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chosen-plaintext attack

vr.tr.chosen-plaintext-attack · thing-q2981730

Enable an agent to recognise a chosen-plaintext attack, assess its capabilities and demonstrated consequences, and select justified evaluation or mitigation actions.

Thing Registry Activities and processes ACT.ACT

Bundle → Layer → Finding → Questions Filled

6 bundles · 11 layers · 16 findings · 33 questions

Attack identity Establishes what the chosen-plaintext record represents and why the classification applies.

Capability and occurrence

Separates hypothetical access from observed activity.

Recorded attack role

Record whether the entry describes permitted oracle access, a technique using that access or a concrete execution.

  1. Is this record a threat-model capability, a method or an observed execution? definition
  2. Which publication or execution evidence establishes that interpretation? provenance

Classification boundaries

Identifies the capabilities that justify or exceed the CPA label.

Chosen-input evidence

Record evidence of plaintext selection and separately identify decryption, related-key or side-channel capabilities.

  1. What demonstrates that the attacker selected the plaintext before its encryption? provenance
  2. Does the claimed result depend on capabilities beyond obtaining encryptions of chosen plaintexts? boundary
Encryption access Captures the interface through which selected messages produce relevant ciphertexts.

Input control

Determines which bytes the attacker can influence at the encryption boundary.

Effective plaintext choice

Record controllable regions, valid-message constraints and transformations between submitted input and encrypted plaintext.

  1. Which plaintext bytes or fields can the attacker choose? boundary
  2. How do encoding, compression, padding or fixed application fields transform that choice? definition

Oracle and key context

Connects accessible encryption operations to the target.

Relevant encryption interface

Record how encryption is obtained, which responses are visible and how the encryption context relates to the target.

  1. Is encryption obtained through a service, induced application behavior or a public encryption key? definition
  2. What establishes the relevant key and parameter relationship between queries and target ciphertexts? provenance
  3. Which parts of each ciphertext and its accompanying metadata are observable? boundary
Query and encryption conditions Records the sequencing, resources and encryption state required by the attack.

Query sequence

Captures dependencies and limits across encryption requests.

Adaptive query budget

Record whether later inputs depend on previous outputs and the resources needed within the relevant access window.

  1. Which later plaintext choices depend on earlier ciphertext observations? definition
  2. How many queries, plaintext bytes and sequential rounds does the method require? measurement
  3. Do rate limits, session boundaries or key rotation prevent the required sequence? boundary

Encryption state

Captures conditions beyond the plaintext itself.

Randomness, nonce and IV assumptions

Record generation, reuse, predictability and attacker control separately for each relevant auxiliary input.

  1. Who generates randomness, nonces and IVs, and which of these can the attacker observe or control? definition
  2. Does the attack require reuse, prediction, reset or another departure from the scheme's stated conditions? boundary
  3. What evidence confirms that the required condition occurs in the assessed implementation? provenance
Objective and demonstration Defines what counts as success and how strongly the evidence supports it.

Security experiment

Makes the target claim and comparison baseline explicit.

Success predicate

Record the security game or practical objective. An IND-CPA comparison uses equal-length candidate messages and an explicit guessing baseline. [Trevisan, section 2.3](https://theory.stanford.edu/~trevisan/books/crypto.pdf)

  1. Is success defined as distinguishing messages, inferring information, recovering plaintext or recovering a key? definition
  2. Which challenge rules, permitted queries and baseline define the reported advantage? measurement
  3. Does the result reveal more than message length or other leakage explicitly allowed by the claim? boundary

Demonstration quality

Connects reported results to reproducible conditions.

Supported attack outcome

Record the tested configuration, observations, uncertainty and exact extent of the demonstrated result.

  1. Which source, transcript or reproducible experiment supports the outcome? provenance
  2. What success rate, trial count, uncertainty and computational cost were measured? measurement
  3. Does the evidence concern the deployed scheme, a reduced-round variant or a simplified laboratory configuration? boundary
Assessment and response Turns the recorded attack conditions into bounded evaluation and remediation decisions.

Claim applicability

Checks whether a security argument covers the assessed encryption context.

Assumption match

Compare the precise construction and operational conditions with the assumptions of the cited security claim.

  1. Which security argument covers this construction and parameter set? provenance
  2. Which required assumptions match the actual query, nonce, randomness and key-management conditions? boundary
  3. What conclusion remains justified if testing finds no successful attack but no applicable proof is available? boundary

Remediation and retest

Links proposed changes to the demonstrated failure mechanism.

Condition-specific response

Record the failure condition a change addresses and the evidence required to consider that condition resolved.

  1. Which change to the encryption construction or its operation addresses the demonstrated failure condition? action
  2. Which authorised retest preserves the relevant attacker capabilities while checking the changed behavior? action
  3. Does the change remove the demonstrated weakness or merely increase the required query cost? boundary
Evidence and external alignment What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.

Reported evidence

Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.

Check these first

Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.

  1. Which of these check these first hold for the sense of chosen-plaintext attack this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Kinds and varieties

Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.

  1. Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of chosen-plaintext attack this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Real-world use

Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.

  1. Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of chosen-plaintext attack this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Typical measurements

Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.

  1. Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of chosen-plaintext attack this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Failure modes and hazards

Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.

  1. Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of chosen-plaintext attack this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart

Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.

  1. Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of chosen-plaintext attack this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Classifiers Filled

Family
Thing Registry
Category
Activities and processes
Entry kind
thing
Plane
ACT
Domain
ACT.ACT

What it is Filled

A chosen-plaintext attack is a cryptanalytic attack model in which an adversary can obtain encryptions of plaintexts it selects under a target key, seeking to recover secret information or violate the encryption scheme's confidentiality.

In scope

  • Attacker control over plaintexts submitted for encryption
  • Encryption access and its relationship to the target key context
  • Adaptive selection, query constraints and observable responses
  • Confidentiality objectives and evidence of attack success
  • Applicability of security claims and mitigations to the recorded attack conditions

Out of scope

  • Encryption algorithms and protocols as independently maintained models
  • Known-plaintext attacks without attacker selection of the encrypted messages
  • Chosen-ciphertext attacks requiring decryption access
  • Side-channel acquisition mechanisms, except as linked additional capabilities
  • Complete intrusion campaigns, actor attribution and incident management

Why it exists Filled

Enable an agent to recognise a chosen-plaintext attack, assess its capabilities and demonstrated consequences, and select justified evaluation or mitigation actions.

Distinguishing features Filled

  • The attacker selects plaintext inputs and obtains their encryptions; merely observing existing plaintext-ciphertext pairs does not establish chosen-plaintext access. [Trevisan, section 2.3](https://theory.stanford.edu/~trevisan/books/crypto.pdf)
  • The defining interface encrypts selected messages; an attack dependent on decrypting selected ciphertexts requires a different or combined classification.
  • Chosen-plaintext access describes an adversarial capability, while a successful attack additionally requires evidence that a stated security objective was defeated.
  • An adaptive instance chooses later plaintexts using earlier encryption results; a fixed collection of chosen inputs is non-adaptive.
  • The selected inputs must reach an encryption context relevant to the target; encrypting them under an unrelated key does not establish the required relationship.

What robots and AI may and may not do Filled

Must not

  • Attack systems the user is not authorized to test.
  • Help recover keys or plaintext from other people's encrypted data.
  • Claim a scheme is secure without proper analysis under this model.

Only with a human decision

  • Disclosing a vulnerability found in a deployed system.

May

  • Explain the chosen-plaintext attack model and why schemes must resist it.
  • Evaluate encryption schemes against this model in authorized testing.

Moral aspects Filled

  • Weak encryption exposes people's private data.
  • Responsible disclosure protects users while flaws are fixed.

Who is affected

  • Users of encrypted systems
  • System operators

Owners Filled

Steward

Nobody owns the model; researchers and system operators answer for its use.

Links to other meta-models Filled

parent

  • Q19845322 - registry parent class

What else AI and robots need to interact with it Filled

Identity and identifiers required Filled

  • Vercy registry: vr.tr.chosen-plaintext-attack
  • Wikidata: Q2981730 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981730)

Direct properties not applicable Not applicable

  • Record interpretation: threat-model capability | attack method | concrete execution
  • Plaintext control: complete message | selected fields | prefix | suffix | constrained message family
  • Encryption access: encryption service | induced application encryption | local public-key encryption | hypothetical oracle
  • Target encryption relationship: Links to scheme, parameter set, key-context identifier and target ciphertext set
  • Query adaptivity: non-adaptive | adaptive | unknown
  • Query expenditure: encryption queries, plaintext bytes and sequential rounds
  • Encryption auxiliary-input conditions: Scheme-specific randomness, nonce and IV generation, visibility, control and reuse conditions
  • Attack objective: message distinction | partial plaintext inference | plaintext recovery | key recovery
  • Measured advantage: Probability difference under an explicitly named experiment and normalization
  • Evidence state: assumed | proposed | demonstrated | independently reproduced | inconclusive | refuted

Plane ACT: no invented physical properties.

Recognition optional Filled

  • Appears in security definitions and proofs, often as indistinguishability under chosen-plaintext attack.

Capabilities and actions required Filled

  • Classify an observation as full, constrained or unsupported chosen-plaintext access.
  • Map an attack's required oracle behavior to an actual encryption interface.
  • Compare an execution with the assumptions of a stated CPA security experiment.
  • Design an authorised evaluation with explicit query budgets and success criteria.
  • Assess whether evidence supports distinction, plaintext recovery or key recovery.
  • Identify and retest changes that address the demonstrated failure conditions.

Hazards and failure modes required Filled

  • Schemes that fail this model leak information.
  • Misuse against systems without authorization.

Standards and interfaces required Filled

  • ISO/IEC 18033-1, issued jointly by the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission, provides general guidance on encryption algorithms relevant to evaluating this attack model.
  • NIST Special Publication 800-38A, issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, specifies block cipher confidentiality modes whose security assessment must consider selected plaintext exposure.

Context of use required Filled

  • The chosen-plaintext attack model is used in cryptography to evaluate confidentiality when an adversary can obtain encryptions of selected messages.
  • It appears in security proofs, encryption scheme comparisons and authorized assessments of systems that expose encryption services.
  • Its relevance depends on the access granted to the adversary and the security property being evaluated.

Sources Filled

  1. Wikidata item Q2981730: chosen-plaintext attack - identity and sense of the item
  2. Wikipedia: Chosen-plaintext attack - general description of the item

Open questions

  • Which surveyed sources should anchor the distinction between chosen-plaintext access, an attack technique and a successful execution?
  • Which documented cases best establish how partial plaintext control and application transformations constrain practical CPA instances?
  • Which CPA formulations should be recorded explicitly, especially for nonce-based encryption, stateful schemes and public-key encryption?
  • How should combined attacks be linked when chosen plaintexts enable leakage through compression, timing or another separately modelled mechanism?
  • What evidence threshold should distinguish a demonstrated result from an independently reproduced result across theoretical and deployed-system cases?

Machine files

Provenance

thing registry research (pass 2) · unreviewed

Built from: models/things/publications/thing-q2981730/spec.json