protection and packaging." }, { "name": "Solid-state battery", "difference": "Distinguished by a solid electrolyte rather than by lithium-ion chemistry; the categories can overlap." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of lithium-ion battery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does an existing Vercy world model already own lithium-ion batteries or rechargeable electrochemical storage, requiring this registry entry to link to it or specialise it?", "Which chemistry variants, including lithium-polymer and solid-state-labelled products, belong within the registry's intended boundary?", "Which authoritative sources should establish chemistry-specific operating limits and representative capacity, energy, mass and dimensional ranges?", "Which application-specific standards, transport requirements and conformity records should be researched first, and for which jurisdictions?", "Which state-of-health methods and retirement criteria can support comparison across battery variants without implying a universal threshold?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 7, "layers": 13, "findings": 21, "questions": 38 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a lithium-ion battery, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise a lithium-ion battery, assess its stored energy and condition, and determine which uses or interventions its documented limits permit.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: solid state silicon battery, INR18650-MJ1, INR18650-P28B, INR18650-25R, INR18650-P28A, INR18650-35E, INR18650-MH1, INR21700-M50, NCR18650B, Solid-state lithium-ion battery, lithium-ion manganese oxide battery, Lithium vanadium phosphate battery.", "30 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 59 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a lithium-ion battery, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "solid state silicon battery", "INR18650-MJ1", "INR18650-P28B", "INR18650-25R", "INR18650-P28A", "INR18650-35E", "INR18650-MH1", "INR21700-M50", "NCR18650B", "Solid-state lithium-ion battery", "lithium-ion manganese oxide battery", "Lithium vanadium phosphate battery" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 59 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 30 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one lithium-ion battery from another, and a lithium-ion battery from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a lithium-ion battery sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a lithium-ion battery from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a lithium-ion battery is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a lithium-ion battery is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a lithium-ion battery is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a lithium-ion battery is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a lithium-ion battery is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a lithium-ion battery is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a lithium-ion battery passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a lithium-ion battery between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a lithium-ion battery, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a lithium-ion battery is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What lithium-ion battery is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does lithium-ion battery perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise lithium-ion battery, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How lithium-ion battery is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does lithium-ion battery have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does lithium-ion battery need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about lithium-ion battery is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about lithium-ion battery hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern lithium-ion battery, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a lithium-ion battery came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a lithium-ion battery and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a lithium-ion battery is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a lithium-ion battery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a lithium-ion battery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a lithium-ion battery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }