{ "model": { "rank": 2552, "code": "thing-q2857578", "model_id": "vr.tr.thunderstorm", "name": "thunderstorm", "purpose": "Let an agent explain thunderstorms and how they form, describe their types and hazards, relay warnings and lightning safety guidance from authorities, and support learning.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.STA", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q2857578/", "tier": 2, "score": 103, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "thundersnow", "Catatumbo lightning", "gharra", "air-mass thunderstorm", "mountain storm", "dry thunderstorm", "supercell", "storm cell", "squall line", "multicellular thunderstorm", "Pulse storm", "Descending reflectivity core" ], "aliasCount": 12, "merged": 12, "knownIn": 103, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.thunderstorm", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q2857578", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2857578", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T00:30:19Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 2, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q2857578", "registryId": "vr.tr.thunderstorm", "name": "thunderstorm", "version": "0.2.0-wave.2", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.STA" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2857578/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.thunderstorm", "name": "thunderstorm", "purpose": "Let an agent explain thunderstorms and how they form, describe their types and hazards, relay warnings and lightning safety guidance from authorities, and support learning.", "definition": "A storm characterised by lightning and thunder produced by cumulonimbus clouds, usually with heavy rain and sometimes hail, strong winds or tornadoes, in forms from single-cell air-mass storms and mountain storms to multicell and supercell storms, dry thunderstorms and thundersnow, and persistent phenomena such as Catatumbo lightning; thunderstorms are forecast and warned by meteorological services and are hazards to people, aviation and property.", "what_it_is_for": "Storms with lightning and thunder.", "affordances": [ "explain formation and types", "describe hazards", "relay warnings and safety guidance", "support learning" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Cumulonimbus convection", "Lightning", "Types by organisation", "Multiple hazards" ], "appearance": "Towering dark clouds with lightning, rain and thunder.", "visual_identification": [ "Lightning and thunder from cumulonimbus", "Single-cell to supercell", "A rain shower lacks lightning; a hurricane is a large rotating system" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "air-mass and single-cell storms", "multicell and squall line storms", "supercell storms", "dry thunderstorms and thundersnow", "persistent and regional phenomena" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "storm", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "weather", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "hailstorm", "why": "hail-producing storms" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "hurricane", "why": "another severe weather entry" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Meteorological warning criteria", "Lightning protection standards for buildings", "Aviation weather rules" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Lightning strikes", "Flash floods and hail", "Wildfires from dry thunderstorms" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "How thunderstorms form.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "formation", "name": "Formation", "description": "Formation and lifecycle.", "findings": [ { "id": "formation-finding", "name": "Formation", "description": "Formation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do thunderstorms form from instability, moisture and lift, and what are their stages?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How does lightning form and produce thunder?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "types", "name": "Types", "description": "Types.", "findings": [ { "id": "types-finding", "name": "Types", "description": "Types.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do air-mass, multicell, supercell, dry and snow thunderstorms differ, and what is Catatumbo lightning?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits a specific type?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "safety", "name": "Safety", "description": "Staying safe.", "rationale": "Practice.", "layers": [ { "id": "lightning", "name": "Lightning", "description": "Lightning safety.", "findings": [ { "id": "lightning-finding", "name": "Lightning", "description": "Lightning.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do authorities advise for lightning safety outdoors, indoors and in vehicles?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is a storm happening now, requiring immediate shelter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "warnings", "name": "Warnings", "description": "Warnings.", "findings": [ { "id": "warnings-finding", "name": "Warnings", "description": "Warnings.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are thunderstorm warnings issued, and what do severity levels mean?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits weather warnings?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "impact", "name": "Impact", "description": "Impacts and protection.", "rationale": "Practice.", "layers": [ { "id": "protection", "name": "Protection", "description": "Protecting property.", "findings": [ { "id": "protection-finding", "name": "Protection", "description": "Protection.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do lightning protection systems and surge protection work, and which standards apply?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits lightning protection?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "sectors", "name": "Sectors", "description": "Aviation and agriculture.", "findings": [ { "id": "sectors-finding", "name": "Sectors", "description": "Sectors.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do thunderstorms affect aviation, agriculture and outdoor events, and how are they managed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits aviation weather?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "learn", "name": "Learn", "description": "Research and teaching.", "rationale": "Education.", "layers": [ { "id": "research", "name": "Research", "description": "Research and climate.", "findings": [ { "id": "research-finding", "name": "Research", "description": "Research.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are thunderstorms studied and forecast, and how is climate change affecting them, according to research?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which findings are uncertain?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "teach", "name": "Teach", "description": "Teaching.", "findings": [ { "id": "teach-finding", "name": "Teach", "description": "Teaching.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can thunderstorm formation be taught?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which misconceptions arise?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should lightning be a separate entry?", "How should warning services be linked?", "How should safety guidance be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a thunderstorm, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain thunderstorms and how they form, describe their types and hazards, relay warnings and lightning safety guidance from authorities, and support learning.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: thundersnow, Catatumbo lightning, gharra, air-mass thunderstorm, mountain storm, dry thunderstorm, supercell, storm cell, squall line, multicellular thunderstorm, Pulse storm, Descending reflectivity core.", "12 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 103 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a thunderstorm, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "thundersnow", "Catatumbo lightning", "gharra", "air-mass thunderstorm", "mountain storm", "dry thunderstorm", "supercell", "storm cell", "squall line", "multicellular thunderstorm", "Pulse storm", "Descending reflectivity core" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 103 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 12 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one thunderstorm from another, and a thunderstorm from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a thunderstorm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a thunderstorm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a thunderstorm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a thunderstorm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a thunderstorm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a thunderstorm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a thunderstorm sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a thunderstorm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a thunderstorm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a thunderstorm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a thunderstorm from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a thunderstorm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a thunderstorm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a thunderstorm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a thunderstorm passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a thunderstorm between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a thunderstorm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a thunderstorm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a thunderstorm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a thunderstorm, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a thunderstorm is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a thunderstorm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a thunderstorm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a thunderstorm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What thunderstorm is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of thunderstorm are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is thunderstorm operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of thunderstorm and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of thunderstorm?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as thunderstorm?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a thunderstorm came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a thunderstorm and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a thunderstorm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a thunderstorm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a thunderstorm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a thunderstorm is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a thunderstorm, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a thunderstorm, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a thunderstorm is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }