{ "model": { "rank": 4084, "code": "thing-q28549308", "model_id": "vr.tr.fake-news", "name": "fake news", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognize suspected fabricated news, assess claims and provenance, and choose proportionate handling while preserving uncertainty and correction history.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.MED", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q28549308/", "tier": 2, "score": 78, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "fake news in the elections in Brazil in 2022", "fake news in Poland", "russian fake news", "fake news in Brazil", "fake news in India", "fake news in the Philippines" ], "aliasCount": 6, "merged": 6, "knownIn": 78, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q28549308", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T19:26:26Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 20.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087a1-d2d1-7b83-9b4c-3f0680247bf4\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: fake news\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: INF.MED\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 695 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 regist", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 62.1, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087a1-d2bf-7133-b63f-2734117c5d40\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: fake news\nRegistry id: vr.tr.fake-news\nPlane / domain: INF / INF.MED\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nCont" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q28549308", "registryId": "vr.tr.fake-news", "name": "fake news", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.MED" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q28549308/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.fake-news", "name": "fake news", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognize suspected fabricated news, assess claims and provenance, and choose proportionate handling while preserving uncertainty and correction history.", "definition": "In its narrower analytical sense, fake news is fabricated information presented in the form of news with the intention of deceiving audiences about its factual accuracy.", "scope_statement": "This model owns news-like content suspected or established to contain materially false or fabricated factual claims, including its presentation, versions, evidential assessment and circulation; it treats 'fake news' as a contested classification whose application requires explicit criteria.", "in_scope": [ "News-like items and the factual claims on which their central message depends", "Signals that content presents itself as authentic reporting", "Evidence supporting, contradicting or leaving claims unresolved", "Content provenance, material alterations and evidence concerning deceptive intent", "Circulation context, assessments, corrections and handling decisions" ], "out_of_scope": [ "General models of journalism, news organizations and editorial production", "Misinformation that does not present itself as news or reporting", "Disinformation campaigns as coordinated operations across multiple items", "Satire, parody and fiction clearly presented and understood as such", "Platform governance, legal liability and copyright regimes in their entirety", "Audience beliefs and population-level persuasion effects beyond evidence linked to the item" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "The item invites acceptance as factual reporting through its wording, format, attribution or circulation context; an unsupported assertion alone does not establish news imitation.", "A central factual claim must be assessed against evidence; disagreement, political viewpoint or unfavorable coverage does not establish falsity.", "Fabrication, material alteration and authentic material placed in a false context are distinguished from minor reporting errors and from claims that remain unverified.", "Evidence of deceptive intent is recorded separately from factual accuracy; falsity alone does not demonstrate deliberate deception.", "Satire or fiction labels are evaluated in the encountered version and context because redistribution may remove the cues that originally distinguished them from reporting." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "News presentation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "explicit reporting claim | implied reporting claim | clearly labeled fiction or satire | ambiguous", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether the item belongs within this model's news-like boundary." }, { "name": "Claim assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "unassessed | supported | contradicted | mixed | insufficient evidence | not fact-checkable", "why_it_matters": "Separates evidence-based conclusions from suspicion and distinguishes factual claims from opinion." }, { "name": "Materiality of disputed content", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "central to the message | supporting detail | incidental | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a small error from automatically determining the classification of the whole item." }, { "name": "Misrepresentation mechanism", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "fabricated claim | fabricated attribution | impersonated outlet | altered media | false context | misleading headline | multiple | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Identifies what must be checked and what a useful correction must explain." }, { "name": "Evidence concerning deceptive intent", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "unassessed | insufficient evidence | supported by cited evidence | contested", "why_it_matters": "Avoids treating an inaccurate item as proof of the creator's or distributor's intentions." }, { "name": "Version and derivation", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "original candidate | copy of | translation of | excerpt of | altered from | corrected by", "why_it_matters": "Connects assessments to the exact content encountered and traces changes that affect meaning." }, { "name": "Assessment provenance", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "assessed claim → evidence, assessor, method and assessment time", "why_it_matters": "Makes classifications reviewable and supports revision when evidence changes." }, { "name": "Observed circulation", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "observed posts, shares or views within a named platform and time interval; unknown where unavailable", "why_it_matters": "Supports response prioritization without equating engagement counts with unique exposure or belief." }, { "name": "Correction status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "none observed | correction issued | retracted | copies partly updated | propagation unknown", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes correcting the source from correcting the versions still circulating." } ], "affordances": [ "Extract checkable claims and identify the exact version under assessment.", "Trace attributed sources and media to assess authenticity and context.", "Compare claims with evidence and record bounded, revisable conclusions.", "Connect circulating variants to alterations, missing context and corrections.", "Recommend contextualization, review or other authorized handling based on evidence and likely consequences.", "Reassess classifications and track whether corrections reach observed copies." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "news-identity-and-boundary", "name": "News identity and boundary", "description": "Establishes what item is being assessed and why it may be understood as news.", "rationale": "The label can otherwise collapse reporting, opinion, satire and political disagreement into one category.", "layers": [ { "id": "reporting-presentation", "name": "Reporting presentation", "description": "Examines the item's invitation to believe it reports real events.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-to-report-reality", "name": "Claim to report reality", "description": "Record reporting cues, factual assertions and fiction or satire cues in the encountered context.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which features invite the audience to treat this item as factual reporting?", "kind": "definition", "id": "claim-to-report-reality-q01" }, { "text": "Is this reporting, opinion, satire or fiction, and have redistribution or cropping removed relevant cues?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "claim-to-report-reality-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "assessment-unit", "name": "Assessment unit", "description": "Separates the underlying story from a particular headline, clip, translation or repost.", "findings": [ { "id": "version-specific-identity", "name": "Version-specific identity", "description": "Attach the assessment to a recoverable version and its material relationship to other versions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which exact text, image, audio or video version is being assessed, and when was it captured?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "version-specific-identity-q01" }, { "text": "Does the disputed meaning originate in the story, headline, attached media, translation or repost commentary?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "version-specific-identity-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "claims-and-evidence", "name": "Claims and evidence", "description": "Supports claim-level assessment before assigning an item-level classification.", "rationale": "An item may mix accurate facts, unsupported assertions and material fabrication.", "layers": [ { "id": "claim-decomposition", "name": "Claim decomposition", "description": "Identifies checkable assertions and their importance to the item's message.", "findings": [ { "id": "central-checkable-claims", "name": "Central checkable claims", "description": "Separate factual assertions from interpretation and identify which assertions determine the central message.", "questions": [ { "text": "What precise assertions about people, events, dates or quantities can be checked independently?", "kind": "definition", "id": "central-checkable-claims-q01" }, { "text": "Would correcting each disputed assertion materially change the headline or central conclusion?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "central-checkable-claims-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-assessment", "name": "Evidence assessment", "description": "Records the basis, limits and timing of each factual assessment.", "findings": [ { "id": "support-and-contradiction", "name": "Support and contradiction", "description": "Record accessible evidence and distinguish contradictory evidence from an unsuccessful search for confirmation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which inspected sources support or contradict each central claim, and are they independent of the item being checked?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "support-and-contradiction-q01" }, { "text": "What conclusion does the evidence justify as of the assessment date, and what remains unresolved?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "support-and-contradiction-q02" }, { "text": "Is a claim being treated as false merely because corroboration was not found?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "support-and-contradiction-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "fabrication-and-provenance", "name": "Fabrication and provenance", "description": "Examines how the item was constructed and whether its apparent authority is authentic.", "rationale": "False attribution, manipulated media and context substitution require different checks and corrections.", "layers": [ { "id": "authority-and-origin", "name": "Authority and origin", "description": "Traces claimed authorship, publication and cited witnesses or documents.", "findings": [ { "id": "attribution-authenticity", "name": "Attribution authenticity", "description": "Separate claimed origin from verified origin and identify circular sourcing or impersonation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Can the claimed outlet, author, quotation or document be traced to an authentic source?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "attribution-authenticity-q01" }, { "text": "Do apparently corroborating reports provide independent evidence or repeat the same unsupported origin?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "attribution-authenticity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "alteration-and-intent", "name": "Alteration and intent", "description": "Separates observable misrepresentation from claims about why a person created or shared it.", "findings": [ { "id": "mechanism-and-intent-evidence", "name": "Mechanism and intent evidence", "description": "Document fabrication, alteration or false context, while attributing intent only where specific evidence supports it.", "questions": [ { "text": "What comparison establishes that a claim, attribution, image or recording was fabricated, altered or placed in a false context?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "mechanism-and-intent-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports deceptive intent for a specific creator or distributor, separately from the content's inaccuracy?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "mechanism-and-intent-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "Could the observed discrepancy reflect error, parody or an unresolved attribution rather than demonstrated deception?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "mechanism-and-intent-evidence-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "circulation-and-context", "name": "Circulation and context", "description": "Tracks how versions and surrounding cues change as an item travels.", "rationale": "An authentic fragment can acquire a false news meaning through new captions, dates or attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "variant-lineage", "name": "Variant lineage", "description": "Connects observed copies and identifies meaningful transformations.", "findings": [ { "id": "meaning-changing-republication", "name": "Meaning-changing republication", "description": "Record additions and omissions that change what a circulating version appears to claim.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observed copy is the earliest recoverable version, and what limits prevent identifying the original?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "meaning-changing-republication-q01" }, { "text": "Which reposts change the date, location, caption, headline or disclosure in a way that changes the apparent claim?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "meaning-changing-republication-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "exposure-and-consequences", "name": "Exposure and consequences", "description": "Records observed circulation and specific reasons an inaccurate item may require attention.", "findings": [ { "id": "bounded-impact-assessment", "name": "Bounded impact assessment", "description": "Separate measured circulation, plausible consequences and documented audience responses.", "questions": [ { "text": "What circulation counts are observable, for which versions, platforms and time windows?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "bounded-impact-assessment-q01" }, { "text": "What decisions could this item affect, and which consequences are documented rather than merely plausible?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "bounded-impact-assessment-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-correction", "name": "Classification and correction", "description": "Turns an assessment into an explicit classification and a reviewable response.", "rationale": "The model must support useful handling without converting unresolved suspicions into permanent labels.", "layers": [ { "id": "classification-decision", "name": "Classification decision", "description": "Applies stated criteria and records uncertainty, authority and response rationale.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-bounded-handling", "name": "Evidence-bounded handling", "description": "Record whether the item meets the chosen definition and what action is justified within the agent's authority.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which explicit definition of fake news is being applied, and does the evidence satisfy each required criterion?", "kind": "definition", "id": "evidence-bounded-handling-q01" }, { "text": "Given the evidence, uncertainty and consequences, should the agent add context, request review, recommend a correction or take another authorized action?", "kind": "action", "id": "evidence-bounded-handling-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "correction-and-reassessment", "name": "Correction and reassessment", "description": "Preserves assessment history and follows corrections across circulating versions.", "findings": [ { "id": "correction-reach-and-revision", "name": "Correction reach and revision", "description": "Link corrections to affected claims and versions, and identify evidence that should trigger a revised assessment.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which claims were corrected or retracted, by whom, and which observed copies reflect that change?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "correction-reach-and-revision-q01" }, { "text": "What new evidence or challenge should trigger reassessment, and how will outdated labels be updated?", "kind": "action", "id": "correction-reach-and-revision-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The term has no universally accepted scope; this description covers deliberately fabricated news-like content, not every use of the label.", "Deceptive intent is often difficult to establish from an item alone, and a creator's intent may differ from a subsequent sharer's intent.", "The listed kinds overlap and are not a formal taxonomy; identifiers and regulatory claims are omitted because none can be supplied confidently here." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of fake news this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Wholly fabricated news stories", "Fabricated stories impersonating established news outlets", "Fabricated news produced for advertising revenue", "Fabricated news produced for political influence" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of fake news this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Attracting visits and advertising revenue through sensational fabricated stories", "Influencing political attitudes or public debate", "Damaging the reputation of individuals or organisations", "Supporting scams through fabricated news coverage", "Serving as a category in research on information credibility and circulation" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of fake news this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Proportion of assessed news items classified as fabricated", "typical_range": "0-100; observed values depend on sampling and classification criteria", "unit": "%" }, { "quantity": "Reach of a specified fabricated story", "typical_range": "No generally applicable typical range", "unit": "unique accounts or people exposed" }, { "quantity": "Audience belief in a specified fabricated claim", "typical_range": "0-100; results depend on question wording, population and timing", "unit": "% of respondents" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of fake news this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Readers may mistake a news-like presentation for evidence of verification.", "Repetition and redistribution can detach fabricated claims from corrections or their original context.", "Fabricated stories can damage reputations and distort public decisions.", "Health or emergency fabrications can encourage harmful actions.", "Using the label indiscriminately can discredit accurate reporting and obscure distinctions between deception, error and satire." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of fake news this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The expression and its local equivalents differ in whether they primarily denote fabricated reporting or function as political accusations.", "Language, local media institutions and distribution channels affect how fabricated stories circulate and how readily they can be checked." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of fake news this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "disinformation", "difference": "Disinformation includes intentionally deceptive information in many forms; fake news, in the narrow sense used here, adopts the form of news." }, { "name": "misinformation", "difference": "Misinformation does not require deceptive intent; someone can unknowingly redistribute a fabricated news story as misinformation." }, { "name": "satirical news", "difference": "Satirical news uses fictional reporting for humour or criticism rather than to secure belief in its literal truth, although audiences may misunderstand it." }, { "name": "journalistic error", "difference": "An inaccurate report caused by a mistake lacks the intentional fabrication required by the definition used here." }, { "name": "propaganda", "difference": "Propaganda seeks to shape attitudes or behaviour and may use accurate information; it need not contain fabricated news." }, { "name": "clickbait", "difference": "Clickbait is designed to attract clicks through its presentation; its underlying claims need not be fabricated." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of fake news this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should the registry definition reserve fake news for deliberate fabrication, or include materially false news-like content when intent remains unknown?", "Where should the boundary fall for misleading headlines, selective omission and false context when the item's literal factual statements are accurate?", "What evidence threshold should support item-level classification when only some central claims can be resolved?", "Which existing Vercy models cover news, misinformation, disinformation and media provenance, and what should this entry inherit or link to?", "How should assessments represent culturally dependent satire cues and meaning changes introduced by translation or redistribution?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 17, "questions": 29 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "work, medium or creative form", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a fake news, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognize suspected fabricated news, assess claims and provenance, and choose proportionate handling while preserving uncertainty and correction history.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted", "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: fake news in the elections in Brazil in 2022, fake news in Poland, russian fake news, fake news in Brazil, fake news in India, fake news in the Philippines.", "6 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 78 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a fake news, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says", "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "What is seen is a copy or a performance, not the work. Recognising the work means recognising the content through whatever is carrying it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "fake news in the elections in Brazil in 2022", "fake news in Poland", "russian fake news", "fake news in Brazil", "fake news in India", "fake news in the Philippines" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 78 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 6 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one fake news from another, and a fake news from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a fake news, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a fake news, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a fake news is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a fake news, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a fake news, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a fake news is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a fake news sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a fake news, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a fake news, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a fake news is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a fake news from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a fake news, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a fake news, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a fake news is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a fake news passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a fake news between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a fake news, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a fake news, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a fake news is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a fake news, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a fake news is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a fake news, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a fake news, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a fake news is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a fake news says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a fake news contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a fake news, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a fake news, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a fake news is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a fake news and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a fake news, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a fake news, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a fake news is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "work-and-manifestation", "name": "Work, version and copy", "description": "Which level of fake news a statement is about.", "rationale": "The work, the edition, the file and the copy in hand are four things; rights and content attach to different ones.", "layers": [ { "id": "levels", "name": "Levels of the thing", "description": "Work, expression, manifestation and item, in plain terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs at each level", "description": "Which facts hold for the work and which only for one copy.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "For fake news, which facts belong to the work itself, which to a version, and which to a single copy?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifier exists at each level, and which one is being cited?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "versions", "name": "Versions, editions and variants", "description": "How versions differ and which is canonical to whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "version-record", "name": "Versions and canonicity", "description": "Differences that matter and who calls one authoritative.", "questions": [ { "id": "version-record-q01", "text": "Which versions or editions of fake news exist, and how do they differ substantively?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "version-record-q02", "text": "Who treats which version as authoritative, and for what purpose?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "authorship-and-rights", "name": "Authorship, rights and permitted use", "description": "Who made fake news and what may be done with it.", "rationale": "Rights are jurisdictional, time-limited and attached to a level, and an agent that ignores that will copy what it may not.", "layers": [ { "id": "authorship", "name": "Authorship and contribution", "description": "Who contributed what, and in what capacity.", "findings": [ { "id": "contribution-record", "name": "Contributors and roles", "description": "The people and bodies behind it, with their roles.", "questions": [ { "id": "contribution-record-q01", "text": "Who authored or contributed to fake news, in what roles, and how is that attested?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "contribution-record-q02", "text": "Where authorship is disputed or anonymous, what is recorded instead?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights and permissions", "description": "Which rights subsist, where, until when, and what they permit.", "findings": [ { "id": "rights-record", "name": "Rights, term and permitted acts", "description": "The regime in force and what it allows.", "questions": [ { "id": "rights-record-q01", "text": "What rights subsist in fake news, in which jurisdictions, and until when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "rights-record-q02", "text": "Which acts are permitted without further permission, and which must an agent refuse?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a fake news came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a fake news and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a fake news, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a fake news, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a fake news is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a fake news is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a fake news, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a fake news, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a fake news is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }